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lab1/README.md
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# Lab 2: Multilingual generation and translation
# Lab 1: Multilingual generation and translation
This lab corresponds to Chapters 5 to 9 of the Notes, but follows them only loosely.
Therefore we will structure it according to the exercise sessions
rather than chapters.
In this lab, you will implement the concrete syntax of a grammar for a language of your choice.
The abstract syntax is given in the directory [`../grammar/abstract/`](../grammar/abstract/) and an example concrete syntax for English can be found in [`../grammar/english/`](../grammar/english/).
The abstract syntax is given in the subdirectory grammars/abstract/
## Part 1: design the morphological types of the major parts of speech in your selected language
1. Go to [universaldependencies.org](https://universaldependencies.org/) and download Version 2.7+ treebanks
2. Look up the Parallel UD treebanks for those 21 languages that have it. They are named e.g. `UD_English-PUD/`
3. Select a language to compare with English.
4. Make statistics about the frequencies of POS tags and dependency labels in your language compared with English: find the top-20 tags/labels and their number of occurrences. What does this tell you about the language? (This can be done with shell or Python programming or, more easily, with the [deptreepy](https://github.com/aarneranta/deptreepy/) or [gf-ud](https://github.com/grammaticalFramework/gf-ud) tools. The latter is also available on the eduserv server.)
1. Draw word alignments for some non-trivial example in the PUD treebank, on paper.
Use the same trees as in the previous question.
What can you say about the syntactic differences between the languages?
## Chapter 2: design the morpological types of the major parts of speech in your selected language
1. It is enough to cover NOUN, ADJ, and VERB.
2. Use a traditional grammar book or a Wikipedia article to identify the inflectional and inherent features.
3. Then use data from PUD to check which morphological features actually occur in the treebank for that language.
## After lecture 6
1. Design a morphology for the main lexical types (N, A, V) with parameters and a couple of paradigms.

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lab1/grammar/abstract/MicroLang.gf
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abstract MicroLang = {
-- a very minimal version of MiniGrammar + MiniLexicon, helping to get started
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Grammar part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
cat
-- Common
Utt ; -- sentence, question, word... e.g. "be quiet"
-- Cat
S ; -- declarative sentence e.g. "she lives here"
VP ; -- verb phrase e.g. "lives here"
Comp ; -- complement of copula e.g. "warm"
AP ; -- adjectival phrase e.g. "warm"
CN ; -- common noun (without determiner) e.g. "red house"
NP ; -- noun phrase (subject or object) e.g. "the red house"
Det ; -- determiner phrase e.g. "those"
Prep ; -- preposition, or just case e.g. "in", dative
V ; -- one-place verb e.g. "sleep"
V2 ; -- two-place verb e.g. "love"
A ; -- one-place adjective e.g. "warm"
N ; -- common noun e.g. "house"
Pron ; -- personal pronoun e.g. "she"
Adv ; -- adverbial phrase e.g. "in the house"
fun
-- Phrase
UttS : S -> Utt ; -- he walks
UttNP : NP -> Utt ; -- he
-- Sentence
PredVPS : NP -> VP -> S ; -- John walks --s shortcut even wrt MiniGrammar
-- Verb
UseV : V -> VP ; -- sleep
ComplV2 : V2 -> NP -> VP ; -- love it ---s
UseComp : Comp -> VP ; -- be small
CompAP : AP -> Comp ; -- small
AdvVP : VP -> Adv -> VP ; -- sleep here
-- Noun
DetCN : Det -> CN -> NP ; -- the man
UsePron : Pron -> NP ; -- she
a_Det : Det ; -- indefinite singular ---s
aPl_Det : Det ; -- indefinite plural ---s
the_Det : Det ; -- definite singular ---s
thePl_Det : Det ; -- definite plural ---s
UseN : N -> CN ; -- house
AdjCN : AP -> CN -> CN ; -- big house
-- Adjective
PositA : A -> AP ; -- warm
-- Adverb
PrepNP : Prep -> NP -> Adv ; -- in the house
-- Structural
in_Prep : Prep ;
on_Prep : Prep ;
with_Prep : Prep ;
he_Pron : Pron ;
she_Pron : Pron ;
they_Pron : Pron ;
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Lexicon part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
fun
already_Adv : Adv ;
animal_N : N ;
apple_N : N ;
baby_N : N ;
bad_A : A ;
beer_N : N ;
big_A : A ;
bike_N : N ;
bird_N : N ;
black_A : A ;
blood_N : N ;
blue_A : A ;
boat_N : N ;
book_N : N ;
boy_N : N ;
bread_N : N ;
break_V2 : V2 ;
buy_V2 : V2 ;
car_N : N ;
cat_N : N ;
child_N : N ;
city_N : N ;
clean_A : A ;
clever_A : A ;
cloud_N : N ;
cold_A : A ;
come_V : V ;
computer_N : N ;
cow_N : N ;
dirty_A : A ;
dog_N : N ;
drink_V2 : V2 ;
eat_V2 : V2 ;
find_V2 : V2 ;
fire_N : N ;
fish_N : N ;
flower_N : N ;
friend_N : N ;
girl_N : N ;
good_A : A ;
go_V : V ;
grammar_N : N ;
green_A : A ;
heavy_A : A ;
horse_N : N ;
hot_A : A ;
house_N : N ;
-- john_PN : PN ;
jump_V : V ;
kill_V2 : V2 ;
-- know_VS : VS ;
language_N : N ;
live_V : V ;
love_V2 : V2 ;
man_N : N ;
milk_N : N ;
music_N : N ;
new_A : A ;
now_Adv : Adv ;
old_A : A ;
-- paris_PN : PN ;
play_V : V ;
read_V2 : V2 ;
ready_A : A ;
red_A : A ;
river_N : N ;
run_V : V ;
sea_N : N ;
see_V2 : V2 ;
ship_N : N ;
sleep_V : V ;
small_A : A ;
star_N : N ;
swim_V : V ;
teach_V2 : V2 ;
train_N : N ;
travel_V : V ;
tree_N : N ;
understand_V2 : V2 ;
wait_V2 : V2 ;
walk_V : V ;
warm_A : A ;
water_N : N ;
white_A : A ;
wine_N : N ;
woman_N : N ;
yellow_A : A ;
young_A : A ;
}

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lab1/grammar/abstract/MicroLang.labels
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PredVPS nsubj head
ComplV2 head obj
AdvVP head advmod
DetCN det head
AdjCN amod head
PrepNP case head
Det DET
Prep ADP
V VERB
V2 VERB
A ADJ
N NOUN
Pron PRON
Adv ADV

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lab1/grammar/abstract/MiniGrammar.gf
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abstract MiniGrammar = {
-- collected from GF/lib/src/abstract/*.gf
-- the functions marked ---s are shortcuts
-- the leading comments, e.g. "-- Common", indicate the standard RGL module
cat
-- Common
Utt ; -- sentence, question, word... e.g. "be quiet"
Pol ; -- polarity e.g. positive, negative
Temp ; -- temporal features e.g. present, anterior
-- Cat
Imp ; -- imperative e.g. "walk", "don't walk"
S ; -- declarative sentence e.g. "she lives here"
QS ; -- question sentence e.g. "does she live here"
Cl ; -- declarative clause, with all tenses e.g. "she looks at this"
QCl ; -- question clause e.g. "does she look at this"
VP ; -- verb phrase e.g. "lives here"
Comp ; -- complement of copula e.g. "in trouble"
AP ; -- adjectival phrase e.g. "very warm"
CN ; -- common noun (without determiner) e.g. "red house"
NP ; -- noun phrase (subject or object) e.g. "the red house"
IP ; -- interrogative phrase e.g. "who"
Pron ; -- personal pronoun e.g. "she"
Det ; -- determiner phrase e.g. "those"
Conj ; -- conjunction e.g. "and"
Prep ; -- preposition, or just case e.g. "in", dative
V ; -- one-place verb e.g. "sleep"
V2 ; -- two-place verb e.g. "love"
VS ; -- sentence-complement verb e.g. "know"
VV ; -- verb-phrase-complement verb e.g. "want"
A ; -- one-place adjective e.g. "warm"
N ; -- common noun e.g. "house"
PN ; -- proper name e.g. "Paris"
Adv ; -- adverbial phrase e.g. "in the house"
IAdv ; -- interrogative adverbial e.g. "where"
fun
-- Phrase
UttS : S -> Utt ; -- John walks
UttQS : QS -> Utt ; -- does John walk
UttNP : NP -> Utt ; -- John
UttAdv : Adv -> Utt ; -- in the house
UttIAdv : IAdv -> Utt ; -- why
UttImpSg : Pol -> Imp -> Utt ; -- (do not) walk
-- Sentence
UseCl : Temp -> Pol -> Cl -> S ; -- John has not walked
UseQCl : Temp -> Pol -> QCl -> QS ; -- has John walked
PredVP : NP -> VP -> Cl ; -- John walks / John does not walk
QuestCl : Cl -> QCl ; -- does John (not) walk
QuestVP : IP -> VP -> QCl ; -- who does (not) walk
ImpVP : VP -> Imp ; -- walk / do not walk
-- Verb
UseV : V -> VP ; -- sleep
ComplV2 : V2 -> NP -> VP ; -- love it ---s
ComplVS : VS -> S -> VP ; -- know that it is good
ComplVV : VV -> VP -> VP ; -- want to be good
UseComp : Comp -> VP ; -- be small
CompAP : AP -> Comp ; -- small
CompNP : NP -> Comp ; -- a man
CompAdv : Adv -> Comp ; -- in the house
AdvVP : VP -> Adv -> VP ; -- sleep here
-- Noun
DetCN : Det -> CN -> NP ; -- the man
UsePN : PN -> NP ; -- John
UsePron : Pron -> NP ; -- he
MassNP : CN -> NP ; -- milk
a_Det : Det ; -- indefinite singular ---s
aPl_Det : Det ; -- indefinite plural ---s
the_Det : Det ; -- definite singular ---s
thePl_Det : Det ; -- definite plural ---s
UseN : N -> CN ; -- house
AdjCN : AP -> CN -> CN ; -- big house
-- Adjective
PositA : A -> AP ; -- warm
-- Adverb
PrepNP : Prep -> NP -> Adv ; -- in the house
-- Conjunction
CoordS : Conj -> S -> S -> S ; -- he walks and she runs ---s
-- Tense
PPos : Pol ; -- I sleep [positive polarity]
PNeg : Pol ; -- I do not sleep [negative polarity]
TSim : Temp ; -- simultanous: she sleeps ---s
TAnt : Temp ; -- anterior: she has slept ---s
-- Structural
and_Conj : Conj ;
or_Conj : Conj ;
every_Det : Det ;
in_Prep : Prep ;
on_Prep : Prep ;
with_Prep : Prep ;
i_Pron : Pron ;
youSg_Pron : Pron ;
he_Pron : Pron ;
she_Pron : Pron ;
we_Pron : Pron ;
youPl_Pron : Pron ;
they_Pron : Pron ;
whoSg_IP : IP ;
where_IAdv : IAdv ;
why_IAdv : IAdv ;
have_V2 : V2 ;
want_VV : VV ;
}

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lab1/grammar/abstract/MiniLang.gf
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abstract MiniLang =
MiniGrammar,
MiniLexicon
** {
flags startcat = Utt ;
}

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lab1/grammar/abstract/MiniLang.labels
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AdjCN amod head
AdvVP head advmod
ComplV2 head obj
ComplVS head ccomp
ComplVV head xcomp
CoordS cc head conj
DetCN det head
PredVP nsubj head
PrepNP case head
QuestVP nsubj head
UseCl empty empty head
UseQCl empty empty head
UttImpSg emoty head
A ADJ
Adv ADV
Conj CONJ
Det DET
IAdv ADV
N NOUN
PN PROPN
Prep ADP
Pron PRON
V VERB
V2 VERB
VV VERB
VS VERB

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lab1/grammar/abstract/MiniLexicon.gf
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abstract MiniLexicon = MiniGrammar ** {
fun
already_Adv : Adv ;
animal_N : N ;
apple_N : N ;
baby_N : N ;
bad_A : A ;
beer_N : N ;
big_A : A ;
bike_N : N ;
bird_N : N ;
black_A : A ;
blood_N : N ;
blue_A : A ;
boat_N : N ;
book_N : N ;
boy_N : N ;
bread_N : N ;
break_V2 : V2 ;
buy_V2 : V2 ;
car_N : N ;
cat_N : N ;
child_N : N ;
city_N : N ;
clean_A : A ;
clever_A : A ;
cloud_N : N ;
cold_A : A ;
come_V : V ;
computer_N : N ;
cow_N : N ;
dirty_A : A ;
dog_N : N ;
drink_V2 : V2 ;
eat_V2 : V2 ;
find_V2 : V2 ;
fire_N : N ;
fish_N : N ;
flower_N : N ;
friend_N : N ;
girl_N : N ;
good_A : A ;
go_V : V ;
grammar_N : N ;
green_A : A ;
heavy_A : A ;
horse_N : N ;
hot_A : A ;
house_N : N ;
john_PN : PN ;
jump_V : V ;
kill_V2 : V2 ;
know_VS : VS ;
language_N : N ;
live_V : V ;
love_V2 : V2 ;
man_N : N ;
milk_N : N ;
music_N : N ;
new_A : A ;
now_Adv : Adv ;
old_A : A ;
paris_PN : PN ;
play_V : V ;
read_V2 : V2 ;
ready_A : A ;
red_A : A ;
river_N : N ;
run_V : V ;
sea_N : N ;
see_V2 : V2 ;
ship_N : N ;
sleep_V : V ;
small_A : A ;
star_N : N ;
swim_V : V ;
teach_V2 : V2 ;
train_N : N ;
travel_V : V ;
tree_N : N ;
understand_V2 : V2 ;
wait_V2 : V2 ;
walk_V : V ;
warm_A : A ;
water_N : N ;
white_A : A ;
wine_N : N ;
woman_N : N ;
yellow_A : A ;
young_A : A ;
}

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lab1/grammar/api/MiniSyntax.gf
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incomplete resource MiniSyntax =
open MiniGrammar
in {
oper
mkUtt = overload {
mkUtt : S -> Utt
= UttS ;
mkUtt : QS -> Utt
= UttQS ;
mkUtt : NP -> Utt
= UttNP ;
mkUtt : Adv -> Utt
= UttAdv ;
mkUtt : Pol -> Imp -> Utt
= UttImpSg ;
mkUtt : Imp -> Utt
= UttImpSg PPos
} ;
mkImp = overload {
mkImp : VP -> Imp
= ImpVP ;
} ;
mkS = overload {
mkS : Temp -> Pol -> Cl -> S
= UseCl ;
mkS : Pol -> Cl -> S
= UseCl TSim ;
mkS : Temp -> Cl -> S
= \t -> UseCl t PPos ;
mkS : Cl -> S
= UseCl TSim PPos ;
mkS : Conj -> S -> S -> S
= CoordS ;
} ;
mkQS = overload {
mkQS : Temp -> Pol -> QCl -> QS
= UseQCl ;
mkQS : Pol -> QCl -> QS
= UseQCl TSim ;
mkQS : Temp -> QCl -> QS
= \t -> UseQCl t PPos ;
mkQS : QCl -> QS
= UseQCl TSim PPos ;
} ;
positivePol : Pol
= PPos ;
negativePol : Pol
= PNeg ;
simultaneousAnt : Temp
= TSim ;
anteriorAnt : Temp
= TAnt ;
mkCl = overload {
mkCl : NP -> VP -> Cl
= PredVP ;
mkCl : NP -> V -> Cl
= \np,v -> PredVP np (UseV v) ;
mkCl : NP -> V2 -> NP -> Cl
= \np,v,obj -> PredVP np (ComplV2 v obj) ;
mkCl : NP -> VS -> S -> Cl
= \np,v,obj -> PredVP np (ComplVS v obj) ;
mkCl : NP -> VV -> VP -> Cl
= \np,v,obj -> PredVP np (ComplVV v obj) ;
mkCl : NP -> AP -> Cl
= \np,ap -> PredVP np (UseComp (CompAP ap)) ;
mkCl : NP -> A -> Cl
= \np,a -> PredVP np (UseComp (CompAP (PositA a))) ;
} ;
mkQCl = overload {
mkQCl : Cl -> QCl
= QuestCl ;
mkQCl : IP -> VP -> QCl
= QuestVP ;
} ;
mkVP = overload {
mkVP : V -> VP
= UseV ;
mkVP : V2 -> NP -> VP
= ComplV2 ;
mkVP : AP -> VP
= \ap -> UseComp (CompAP ap) ;
mkVP : A -> VP
= \a -> UseComp (CompAP (PositA a)) ;
mkVP : NP -> VP
= \np -> UseComp (CompNP np) ;
mkVP : Adv -> VP
= \adv -> UseComp (CompAdv adv) ;
mkVP : VP -> Adv -> VP
= AdvVP ;
} ;
mkNP = overload {
mkNP : Det -> CN -> NP
= DetCN ;
mkNP : Det -> N -> NP
= \det,n -> DetCN det (UseN n) ;
mkNP : Pron -> NP
= UsePron ;
mkNP : PN -> NP
= UsePN ;
mkNP : CN -> NP
= MassNP ;
mkNP : N -> NP
= \n -> MassNP (UseN n) ;
} ;
i_NP : NP
= UsePron i_Pron ;
you_NP : NP
= UsePron youSg_Pron ;
he_NP : NP
= UsePron he_Pron ;
she_NP : NP
= UsePron she_Pron ;
mkCN = overload {
mkCN : N -> CN
= UseN ;
mkCN : AP -> CN -> CN
= AdjCN ;
mkCN : A -> N -> CN
= \a,n -> AdjCN (PositA a) (UseN n) ;
mkCN : A -> CN -> CN
= \a,cn -> AdjCN (PositA a) cn ;
} ;
mkAP = overload {
mkAP : A -> AP
= PositA ;
} ;
mkAdv = overload {
mkAdv : Prep -> NP -> Adv
= PrepNP ;
} ;
}

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lab1/grammar/api/MiniSyntaxEng.gf
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--# -path=.:../english:../abstract
resource MiniSyntaxEng =
MiniGrammarEng ** --- inheriting everything from Grammar, not just Cat and Structural
MiniSyntax with
(MiniGrammar=MiniGrammarEng) ;

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lab1/grammar/application-2022/Doctor.gf
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abstract Doctor = {
flags startcat = Phrase ;
cat
Phrase ; -- has she slept?
Fact ; -- she sleeps
Action ; -- sleep
Property ; -- be a doctor
Profession ; -- doctor
Person ; -- she
Place ; -- the hospital
Substance ; -- drugs
Illness ; -- fever
fun
presPosPhrase : Fact -> Phrase ; -- she sleeps
presNegPhrase : Fact -> Phrase ; -- she doesn't sleep
pastPosPhrase : Fact -> Phrase ; -- she has slept
pastNegPhrase : Fact -> Phrase ; -- she has not slept
presQuestionPhrase : Fact -> Phrase ; -- does she sleep
pastQuestionPhrase : Fact -> Phrase ; -- has she slept
impPosPhrase : Action -> Phrase ; -- eat
impNegPhrase : Action -> Phrase ; -- don't eat
actionFact : Person -> Action -> Fact ; -- she vaccinates you
propertyFact : Person -> Property -> Fact ; -- she is a doctor
isProfessionProperty : Profession -> Property ; -- be a doctor
isAtPlaceProperty : Place -> Property ; -- be at the hospital
haveIllnessProperty : Illness -> Property ; -- have a fever
needProfessionProperty : Profession -> Property ; -- need a doctor
theProfessionPerson : Profession -> Person ; -- the doctor
iMascPerson : Person ;
iFemPerson : Person ;
youMascPerson : Person ;
youFemPerson : Person ;
hePerson : Person ;
shePerson : Person ;
goToAction : Place -> Action ; -- go to the hospital
stayAtAction : Place -> Action ; -- stay at home
vaccinateAction : Person -> Action ; -- vaccinate you
examineAction : Person -> Action ; -- examine you
takeSubstanceAction : Substance -> Action ; -- take drugs
coughAction : Action ;
breatheAction : Action ;
vomitAction : Action ;
sleepAction : Action ;
undressAction : Action ;
dressAction : Action ;
eatAction : Action ;
drinkAction : Action ;
smokeAction : Action ;
measureTemperatureAction : Action ;
measureBloodPressureAction : Action ;
hospitalPlace : Place ;
homePlace : Place ;
schoolPlace : Place ;
workPlace : Place ;
doctorProfession : Profession ;
nurseProfession : Profession ;
interpreterProfession : Profession ;
bePregnantProperty : Property ;
beIllProperty : Property ;
beWellProperty : Property ;
beDeadProperty : Property ;
haveAllergiesProperty : Property ;
havePainsProperty : Property ;
haveChildrenProperty : Property ;
feverIllness : Illness ;
fluIllness : Illness ;
headacheIllness : Illness ;
diarrheaIllness : Illness ;
heartDiseaseIllness : Illness ;
lungDiseaseIllness : Illness ;
hypertensionIllness : Illness ;
alcoholSubstance : Substance ;
medicineSubstance : Substance ;
drugsSubstance : Substance ;
}

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lab1/grammar/application-2022/DoctorEng.gf
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concrete DoctorEng of Doctor =
open
SyntaxEng,
ParadigmsEng,
Prelude
in {
-- application using standard RGL
lincat
Phrase = Utt ;
Fact = Cl ;
Action = VP ;
Property = VP ;
Profession = CN ;
Person = NP ;
Place = {at,to : Adv} ;
Substance = NP ;
Illness = NP ;
lin
presPosPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkS fact) ;
presNegPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkS negativePol fact) ;
pastPosPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkS anteriorAnt fact) ;
pastNegPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkS anteriorAnt negativePol fact) ;
presQuestionPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkQS (mkQCl fact)) ;
pastQuestionPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkQS anteriorAnt (mkQCl fact)) ;
impPosPhrase action = mkUtt (mkImp action) ;
impNegPhrase action = mkUtt negativePol (mkImp action) ;
actionFact person action = mkCl person action ;
propertyFact person property = mkCl person property ;
isProfessionProperty profession = mkVP (mkNP a_Det profession) ;
needProfessionProperty profession = mkVP need_V2 (mkNP a_Det profession) ;
isAtPlaceProperty place = mkVP place.at ;
haveIllnessProperty illness = mkVP have_V2 illness ;
theProfessionPerson profession = mkNP the_Det profession ;
iMascPerson = i_NP ;
iFemPerson = i_NP ;
youMascPerson = you_NP ;
youFemPerson = you_NP ;
hePerson = he_NP ;
shePerson = she_NP ;
goToAction place = mkVP (mkVP go_V) place.to ;
stayAtAction place = mkVP (mkVP stay_V) place.at ;
vaccinateAction person = mkVP vaccinate_V2 person ;
examineAction person = mkVP examine_V2 person ;
takeSubstanceAction substance = mkVP take_V2 substance ;
-- end of what could be a functor
--------------------------------
coughAction = mkVP (mkV "cough") ;
breatheAction = mkVP (mkV "breathe") ;
vomitAction = mkVP (mkV "vomit") ;
sleepAction = mkVP (mkV "sleep" "slept" "slept") ;
undressAction = mkVP (mkVP take_V2 (mkNP thePl_Det (mkN "clothe"))) (pAdv "off") ;
dressAction = mkVP (mkVP put_V2 (mkNP thePl_Det (mkN "clothe"))) (pAdv "on") ;
eatAction = mkVP (mkV "eat" "ate" "eaten") ;
drinkAction = mkVP (mkV "drink" "drank" "drunk") ;
smokeAction = mkVP (mkV "smoke") ;
measureTemperatureAction = mkVP (mkV2 (mkV "measure")) (mkNP the_Det (mkN "body temperature")) ;
measureBloodPressureAction = mkVP (mkV2 (mkV "measure")) (mkNP the_Det (mkN "blood pressure")) ;
hospitalPlace = {at = pAdv "at the hospital" ; to = pAdv "to the hospital"} ;
homePlace = {at = pAdv "at home" ; to = pAdv "home"} ;
schoolPlace = {at = pAdv "at school" ; to = pAdv "to school"} ;
workPlace = {at = pAdv "at work" ; to = pAdv "to work"} ;
doctorProfession = mkCN (mkN "doctor") ;
nurseProfession = mkCN (mkN "nurse") ;
interpreterProfession = mkCN (mkN "interpreter") ;
bePregnantProperty = mkVP (mkA "pregnant") ;
beIllProperty = mkVP (mkA "ill") ;
beWellProperty = mkVP (mkA "well") ;
beDeadProperty = mkVP (mkA "dead") ;
haveAllergiesProperty = mkVP have_V2 (mkNP aPl_Det (mkN "allergy")) ;
havePainsProperty = mkVP have_V2 (mkNP aPl_Det (mkN "pain")) ;
haveChildrenProperty = mkVP have_V2 (mkNP aPl_Det (mkN "child" "children")) ;
feverIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "fever") ;
fluIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "flu") ;
headacheIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "headache") ;
diarrheaIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "diarrhea") ;
heartDiseaseIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "heart disease") ;
lungDiseaseIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "lung disease") ;
hypertensionIllness = mkNP (mkN "hypertension") ;
alcoholSubstance = mkNP (mkN "alcohol") ;
medicineSubstance = mkNP a_Det (mkN "drug") ;
drugsSubstance = mkNP aPl_Det (mkN "drug") ;
oper
pAdv : Str -> Adv = ParadigmsEng.mkAdv ;
go_V = mkV "go" "went" "gone" ;
stay_V = mkV "stay" ;
need_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "need") ;
take_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "take" "took" "taken") ;
put_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "put" "put" "put") ;
vaccinate_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "vaccinate") ;
examine_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "examine") ;
}

117
lab1/grammar/application-2022/DoctorMiniEng.gf
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--# -path=.:../abstract:../english:../api
-- model implementation using Mini RGL
concrete DoctorMiniEng of Doctor =
open
MiniSyntaxEng,
MiniParadigmsEng,
Prelude
in {
-- application using your own Mini* modules
lincat
Phrase = Utt ;
Fact = Cl ;
Action = VP ;
Property = VP ;
Profession = CN ;
Person = NP ;
Place = {at,to : Adv} ;
Substance = NP ;
Illness = NP ;
lin
presPosPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkS fact) ;
presNegPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkS negativePol fact) ;
pastPosPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkS anteriorAnt fact) ;
pastNegPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkS anteriorAnt negativePol fact) ;
-- presQuestionPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkQS (mkQCl fact)) ;
-- pastQuestionPhrase fact = mkUtt (mkQS anteriorAnt (mkQCl fact)) ;
presQuestionPhrase fact = let p : Utt = mkUtt (mkQS (mkQCl fact)) in p ** {s = p.s ++ SOFT_BIND ++ "?"} ;
pastQuestionPhrase fact = let p : Utt = mkUtt (mkQS anteriorAnt (mkQCl fact)) in p ** {s = p.s ++ SOFT_BIND ++ "?"} ;
impPosPhrase action = mkUtt (mkImp action) ;
impNegPhrase action = mkUtt negativePol (mkImp action) ;
actionFact person action = mkCl person action ;
propertyFact person property = mkCl person property ;
isProfessionProperty profession = mkVP (mkNP a_Det profession) ;
needProfessionProperty profession = mkVP need_V2 (mkNP a_Det profession) ;
isAtPlaceProperty place = mkVP place.at ;
haveIllnessProperty illness = mkVP have_V2 illness ;
theProfessionPerson profession = mkNP the_Det profession ;
iMascPerson = i_NP ;
iFemPerson = i_NP ;
youMascPerson = you_NP ;
youFemPerson = you_NP ;
hePerson = he_NP ;
shePerson = she_NP ;
goToAction place = mkVP (mkVP go_V) place.to ;
stayAtAction place = mkVP (mkVP stay_V) place.at ;
vaccinateAction person = mkVP vaccinate_V2 person ;
examineAction person = mkVP examine_V2 person ;
takeSubstanceAction substance = mkVP take_V2 substance ;
-- end of what could be a functor
--------------------------------
coughAction = mkVP (mkV "cough") ;
breatheAction = mkVP (mkV "breathe") ;
vomitAction = mkVP (mkV "vomit") ;
sleepAction = mkVP (mkV "sleep" "slept" "slept") ;
undressAction = mkVP (mkVP take_V2 (mkNP thePl_Det (mkN "clothe"))) (pAdv "off") ;
dressAction = mkVP (mkVP put_V2 (mkNP thePl_Det (mkN "clothe"))) (pAdv "on") ;
eatAction = mkVP (mkV "eat" "ate" "eaten") ;
drinkAction = mkVP (mkV "drink" "drank" "drunk") ;
smokeAction = mkVP (mkV "smoke") ;
measureTemperatureAction = mkVP (mkV2 (mkV "measure")) (mkNP the_Det (mkN "body temperature")) ;
measureBloodPressureAction = mkVP (mkV2 (mkV "measure")) (mkNP the_Det (mkN "blood pressure")) ;
hospitalPlace = {at = pAdv "at the hospital" ; to = pAdv "to the hospital"} ;
homePlace = {at = pAdv "at home" ; to = pAdv "home"} ;
schoolPlace = {at = pAdv "at school" ; to = pAdv "to school"} ;
workPlace = {at = pAdv "at work" ; to = pAdv "to work"} ;
doctorProfession = mkCN (mkN "doctor") ;
nurseProfession = mkCN (mkN "nurse") ;
interpreterProfession = mkCN (mkN "interpreter") ;
bePregnantProperty = mkVP (mkA "pregnant") ;
beIllProperty = mkVP (mkA "ill") ;
beWellProperty = mkVP (mkA "well") ;
beDeadProperty = mkVP (mkA "dead") ;
haveAllergiesProperty = mkVP have_V2 (mkNP aPl_Det (mkN "allergy")) ;
havePainsProperty = mkVP have_V2 (mkNP aPl_Det (mkN "pain")) ;
haveChildrenProperty = mkVP have_V2 (mkNP aPl_Det (mkN "child" "children")) ;
feverIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "fever") ;
fluIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "flu") ;
headacheIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "headache") ;
diarrheaIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "diarrhea") ;
heartDiseaseIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "heart disease") ;
lungDiseaseIllness = mkNP a_Det (mkN "lung disease") ;
hypertensionIllness = mkNP (mkN "hypertension") ;
alcoholSubstance = mkNP (mkN "alcohol") ;
medicineSubstance = mkNP a_Det (mkN "drug") ;
drugsSubstance = mkNP aPl_Det (mkN "drug") ;
oper
pAdv : Str -> Adv = MiniParadigmsEng.mkAdv ;
go_V = mkV "go" "went" "gone" ;
stay_V = mkV "stay" ;
need_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "need") ;
take_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "take" "took" "taken") ;
put_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "put" "put" "put") ;
vaccinate_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "vaccinate") ;
examine_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "examine") ;
}

225
lab1/grammar/english/MicroLangEng.gf
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--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MicroLangEng of MicroLang = open MicroResEng, Prelude in {
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Grammar part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
lincat
Utt = {s : Str} ;
S = {s : Str} ;
VP = {verb : Verb ; compl : Str} ; ---s special case of Mini
Comp = {s : Str} ;
AP = Adjective ;
CN = Noun ;
NP = {s : Case => Str ; a : Agreement} ;
Pron = {s : Case => Str ; a : Agreement} ;
Det = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
Prep = {s : Str} ;
V = Verb ;
V2 = Verb2 ;
A = Adjective ;
N = Noun ;
Adv = {s : Str} ;
lin
UttS s = s ;
UttNP np = {s = np.s ! Acc} ;
PredVPS np vp = {
s = np.s ! Nom ++ vp.verb.s ! agr2vform np.a ++ vp.compl
} ;
UseV v = {
verb = v ;
compl = [] ;
} ;
ComplV2 v2 np = {
verb = v2 ;
compl = v2.c ++ np.s ! Acc -- NP object in the accusative, preposition first
} ;
UseComp comp = {
verb = be_Verb ; -- the verb is the copula "be"
compl = comp.s
} ;
CompAP ap = ap ;
AdvVP vp adv =
vp ** {compl = vp.compl ++ adv.s} ;
DetCN det cn = {
s = \\c => det.s ++ cn.s ! det.n ;
a = Agr det.n ;
} ;
UsePron p = p ;
a_Det = {s = pre {"a"|"e"|"i"|"o" => "an" ; _ => "a"} ; n = Sg} ; --- a/an can get wrong
aPl_Det = {s = "" ; n = Pl} ;
the_Det = {s = "the" ; n = Sg} ;
thePl_Det = {s = "the" ; n = Pl} ;
UseN n = n ;
AdjCN ap cn = {
s = table {n => ap.s ++ cn.s ! n}
} ;
PositA a = a ;
PrepNP prep np = {s = prep.s ++ np.s ! Acc} ;
in_Prep = {s = "in"} ;
on_Prep = {s = "on"} ;
with_Prep = {s = "with"} ;
he_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "he" ; Acc => "him"} ;
a = Agr Sg ;
} ;
she_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "she" ; Acc => "her"} ;
a = Agr Sg ;
} ;
they_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "they" ; Acc => "them"} ;
a = Agr Pl ;
} ;
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Lexicon part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
lin already_Adv = mkAdv "already" ;
lin animal_N = mkN "animal" ;
lin apple_N = mkN "apple" ;
lin baby_N = mkN "baby" ;
lin bad_A = mkA "bad" ;
lin beer_N = mkN "beer" ;
lin big_A = mkA "big" ;
lin bike_N = mkN "bike" ;
lin bird_N = mkN "bird" ;
lin black_A = mkA "black" ;
lin blood_N = mkN "blood" ;
lin blue_A = mkA "blue" ;
lin boat_N = mkN "boat" ;
lin book_N = mkN "book" ;
lin boy_N = mkN "boy" ;
lin bread_N = mkN "bread" ;
lin break_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "break" "broke" "broken") ;
lin buy_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "buy" "bought" "bought") ;
lin car_N = mkN "car" ;
lin cat_N = mkN "cat" ;
lin child_N = mkN "child" "children" ;
lin city_N = mkN "city" ;
lin clean_A = mkA "clean" ;
lin clever_A = mkA "clever" ;
lin cloud_N = mkN "cloud" ;
lin cold_A = mkA "cold" ;
lin come_V = mkV "come" "came" "come" ;
lin computer_N = mkN "computer" ;
lin cow_N = mkN "cow" ;
lin dirty_A = mkA "dirty" ;
lin dog_N = mkN "dog" ;
lin drink_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "drink" "drank" "drunk") ;
lin eat_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "eat" "ate" "eaten") ;
lin find_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "find" "found" "found") ;
lin fire_N = mkN "fire" ;
lin fish_N = mkN "fish" "fish" ;
lin flower_N = mkN "flower" ;
lin friend_N = mkN "friend" ;
lin girl_N = mkN "girl" ;
lin good_A = mkA "good" ;
lin go_V = mkV "go" "went" "gone" ;
lin grammar_N = mkN "grammar" ;
lin green_A = mkA "green" ;
lin heavy_A = mkA "heavy" ;
lin horse_N = mkN "horse" ;
lin hot_A = mkA "hot" ;
lin house_N = mkN "house" ;
-- lin john_PN = mkPN "John" ;
lin jump_V = mkV "jump" ;
lin kill_V2 = mkV2 "kill" ;
-- lin know_VS = mkVS (mkV "know" "knew" "known") ;
lin language_N = mkN "language" ;
lin live_V = mkV "live" ;
lin love_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "love") ;
lin man_N = mkN "man" "men" ;
lin milk_N = mkN "milk" ;
lin music_N = mkN "music" ;
lin new_A = mkA "new" ;
lin now_Adv = mkAdv "now" ;
lin old_A = mkA "old" ;
-- lin paris_PN = mkPN "Paris" ;
lin play_V = mkV "play" ;
lin read_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "read" "read" "read") ;
lin ready_A = mkA "ready" ;
lin red_A = mkA "red" ;
lin river_N = mkN "river" ;
lin run_V = mkV "run" "ran" "run" ;
lin sea_N = mkN "sea" ;
lin see_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "see" "saw" "seen") ;
lin ship_N = mkN "ship" ;
lin sleep_V = mkV "sleep" "slept" "slept" ;
lin small_A = mkA "small" ;
lin star_N = mkN "star" ;
lin swim_V = mkV "swim" "swam" "swum" ;
lin teach_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "teach" "taught" "taught") ;
lin train_N = mkN "train" ;
lin travel_V = mkV "travel" ;
lin tree_N = mkN "tree" ;
lin understand_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "understand" "understood" "understood") ;
lin wait_V2 = mkV2 "wait" "for" ;
lin walk_V = mkV "walk" ;
lin warm_A = mkA "warm" ;
lin water_N = mkN "water" ;
lin white_A = mkA "white" ;
lin wine_N = mkN "wine" ;
lin woman_N = mkN "woman" "women" ;
lin yellow_A = mkA "yellow" ;
lin young_A = mkA "young" ;
---------------------------
-- Paradigms part ---------
---------------------------
oper
mkN = overload {
mkN : Str -> Noun -- predictable noun, e.g. car-cars, boy-boys, fly-flies, bush-bushes
= \n -> lin N (smartNoun n) ;
mkN : Str -> Str -> Noun -- irregular noun, e.g. man-men
= \sg,pl -> lin N (mkNoun sg pl) ;
} ;
mkA : Str -> A
= \s -> lin A {s = s} ;
mkV = overload {
mkV : (inf : Str) -> V -- predictable verb, e.g. play-plays, cry-cries, wash-washes
= \s -> lin V (smartVerb s) ;
mkV : (inf,pres,part : Str) -> V -- irregular verb, e.g. drink-drank-drunk
= \inf,pres,part -> lin V (irregVerb inf pres part) ;
} ;
mkV2 = overload {
mkV2 : Str -> V2 -- predictable verb with direct object, e.g. "wash"
= \s -> lin V2 (smartVerb s ** {c = []}) ;
mkV2 : Str -> Str -> V2 -- predictable verb with preposition, e.g. "wait - for"
= \s,p -> lin V2 (smartVerb s ** {c = p}) ;
mkV2 : V -> V2 -- any verb with direct object, e.g. "drink"
= \v -> lin V2 (v ** {c = []}) ;
mkV2 : V -> Str -> V2 -- any verb with preposition
= \v,p -> lin V2 (v ** {c = p}) ;
} ;
mkAdv : Str -> Adv
= \s -> lin Adv {s = s} ;
mkPrep : Str -> Prep
= \s -> lin Prep {s = s} ;
}

1
lab1/grammar/english/MicroLangEng.labels
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UseComp {"es","sont"} AUX cop head

75
lab1/grammar/english/MicroResEng.gf
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resource MicroResEng = open Prelude in {
param
Number = Sg | Pl ;
Case = Nom | Acc ;
Agreement = Agr Number ; ---s Person to be added
-- all forms of normal Eng verbs, although not yet used in MiniGrammar
VForm = Inf | PresSg3 | Past | PastPart | PresPart ;
oper
Noun : Type = {s : Number => Str} ;
mkNoun : Str -> Str -> Noun = \sg,pl -> {
s = table {Sg => sg ; Pl => pl}
} ;
regNoun : Str -> Noun = \sg -> mkNoun sg (sg + "s") ;
-- smart paradigm
smartNoun : Str -> Noun = \sg -> case sg of {
_ + ("ay"|"ey"|"oy"|"uy") => regNoun sg ;
x + "y" => mkNoun sg (x + "ies") ;
_ + ("ch"|"sh"|"s"|"o") => mkNoun sg (sg + "es") ;
_ => regNoun sg
} ;
Adjective : Type = {s : Str} ;
Verb : Type = {s : VForm => Str} ;
mkVerb : (inf,pres,past,pastpart,prespart : Str) -> Verb
= \inf,pres,past,pastpart,prespart -> {
s = table {
Inf => inf ;
PresSg3 => pres ;
Past => past ;
PastPart => pastpart ;
PresPart => prespart
}
} ;
regVerb : (inf : Str) -> Verb = \inf ->
mkVerb inf (inf + "s") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ing") ;
-- regular verbs with predictable variations
smartVerb : Str -> Verb = \inf -> case inf of {
pl + ("a"|"e"|"i"|"o"|"u") + "y" => regVerb inf ;
cr + "y" => mkVerb inf (cr + "ies") (cr + "ied") (cr + "ied") (inf + "ing") ;
lov + "e" => mkVerb inf (inf + "s") (lov + "ed") (lov + "ed") (lov + "ing") ;
kis + ("s"|"sh"|"x"|"o") => mkVerb inf (inf + "es") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ing") ;
_ => regVerb inf
} ;
-- normal irregular verbs e.g. drink,drank,drunk
irregVerb : (inf,past,pastpart : Str) -> Verb =
\inf,past,pastpart ->
let verb = smartVerb inf
in mkVerb inf (verb.s ! PresSg3) past pastpart (verb.s ! PresPart) ;
-- two-place verb with "case" as preposition; for transitive verbs, c=[]
Verb2 : Type = Verb ** {c : Str} ;
be_Verb : Verb = mkVerb "are" "is" "was" "been" "being" ; ---s to be generalized
---s a very simplified verb agreement function for Micro
agr2vform : Agreement -> VForm = \a -> case a of {
Agr Sg => PresSg3 ;
Agr Pl => Inf
} ;
}

234
lab1/grammar/english/MiniGrammarEng.gf
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--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MiniGrammarEng of MiniGrammar = open MiniResEng, Prelude in {
lincat
Utt = {s : Str} ;
Pol = {s : Str ; isTrue : Bool} ; -- the s field is empty, but needed for parsing
Temp = {s : Str ; isPres : Bool} ;
S = {s : Str} ;
QS = {s : Str} ;
Cl = { -- word order is fixed in S and QS
subj : Str ; -- subject
verb : Bool => Bool => {fin,inf : Str} ; -- dep. on Pol,Temp, e.g. "does","sleep"
compl : Str -- after verb: complement, adverbs
} ;
QCl = Cl ** {isWh : Bool} ;
Imp = {s : Bool => Str} ;
VP = {verb : GVerb ; compl : Str} ;
Comp = {s : Str} ;
AP = Adjective ;
CN = Noun ;
NP = {s : Case => Str ; a : Agreement} ;
IP = {s : Case => Str ; a : Agreement} ;
Pron = {s : Case => Str ; a : Agreement} ;
Det = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
Conj = {s : Str} ;
Prep = {s : Str} ;
V = Verb ;
V2 = Verb2 ;
VS = Verb ;
VV = Verb ; ---- only VV to VP
A = Adjective ;
N = Noun ;
PN = {s : Str} ;
Adv = {s : Str} ;
IAdv = {s : Str} ;
lin
UttS s = s ;
UttQS s = s ;
UttNP np = {s = np.s ! Acc} ; -- Acc: produce "me" rather than "I"
UttAdv adv = adv ;
UttIAdv iadv = iadv ;
UttImpSg pol imp = {s = pol.s ++ imp.s ! pol.isTrue} ;
UseCl temp pol cl =
let clt = cl.verb ! pol.isTrue ! temp.isPres -- isTrue regulates if "do" is used
in {
s = pol.s ++ temp.s ++ --- needed for parsing: a GF hack
cl.subj ++ -- she
clt.fin ++ -- does
negation pol.isTrue ++ -- not
clt.inf ++ -- drink
cl.compl -- beer
} ;
UseQCl temp pol qcl =
let
isWh = qcl.isWh ;
clt = qcl.verb ! andB isWh pol.isTrue ! temp.isPres ; -- no "do" in present positive Wh questions
verbsubj = case isWh of {
True => qcl.subj ++ clt.fin ; -- no inversion in Wh questions
False => clt.fin ++ qcl.subj
}
in {
s = pol.s ++ temp.s ++
verbsubj ++
negation pol.isTrue ++ -- not
clt.inf ++ -- drink
qcl.compl -- beer
} ;
PredVP np vp = {
subj = np.s ! Nom ;
compl = vp.compl ;
verb = \\plain,isPres => case <vp.verb.isAux, plain, isPres, np.a> of {
-- non-auxiliary verbs, negative/question present: "does (not) drink"
<False,False,True,Agr Sg Per3> => {fin = "does" ; inf = vp.verb.s ! VF Inf} ;
<False,False,True,_ > => {fin = "do" ; inf = vp.verb.s ! VF Inf} ;
-- non-auxiliary, plain present ; auxiliary, all present: "drinks", "is (not)"
<_,_, True, Agr Sg Per1> => {fin = vp.verb.s ! PresSg1 ; inf = []} ;
<_,_, True, Agr Sg Per3> => {fin = vp.verb.s ! VF PresSg3 ; inf = []} ;
<_,_, True, _> => {fin = vp.verb.s ! PresPl ; inf = []} ;
-- all verbs, past: "has (not) drunk", "has (not) been"
<_,_, False,Agr Sg Per3> => {fin = "has" ; inf = vp.verb.s ! VF PastPart} ;
<_,_, False,_ > => {fin = "have" ; inf = vp.verb.s ! VF PastPart}
-- the negation word "not" is put in place in UseCl, UseQCl
}
} ;
QuestCl cl = cl ** {isWh = False} ; -- since the parts are the same, we don't need to change anything
QuestVP ip vp = PredVP ip vp ** {isWh = True} ;
ImpVP vp = {
s = table {
True => vp.verb.s ! VF Inf ++ vp.compl ; -- in Eng, imperative = infinitive
False => "do not" ++ vp.verb.s ! VF Inf ++ vp.compl
}
} ;
UseV v = {
verb = verb2gverb v ; -- lift ordinary verbs to generalized verbs
compl = []
} ;
ComplV2 v2 np = {
verb = verb2gverb v2 ;
compl = v2.c ++ np.s ! Acc -- NP object in the accusative, preposition first
} ;
ComplVS vs s = {
verb = verb2gverb vs ;
compl = "that" ++ s.s ;
} ;
ComplVV vv vp = {
verb = verb2gverb vv ;
compl = "to" ++ vp.verb.s ! VF Inf ++ vp.compl ;
} ;
UseComp comp = {
verb = be_GVerb ; -- the verb is the copula "be"
compl = comp.s
} ;
CompAP ap = ap ;
CompNP np = {
s = np.s ! Nom -- NP complement is in the nominative
} ;
CompAdv adv = adv ;
AdvVP vp adv =
vp ** {compl = vp.compl ++ adv.s} ;
DetCN det cn = {
s = table {c => det.s ++ cn.s ! det.n} ;
a = Agr det.n Per3 -- this kind of NP is always third person
} ;
UsePN pn = {
s = \\_ => pn.s ;
a = Agr Sg Per3
} ;
UsePron p = p ; -- Pron is worst-case NP
MassNP cn = {
s = \\_ => cn.s ! Sg ;
a = Agr Sg Per3
} ;
a_Det = {s = pre {"a"|"e"|"i"|"o" => "an" ; _ => "a"} ; n = Sg} ; --- a/an can get wrong
aPl_Det = {s = "" ; n = Pl} ;
the_Det = {s = "the" ; n = Sg} ;
thePl_Det = {s = "the" ; n = Pl} ;
UseN n = n ;
AdjCN ap cn = {
s = table {n => ap.s ++ cn.s ! n}
} ;
PositA a = a ;
PrepNP prep np = {s = prep.s ++ np.s ! Acc} ;
CoordS conj a b = {s = a.s ++ conj.s ++ b.s} ;
PPos = {s = [] ; isTrue = True} ;
PNeg = {s = [] ; isTrue = False} ;
TSim = {s = [] ; isPres = True} ;
TAnt = {s = [] ; isPres = False} ;
and_Conj = {s = "and"} ;
or_Conj = {s = "or"} ;
every_Det = {s = "every" ; n = Sg} ;
in_Prep = {s = "in"} ;
on_Prep = {s = "on"} ;
with_Prep = {s = "with"} ;
i_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "I" ; Acc => "me"} ;
a = Agr Sg Per1
} ;
youSg_Pron = {
s = \\_ => "you" ;
a = Agr Sg Per2
} ;
he_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "he" ; Acc => "him"} ;
a = Agr Sg Per3
} ;
she_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "she" ; Acc => "her"} ;
a = Agr Sg Per3
} ;
we_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "we" ; Acc => "us"} ;
a = Agr Pl Per1
} ;
youPl_Pron = {
s = \\_ => "you" ;
a = Agr Pl Per2
} ;
they_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "they" ; Acc => "them"} ;
a = Agr Pl Per3
} ;
whoSg_IP = {
s = table {Nom => "who" ; Acc => "whom"} ;
a = Agr Sg Per3
} ;
where_IAdv = {s = "where"} ;
why_IAdv = {s = "why"} ;
have_V2 = mkVerb "have" "has" "had" "had" "having" ** {c = []} ;
want_VV = regVerb "want" ;
}

3
lab1/grammar/english/MiniLangEng.gf
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--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MiniLangEng of MiniLang = MiniGrammarEng, MiniLexiconEng ;

6
lab1/grammar/english/MiniLangEng.labels
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UseCl, UseQCl, ImpVP {"not"} PART advmod head
UseComp {"is","are","am","was","were","been","be"} AUX cop head
PredVP, QuestVP {"has","had","have","do","does"} AUX aux head
ImpVP {"do"} AUX aux head
ComplVS {"that"} SCONJ mark ccomp
ComplVV {"to"} PART mark xcomp

94
lab1/grammar/english/MiniLexiconEng.gf
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concrete MiniLexiconEng of MiniLexicon = MiniGrammarEng **
open
MiniParadigmsEng
in {
lin already_Adv = mkAdv "already" ;
lin animal_N = mkN "animal" ;
lin apple_N = mkN "apple" ;
lin baby_N = mkN "baby" ;
lin bad_A = mkA "bad" ;
lin beer_N = mkN "beer" ;
lin big_A = mkA "big" ;
lin bike_N = mkN "bike" ;
lin bird_N = mkN "bird" ;
lin black_A = mkA "black" ;
lin blood_N = mkN "blood" ;
lin blue_A = mkA "blue" ;
lin boat_N = mkN "boat" ;
lin book_N = mkN "book" ;
lin boy_N = mkN "boy" ;
lin bread_N = mkN "bread" ;
lin break_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "break" "broke" "broken") ;
lin buy_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "buy" "bought" "bought") ;
lin car_N = mkN "car" ;
lin cat_N = mkN "cat" ;
lin child_N = mkN "child" "children" ;
lin city_N = mkN "city" ;
lin clean_A = mkA "clean" ;
lin clever_A = mkA "clever" ;
lin cloud_N = mkN "cloud" ;
lin cold_A = mkA "cold" ;
lin come_V = mkV "come" "came" "come" ;
lin computer_N = mkN "computer" ;
lin cow_N = mkN "cow" ;
lin dirty_A = mkA "dirty" ;
lin dog_N = mkN "dog" ;
lin drink_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "drink" "drank" "drunk") ;
lin eat_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "eat" "ate" "eaten") ;
lin find_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "find" "found" "found") ;
lin fire_N = mkN "fire" ;
lin fish_N = mkN "fish" "fish" ;
lin flower_N = mkN "flower" ;
lin friend_N = mkN "friend" ;
lin girl_N = mkN "girl" ;
lin good_A = mkA "good" ;
lin go_V = mkV "go" "went" "gone" ;
lin grammar_N = mkN "grammar" ;
lin green_A = mkA "green" ;
lin heavy_A = mkA "heavy" ;
lin horse_N = mkN "horse" ;
lin hot_A = mkA "hot" ;
lin house_N = mkN "house" ;
lin john_PN = mkPN "John" ;
lin jump_V = mkV "jump" ;
lin kill_V2 = mkV2 "kill" ;
lin know_VS = mkVS (mkV "know" "knew" "known") ;
lin language_N = mkN "language" ;
lin live_V = mkV "live" ;
lin love_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "love") ;
lin man_N = mkN "man" "men" ;
lin milk_N = mkN "milk" ;
lin music_N = mkN "music" ;
lin new_A = mkA "new" ;
lin now_Adv = mkAdv "now" ;
lin old_A = mkA "old" ;
lin paris_PN = mkPN "Paris" ;
lin play_V = mkV "play" ;
lin read_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "read" "read" "read") ;
lin ready_A = mkA "ready" ;
lin red_A = mkA "red" ;
lin river_N = mkN "river" ;
lin run_V = mkV "run" "ran" "run" ;
lin sea_N = mkN "sea" ;
lin see_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "see" "saw" "seen") ;
lin ship_N = mkN "ship" ;
lin sleep_V = mkV "sleep" "slept" "slept" ;
lin small_A = mkA "small" ;
lin star_N = mkN "star" ;
lin swim_V = mkV "swim" "swam" "swum" ;
lin teach_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "teach" "taught" "taught") ;
lin train_N = mkN "train" ;
lin travel_V = mkV "travel" ;
lin tree_N = mkN "tree" ;
lin understand_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "understand" "understood" "understood") ;
lin wait_V2 = mkV2 "wait" "for" ;
lin walk_V = mkV "walk" ;
lin warm_A = mkA "warm" ;
lin water_N = mkN "water" ;
lin white_A = mkA "white" ;
lin wine_N = mkN "wine" ;
lin woman_N = mkN "woman" "women" ;
lin yellow_A = mkA "yellow" ;
lin young_A = mkA "young" ;
}

49
lab1/grammar/english/MiniParadigmsEng.gf
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@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
resource MiniParadigmsEng = open
MiniGrammarEng,
MiniResEng
in {
oper
mkN = overload {
mkN : Str -> Noun -- predictable noun, e.g. car-cars, boy-boys, fly-flies, bush-bushes
= \n -> lin N (smartNoun n) ;
mkN : Str -> Str -> Noun -- irregular noun, e.g. man-men
= \sg,pl -> lin N (mkNoun sg pl) ;
} ;
mkPN : Str -> PN
= \s -> lin PN {s = s} ;
mkA : Str -> A
= \s -> lin A {s = s} ;
mkV = overload {
mkV : (inf : Str) -> V -- predictable verb, e.g. play-plays, cry-cries, wash-washes
= \s -> lin V (smartVerb s) ;
mkV : (inf,pres,part : Str) -> V -- irregular verb, e.g. drink-drank-drunk
= \inf,pres,part -> lin V (irregVerb inf pres part) ;
} ;
mkV2 = overload {
mkV2 : Str -> V2 -- predictable verb with direct object, e.g. "wash"
= \s -> lin V2 (smartVerb s ** {c = []}) ;
mkV2 : Str -> Str -> V2 -- predictable verb with preposition, e.g. "wait - for"
= \s,p -> lin V2 (smartVerb s ** {c = p}) ;
mkV2 : V -> V2 -- any verb with direct object, e.g. "drink"
= \v -> lin V2 (v ** {c = []}) ;
mkV2 : V -> Str -> V2 -- any verb with preposition
= \v,p -> lin V2 (v ** {c = p}) ;
} ;
mkVS : V -> VS
= \v -> lin VS v ;
mkAdv : Str -> Adv
= \s -> lin Adv {s = s} ;
mkPrep : Str -> Prep
= \s -> lin Prep {s = s} ;
}

99
lab1/grammar/english/MiniResEng.gf
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@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
resource MiniResEng = open Prelude in {
param
Number = Sg | Pl ;
Case = Nom | Acc ;
Person = Per1 | Per2 | Per3 ;
Agreement = Agr Number Person ;
-- all forms of normal Eng verbs, although not yet used in MiniGrammar
VForm = Inf | PresSg3 | Past | PastPart | PresPart ;
oper
Noun : Type = {s : Number => Str} ;
mkNoun : Str -> Str -> Noun = \sg,pl -> {
s = table {Sg => sg ; Pl => pl}
} ;
regNoun : Str -> Noun = \sg -> mkNoun sg (sg + "s") ;
-- smart paradigm
smartNoun : Str -> Noun = \sg -> case sg of {
_ + ("ay"|"ey"|"oy"|"uy") => regNoun sg ;
x + "y" => mkNoun sg (x + "ies") ;
_ + ("ch"|"sh"|"s"|"o") => mkNoun sg (sg + "es") ;
_ => regNoun sg
} ;
Adjective : Type = {s : Str} ;
Verb : Type = {s : VForm => Str} ;
mkVerb : (inf,pres,past,pastpart,prespart : Str) -> Verb
= \inf,pres,past,pastpart,prespart -> {
s = table {
Inf => inf ;
PresSg3 => pres ;
Past => past ;
PastPart => pastpart ;
PresPart => prespart
}
} ;
regVerb : (inf : Str) -> Verb = \inf ->
mkVerb inf (inf + "s") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ing") ;
-- regular verbs with predictable variations
smartVerb : Str -> Verb = \inf -> case inf of {
pl + ("a"|"e"|"i"|"o"|"u") + "y" => regVerb inf ;
cr + "y" => mkVerb inf (cr + "ies") (cr + "ied") (cr + "ied") (inf + "ing") ;
lov + "e" => mkVerb inf (inf + "s") (lov + "ed") (lov + "ed") (lov + "ing") ;
kis + ("s"|"sh"|"x"|"o") => mkVerb inf (inf + "es") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ing") ;
_ => regVerb inf
} ;
-- normal irregular verbs e.g. drink,drank,drunk
irregVerb : (inf,past,pastpart : Str) -> Verb =
\inf,past,pastpart ->
let verb = smartVerb inf
in mkVerb inf (verb.s ! PresSg3) past pastpart (verb.s ! PresPart) ;
negation : Bool -> Str = \b -> case b of {True => [] ; False => "not"} ;
-- two-place verb with "case" as preposition; for transitive verbs, c=[]
Verb2 : Type = Verb ** {c : Str} ;
-- generalized verb, here just "be"
param
GVForm = VF VForm | PresSg1 | PresPl | PastPl ;
oper
GVerb : Type = {
s : GVForm => Str ;
isAux : Bool
} ;
be_GVerb : GVerb = {
s = table {
PresSg1 => "am" ;
PresPl => "are" ;
PastPl => "were" ;
VF vf => (mkVerb "be" "is" "was" "been" "being").s ! vf
} ;
isAux = True
} ;
-- in VP formation, all verbs are lifted to GVerb, but morphology doesn't need to know this
verb2gverb : Verb -> GVerb = \v -> {s =
table {
PresSg1 => v.s ! Inf ;
PresPl => v.s ! Inf ;
PastPl => v.s ! Past ;
VF vf => v.s ! vf
} ;
isAux = False
} ;
}

27
lab1/grammar/foods/Foods.gf
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@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-- (c) 2009 Aarne Ranta under LGPL
-- in https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-contrib/blob/master/foods/Foods.gf
--
-- modified for the Computational Syntax course in 2021
abstract Foods = {
flags startcat = Comment ;
cat
Comment ; -- this Italian pizza is very warm
Item ; -- this Italian pizza
Kind ; -- Italian pizza
Quality ; -- very warm
fun
Pred : Item -> Quality -> Comment ; -- (this pizza) is (very warm)
PredNeg : Item -> Quality -> Comment ; -- (this pizza) is not (very warm)
This, That, These, Those : Kind -> Item ; -- this|that|these|those (pizza|pizzas)
Mod : Quality -> Kind -> Kind ; -- (Italian) (pizza)
Very : Quality -> Quality ; -- very (Italian)
Wine, Cheese, Fish, Pizza : Kind ;
Fresh, Warm, Italian,
Expensive, Delicious, Boring : Quality ;
}

150
lab1/grammar/functor/MicroLangFunctor.gf
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incomplete concrete MicroLangFunctor of MicroLang =
open
Grammar,
Syntax,
Lexicon
in {
-- a functor implementation of MicroLang, using Grammar and Lexicon whenever the function is
-- directly from there, Syntax otherwise
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Grammar part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
lincat
Utt = Grammar.Utt ;
S = Grammar.S ;
VP = Grammar.VP ;
Comp = Grammar.Comp ;
AP = Grammar.AP ;
CN = Grammar.CN ;
NP = Grammar.NP ;
Det = Grammar.Det ;
Prep = Grammar.Prep ;
V = Grammar.V ;
V2 = Grammar.V2 ;
A = Grammar.A ;
N = Grammar.N ;
Pron = Grammar.Pron ;
Adv = Grammar.Adv ;
lin
UttS = Grammar.UttS ;
UttNP = Grammar.UttNP ;
PredVPS np vp = Syntax.mkS (Syntax.mkCl np vp) ;
UseV = Grammar.UseV ;
ComplV2 v2 np = Syntax.mkVP v2 np ;
UseComp = Grammar.UseComp ;
CompAP = Grammar.CompAP ;
AdvVP = Grammar.AdvVP ;
DetCN = Grammar.DetCN ;
UsePron = Grammar.UsePron ;
a_Det = Syntax.a_Det ;
aPl_Det = Syntax.aPl_Det ;
the_Det = Syntax.the_Det ;
thePl_Det = Syntax.thePl_Det ;
UseN = Grammar.UseN ;
AdjCN = Grammar.AdjCN ;
PositA = Grammar.PositA ;
PrepNP = Grammar.PrepNP ;
in_Prep = Grammar.in_Prep ;
on_Prep = Grammar.on_Prep ;
with_Prep = Grammar.with_Prep ;
he_Pron = Grammar.he_Pron ;
she_Pron = Grammar.she_Pron ;
they_Pron = Grammar.they_Pron ;
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Lexicon part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
lin
already_Adv = Lexicon.already_Adv ;
animal_N = Lexicon.animal_N ;
apple_N = Lexicon.apple_N ;
baby_N = Lexicon.baby_N ;
bad_A = Lexicon.bad_A ;
beer_N = Lexicon.beer_N ;
big_A = Lexicon.big_A ;
bike_N = Lexicon.bike_N ;
bird_N = Lexicon.bird_N ;
black_A = Lexicon.black_A ;
blood_N = Lexicon.blood_N ;
blue_A = Lexicon.blue_A ;
boat_N = Lexicon.boat_N ;
book_N = Lexicon.book_N ;
boy_N = Lexicon.boy_N ;
bread_N = Lexicon.bread_N ;
break_V2 = Lexicon.break_V2 ;
buy_V2 = Lexicon.buy_V2 ;
car_N = Lexicon.car_N ;
cat_N = Lexicon.cat_N ;
child_N = Lexicon.child_N ;
city_N = Lexicon.city_N ;
clean_A = Lexicon.clean_A ;
clever_A = Lexicon.clever_A ;
cloud_N = Lexicon.cloud_N ;
cold_A = Lexicon.cold_A ;
come_V = Lexicon.come_V ;
computer_N = Lexicon.computer_N ;
cow_N = Lexicon.cow_N ;
dirty_A = Lexicon.dirty_A ;
dog_N = Lexicon.dog_N ;
drink_V2 = Lexicon.drink_V2 ;
eat_V2 = Lexicon.eat_V2 ;
find_V2 = Lexicon.find_V2 ;
fire_N = Lexicon.fire_N ;
fish_N = Lexicon.fish_N ;
flower_N = Lexicon.flower_N ;
friend_N = Lexicon.friend_N ;
girl_N = Lexicon.girl_N ;
good_A = Lexicon.good_A ;
go_V = Lexicon.go_V ;
grammar_N = Lexicon.grammar_N ;
green_A = Lexicon.green_A ;
heavy_A = Lexicon.heavy_A ;
horse_N = Lexicon.horse_N ;
hot_A = Lexicon.hot_A ;
house_N = Lexicon.house_N ;
jump_V = Lexicon.jump_V ;
kill_V2 = Lexicon.kill_V2 ;
language_N = Lexicon.language_N ;
live_V = Lexicon.live_V ;
love_V2 = Lexicon.love_V2 ;
man_N = Lexicon.man_N ;
milk_N = Lexicon.milk_N ;
music_N = Lexicon.music_N ;
new_A = Lexicon.new_A ;
now_Adv = Lexicon.now_Adv ;
old_A = Lexicon.old_A ;
play_V = Lexicon.play_V ;
read_V2 = Lexicon.read_V2 ;
ready_A = Lexicon.ready_A ;
red_A = Lexicon.red_A ;
river_N = Lexicon.river_N ;
run_V = Lexicon.run_V ;
sea_N = Lexicon.sea_N ;
see_V2 = Lexicon.see_V2 ;
ship_N = Lexicon.ship_N ;
sleep_V = Lexicon.sleep_V ;
small_A = Lexicon.small_A ;
star_N = Lexicon.star_N ;
swim_V = Lexicon.swim_V ;
teach_V2 = Lexicon.teach_V2 ;
train_N = Lexicon.train_N ;
travel_V = Lexicon.travel_V ;
tree_N = Lexicon.tree_N ;
understand_V2 = Lexicon.understand_V2 ;
wait_V2 = Lexicon.wait_V2 ;
walk_V = Lexicon.walk_V ;
warm_A = Lexicon.warm_A ;
water_N = Lexicon.water_N ;
white_A = Lexicon.white_A ;
wine_N = Lexicon.wine_N ;
woman_N = Lexicon.woman_N ;
yellow_A = Lexicon.yellow_A ;
young_A = Lexicon.young_A ;
}

8
lab1/grammar/functor/MicroLangFunctorEng.gf
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@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MicroLangFunctorEng of MicroLang = MicroLangFunctor with
(Grammar = GrammarEng),
(Syntax = SyntaxEng),
(Lexicon = LexiconEng)
;

7
lab1/grammar/functor/MicroLangFunctorSwe.gf
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@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MicroLangFunctorSwe of MicroLang = MicroLangFunctor with
(Grammar = GrammarSwe),
(Syntax = SyntaxSwe),
(Lexicon = LexiconSwe)
;

196
lab1/grammar/functor/MiniLangFunctor.gf
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@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
incomplete concrete MiniLangFunctor of MiniLang =
open
Grammar,
Syntax,
Lexicon
in {
-- A functor implementation of MiniLang, using Grammar and Lexicon whenever the function is
-- directly from there, Syntax otherwise.
-- Both Grammar and Lexicon are in a single file for simplicity.
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Grammar part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
lincat
Utt = Grammar.Utt ;
Pol = Grammar.Pol ;
Temp = Grammar.Temp ;
Imp = Grammar.Imp ;
S = Grammar.S ;
QS = Grammar.QS ;
Cl = Grammar.Cl ;
QCl = Grammar.QCl ;
VP = Grammar.VP ;
Comp = Grammar.Comp ;
AP = Grammar.AP ;
CN = Grammar.CN ;
NP = Grammar.NP ;
IP = Grammar.IP ;
Pron = Grammar.Pron ;
Det = Grammar.Det ;
Conj = Grammar.Conj ;
Prep = Grammar.Prep ;
V = Grammar.V ;
V2 = Grammar.V2 ;
VS = Grammar.VS ;
VV = Grammar.VV ;
A = Grammar.A ;
N = Grammar.N ;
PN = Grammar.PN ;
Adv = Grammar.Adv ;
IAdv = Grammar.IAdv ;
lin
UttS = Grammar.UttS ;
UttQS = Grammar.UttQS ;
UttNP = Grammar.UttNP ;
UttAdv = Grammar.UttAdv ;
UttIAdv = Grammar.UttIAdv ;
UttImpSg pol imp = Syntax.mkUtt pol imp ;
UseCl = Grammar.UseCl ;
UseQCl = Grammar.UseQCl ;
PredVP = Grammar.PredVP ;
QuestCl = Grammar.QuestCl ;
QuestVP = Grammar.QuestVP ;
ImpVP = Grammar.ImpVP ;
UseV = Grammar.UseV ;
ComplV2 v2 np = Syntax.mkVP v2 np ;
ComplVS = Grammar.ComplVS ;
ComplVV = Grammar.ComplVV ;
UseComp = Grammar.UseComp ;
CompAP = Grammar.CompAP ;
CompNP = Grammar.CompNP ;
CompAdv = Grammar.CompAdv ;
AdvVP = Grammar.AdvVP ;
DetCN = Grammar.DetCN ;
UsePN = Grammar.UsePN ;
UsePron = Grammar.UsePron ;
MassNP = Grammar.MassNP ;
a_Det = Syntax.a_Det ;
aPl_Det = Syntax.aPl_Det ;
the_Det = Syntax.the_Det ;
thePl_Det = Syntax.thePl_Det ;
UseN = Grammar.UseN ;
AdjCN = Grammar.AdjCN ;
PositA = Grammar.PositA ;
PrepNP = Grammar.PrepNP ;
CoordS conj a b = Syntax.mkS conj a b ;
PPos = Grammar.PPos ;
PNeg = Grammar.PNeg ;
TSim = Syntax.mkTemp Syntax.presentTense Syntax.simultaneousAnt ;
TAnt = Syntax.mkTemp Syntax.presentTense Syntax.anteriorAnt ;
and_Conj = Grammar.and_Conj ;
or_Conj = Grammar.or_Conj ;
every_Det = Grammar.every_Det ;
in_Prep = Grammar.in_Prep ;
on_Prep = Grammar.on_Prep ;
with_Prep = Grammar.with_Prep ;
i_Pron = Grammar.i_Pron ;
youSg_Pron = Grammar.youSg_Pron ;
he_Pron = Grammar.he_Pron ;
she_Pron = Grammar.she_Pron ;
we_Pron = Grammar.we_Pron ;
youPl_Pron = Grammar.youPl_Pron ;
they_Pron = Grammar.they_Pron ;
whoSg_IP = Grammar.whoSg_IP ;
where_IAdv = Grammar.where_IAdv ;
why_IAdv = Grammar.why_IAdv ;
have_V2 = Grammar.have_V2 ;
want_VV = Grammar.want_VV ;
------------------------------------
-- Lexicon part --------------------
------------------------------------
already_Adv = Lexicon.already_Adv ;
animal_N = Lexicon.animal_N ;
apple_N = Lexicon.apple_N ;
baby_N = Lexicon.baby_N ;
bad_A = Lexicon.bad_A ;
beer_N = Lexicon.beer_N ;
big_A = Lexicon.big_A ;
bike_N = Lexicon.bike_N ;
bird_N = Lexicon.bird_N ;
black_A = Lexicon.black_A ;
blood_N = Lexicon.blood_N ;
blue_A = Lexicon.blue_A ;
boat_N = Lexicon.boat_N ;
book_N = Lexicon.book_N ;
boy_N = Lexicon.boy_N ;
bread_N = Lexicon.bread_N ;
break_V2 = Lexicon.break_V2 ;
buy_V2 = Lexicon.buy_V2 ;
car_N = Lexicon.car_N ;
cat_N = Lexicon.cat_N ;
child_N = Lexicon.child_N ;
city_N = Lexicon.city_N ;
clean_A = Lexicon.clean_A ;
clever_A = Lexicon.clever_A ;
cloud_N = Lexicon.cloud_N ;
cold_A = Lexicon.cold_A ;
come_V = Lexicon.come_V ;
computer_N = Lexicon.computer_N ;
cow_N = Lexicon.cow_N ;
dirty_A = Lexicon.dirty_A ;
dog_N = Lexicon.dog_N ;
drink_V2 = Lexicon.drink_V2 ;
eat_V2 = Lexicon.eat_V2 ;
find_V2 = Lexicon.find_V2 ;
fire_N = Lexicon.fire_N ;
fish_N = Lexicon.fish_N ;
flower_N = Lexicon.flower_N ;
friend_N = Lexicon.friend_N ;
girl_N = Lexicon.girl_N ;
good_A = Lexicon.good_A ;
go_V = Lexicon.go_V ;
grammar_N = Lexicon.grammar_N ;
green_A = Lexicon.green_A ;
heavy_A = Lexicon.heavy_A ;
horse_N = Lexicon.horse_N ;
hot_A = Lexicon.hot_A ;
house_N = Lexicon.house_N ;
john_PN = Lexicon.john_PN ;
jump_V = Lexicon.jump_V ;
kill_V2 = Lexicon.kill_V2 ;
know_VS = Lexicon.know_VS ;
language_N = Lexicon.language_N ;
live_V = Lexicon.live_V ;
love_V2 = Lexicon.love_V2 ;
man_N = Lexicon.man_N ;
milk_N = Lexicon.milk_N ;
music_N = Lexicon.music_N ;
new_A = Lexicon.new_A ;
now_Adv = Lexicon.now_Adv ;
old_A = Lexicon.old_A ;
paris_PN = Lexicon.paris_PN ;
play_V = Lexicon.play_V ;
read_V2 = Lexicon.read_V2 ;
ready_A = Lexicon.ready_A ;
red_A = Lexicon.red_A ;
river_N = Lexicon.river_N ;
run_V = Lexicon.run_V ;
sea_N = Lexicon.sea_N ;
see_V2 = Lexicon.see_V2 ;
ship_N = Lexicon.ship_N ;
sleep_V = Lexicon.sleep_V ;
small_A = Lexicon.small_A ;
star_N = Lexicon.star_N ;
swim_V = Lexicon.swim_V ;
teach_V2 = Lexicon.teach_V2 ;
train_N = Lexicon.train_N ;
travel_V = Lexicon.travel_V ;
tree_N = Lexicon.tree_N ;
understand_V2 = Lexicon.understand_V2 ;
wait_V2 = Lexicon.wait_V2 ;
walk_V = Lexicon.walk_V ;
warm_A = Lexicon.warm_A ;
water_N = Lexicon.water_N ;
white_A = Lexicon.white_A ;
wine_N = Lexicon.wine_N ;
woman_N = Lexicon.woman_N ;
yellow_A = Lexicon.yellow_A ;
young_A = Lexicon.young_A ;
}

8
lab1/grammar/functor/MiniLangFunctorEng.gf
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@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MiniLangFunctorEng of MiniLang = MiniLangFunctor with
(Grammar = GrammarEng),
(Syntax = SyntaxEng),
(Lexicon = LexiconEng)
;

8
lab1/grammar/functor/MiniLangFunctorSwe.gf
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@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MiniLangFunctorSwe of MiniLang = MiniLangFunctor with
(Grammar = GrammarSwe),
(Syntax = SyntaxSwe),
(Lexicon = LexiconSwe)
;

15
lab1/grammar/intro/MicroLangEng.gf
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@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MicroLangEng of MicroLang =
open MicroResEng
in {
lincat
N = Noun ;
lin
animal_N = mkN "animal" ;
apple_N = mkN "apple" ;
baby_N = mkN "baby" ;
woman_N = mkN "woman" "women" ;
}

44
lab1/grammar/intro/MicroResEng.gf
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@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-- live-coded MicroResEng for Lab 2
resource MicroResEng = {
param
Number = Sg | Pl ;
oper
-- phonological patterns
sibilant : pattern Str
= #("s" | "x" | "ch" | "sh" | "z") ;
vowel : pattern Str
= #("a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u") ;
-- the type of nouns
Noun : Type = {s : Number => Str} ;
-- worst-case paradigm
mkNoun : (sg, pl : Str) -> Noun
= \sg, pl -> {s = table {Sg => sg ; Pl => pl}} ;
-- regular paradigm
regNoun : (sg : Str) -> Noun
= \sg -> mkNoun sg (sg + "s") ;
-- smart paradigm
smartNoun : (sg : Str) -> Noun
= \sg -> case sg of {
x + #vowel + "y" => regNoun sg ;
x + "y" => mkNoun sg (x + "ies") ;
x + #sibilant => mkNoun sg (sg + "es") ;
_ => regNoun sg
} ;
-- overloaded paradigm for lexicographers
mkN = overload {
mkN : (sg : Str) -> Noun = smartNoun ;
mkN : (sg, pl : Str) -> Noun = mkNoun ;
} ;
}

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lab1/grammar/italian/MicroLangIta.gf
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--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MicroLangIta of MicroLang = open MicroResIta in {
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Grammar part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
lincat
{-
Utt = {s : Str} ;
S = {s : Str} ;
VP = {verb : Verb ; compl : Str} ; ---s special case of Mini
Comp = {s : Str} ;
-}
AP = Adjective ;
CN = Noun ;
{-
NP = {s : Case => Str ; a : Agreement} ;
Pron = {s : Case => Str ; a : Agreement} ;
Det = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
Prep = {s : Str} ;
V = Verb ;
V2 = Verb2 ;
-}
A = Adjective ;
N = Noun ;
Adv = {s : Str} ;
lin
{-
UttS s = s ;
UttNP np = {s = np.s ! Acc} ;
PredVPS np vp = {
s = np.s ! Nom ++ vp.verb.s ! agr2vform np.a ++ vp.compl
} ;
UseV v = {
verb = v ;
compl = [] ;
} ;
ComplV2 v2 np = {
verb = v2 ;
compl = v2.c ++ np.s ! Acc -- NP object in the accusative, preposition first
} ;
UseComp comp = {
verb = be_Verb ; -- the verb is the copula "be"
compl = comp.s
} ;
CompAP ap = ap ;
AdvVP vp adv =
vp ** {compl = vp.compl ++ adv.s} ;
DetCN det cn = {
s = \\c => det.s ++ cn.s ! det.n ;
a = Agr det.n ;
} ;
UsePron p = p ;
a_Det = {s = pre {"a"|"e"|"i"|"o" => "an" ; _ => "a"} ; n = Sg} ; --- a/an can get wrong
aPl_Det = {s = "" ; n = Pl} ;
the_Det = {s = "the" ; n = Sg} ;
thePl_Det = {s = "the" ; n = Pl} ;
-}
UseN n = n ;
AdjCN ap cn = {
s = table {n => cn.s ! n ++ ap.s ! cn.g ! n} ;
g = cn.g
} ;
PositA a = a ;
{-
PrepNP prep np = {s = prep.s ++ np.s ! Acc} ;
in_Prep = {s = "in"} ;
on_Prep = {s = "on"} ;
with_Prep = {s = "with"} ;
he_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "he" ; Acc => "him"} ;
a = Agr Sg ;
} ;
she_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "she" ; Acc => "her"} ;
a = Agr Sg ;
} ;
they_Pron = {
s = table {Nom => "they" ; Acc => "them"} ;
a = Agr Pl ;
} ;
-}
-----------------------------------------------------
---------------- Lexicon part -----------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
-- lin already_Adv = mkAdv "already" ;
lin animal_N = mkN "animale" ;
lin apple_N = mkN "mela" ;
lin baby_N = mkN "bambino" ;
lin bad_A = mkA "cattivo" ;
lin beer_N = mkN "birra" ;
lin big_A = mkA "grande" ;
lin bike_N = mkN "bicicletta" ;
{-
lin bird_N = mkN "bird" ;
lin black_A = mkA "black" ;
lin blood_N = mkN "blood" ;
lin blue_A = mkA "blue" ;
lin boat_N = mkN "boat" ;
lin book_N = mkN "book" ;
lin boy_N = mkN "boy" ;
lin bread_N = mkN "bread" ;
lin break_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "break" "broke" "broken") ;
lin buy_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "buy" "bought" "bought") ;
lin car_N = mkN "car" ;
lin cat_N = mkN "cat" ;
lin child_N = mkN "child" "children" ;
lin city_N = mkN "city" ;
lin clean_A = mkA "clean" ;
lin clever_A = mkA "clever" ;
lin cloud_N = mkN "cloud" ;
lin cold_A = mkA "cold" ;
lin come_V = mkV "come" "came" "come" ;
lin computer_N = mkN "computer" ;
lin cow_N = mkN "cow" ;
lin dirty_A = mkA "dirty" ;
lin dog_N = mkN "dog" ;
lin drink_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "drink" "drank" "drunk") ;
lin eat_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "eat" "ate" "eaten") ;
lin find_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "find" "found" "found") ;
lin fire_N = mkN "fire" ;
lin fish_N = mkN "fish" "fish" ;
lin flower_N = mkN "flower" ;
lin friend_N = mkN "friend" ;
lin girl_N = mkN "girl" ;
lin good_A = mkA "good" ;
lin go_V = mkV "go" "went" "gone" ;
lin grammar_N = mkN "grammar" ;
lin green_A = mkA "green" ;
lin heavy_A = mkA "heavy" ;
lin horse_N = mkN "horse" ;
lin hot_A = mkA "hot" ;
lin house_N = mkN "house" ;
-- lin john_PN = mkPN "John" ;
lin jump_V = mkV "jump" ;
lin kill_V2 = mkV2 "kill" ;
-- lin know_VS = mkVS (mkV "know" "knew" "known") ;
lin language_N = mkN "language" ;
lin live_V = mkV "live" ;
lin love_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "love") ;
lin man_N = mkN "man" "men" ;
lin milk_N = mkN "milk" ;
lin music_N = mkN "music" ;
lin new_A = mkA "new" ;
lin now_Adv = mkAdv "now" ;
lin old_A = mkA "old" ;
-- lin paris_PN = mkPN "Paris" ;
lin play_V = mkV "play" ;
lin read_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "read" "read" "read") ;
lin ready_A = mkA "ready" ;
lin red_A = mkA "red" ;
lin river_N = mkN "river" ;
lin run_V = mkV "run" "ran" "run" ;
lin sea_N = mkN "sea" ;
lin see_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "see" "saw" "seen") ;
lin ship_N = mkN "ship" ;
lin sleep_V = mkV "sleep" "slept" "slept" ;
lin small_A = mkA "small" ;
lin star_N = mkN "star" ;
lin swim_V = mkV "swim" "swam" "swum" ;
lin teach_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "teach" "taught" "taught") ;
lin train_N = mkN "train" ;
lin travel_V = mkV "travel" ;
lin tree_N = mkN "tree" ;
lin understand_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "understand" "understood" "understood") ;
lin wait_V2 = mkV2 "wait" "for" ;
lin walk_V = mkV "walk" ;
lin warm_A = mkA "warm" ;
lin water_N = mkN "water" ;
lin white_A = mkA "white" ;
lin wine_N = mkN "wine" ;
lin woman_N = mkN "woman" "women" ;
lin yellow_A = mkA "yellow" ;
lin young_A = mkA "young" ;
---------------------------
-- Paradigms part ---------
---------------------------
oper
mkN = overload {
mkN : Str -> Noun -- predictable noun, e.g. car-cars, boy-boys, fly-flies, bush-bushes
= \n -> lin N (smartNoun n) ;
mkN : Str -> Str -> Noun -- irregular noun, e.g. man-men
= \sg,pl -> lin N (mkNoun sg pl) ;
} ;
mkA : Str -> A
= \s -> lin A {s = s} ;
mkV = overload {
mkV : (inf : Str) -> V -- predictable verb, e.g. play-plays, cry-cries, wash-washes
= \s -> lin V (smartVerb s) ;
mkV : (inf,pres,part : Str) -> V -- irregular verb, e.g. drink-drank-drunk
= \inf,pres,part -> lin V (irregVerb inf pres part) ;
} ;
mkV2 = overload {
mkV2 : Str -> V2 -- predictable verb with direct object, e.g. "wash"
= \s -> lin V2 (smartVerb s ** {c = []}) ;
mkV2 : Str -> Str -> V2 -- predictable verb with preposition, e.g. "wait - for"
= \s,p -> lin V2 (smartVerb s ** {c = p}) ;
mkV2 : V -> V2 -- any verb with direct object, e.g. "drink"
= \v -> lin V2 (v ** {c = []}) ;
mkV2 : V -> Str -> V2 -- any verb with preposition
= \v,p -> lin V2 (v ** {c = p}) ;
} ;
mkAdv : Str -> Adv
= \s -> lin Adv {s = s} ;
mkPrep : Str -> Prep
= \s -> lin Prep {s = s} ;
-}
}

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lab1/grammar/italian/MicroResIta.gf
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resource MicroResIta = {
param
-- define types of morphological parameters
Number = Sg | Pl ;
Gender = Masc | Fem ;
oper
-- define types for parts of speech
-- they are recourd types with tables and inherent features
Noun : Type = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
Adjective : Type = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
-- here is an example that is type-correct as a Noun
donna_N : Noun = {
s = table {Sg => "donna" ; Pl => "donne"} ;
g = Fem
} ;
-- define constructor function for Noun
mkNoun : Str -> Str -> Gender -> Noun = \sg, pl, g -> {
s = table {Sg => sg ; Pl => pl} ;
g = g
} ;
-- define a noun using this constructor
uomo_N : Noun = mkNoun "uomo" "uomini" Masc ;
-- define a smart paradigm
smartNoun : Str -> Noun = \s -> case s of {
x + "o" => mkNoun s (x + "i") Masc ;
x + "a" => mkNoun s (x + "e") Fem ;
x + "e" => mkNoun s (x + "i") Masc ;
_ => mkNoun s s Masc
} ;
-- the overloaded paradigm is what the lexicon will use
mkN = overload {
mkN : Str -> Noun = smartNoun ;
mkN : Str -> Str -> Gender -> Noun = mkNoun ;
mkN : Gender -> Noun -> Noun = \g, n -> n ** {g = g} ;
} ;
-- adjectives:
mkAdjective : (msg,fsg,mpl,fpl : Str) -> Adjective = \msg,fsg,mpl,fpl -> {
s = table {
Masc => table {Sg => msg ; Pl => mpl} ;
Fem => table {Sg => fsg ; Pl => fpl}
}
} ;
smartAdjective : Str -> Adjective = \s -> case s of {
x + "o" => mkAdjective s (x + "a") (x + "i") (x + "e") ;
x + "e" => mkAdjective s s (x + "i") (x + "i") ;
_ => mkAdjective s s s s
} ;
mkA = overload {
mkA : Str -> Adjective = smartAdjective ;
mkA : (msg,fsg,mpl,fpl : Str) -> Adjective = mkAdjective ;
} ;
}

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lab1/grammar/myproject/MicroLangEng.gf
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--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MicroLangEng of MicroLang = open MicroResEng in {
lincat
Utt = {s : Str} ;
S = {s : Str} ;
VP = {verb : MicroResEng.V ; compl : Str} ;
CN = MicroResEng.N ;
AP = MicroResEng.A ;
NP = MicroResEng.Pron ;
Pron = MicroResEng.Pron ;
N = MicroResEng.N ;
A = MicroResEng.A ;
V = MicroResEng.V ;
V2 = MicroResEng.V2 ;
lin
PredVPS np vp = {s = np.s ! Nom ++ selectVerb vp.verb np.n ++ vp.compl} ;
UseV v = {verb = v ; compl = []} ;
ComplV2 v np = {verb = v ; compl = np.s ! Acc} ;
AdjCN ap cn = {s = \\n => ap.s ++ cn.s ! n} ;
UsePron p = p ;
UseN n = n ;
PositA a = a ;
he_Pron = mkPron "he" "him" Sg ;
she_Pron = mkPron "she" "her" Sg ;
they_Pron = mkPron "they" "them" Pl ;
book_N = {s = table {Sg => "book" ; Pl => "books"}} ;
grammar_N = mkN "grammar" ;
woman_N = mkN "woman" "women" ;
child_N = mkN "child" "children" ;
boy_N = mkN "boy" ;
big_A = mkA "big" ;
good_A = mkA "good" ;
live_V = mkV "live" ;
love_V2 = mkV2 "love" ;
}

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lab1/grammar/myproject/MicroLangSwe.gf
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--# -path=.:../abstract
concrete MicroLangSwe of MicroLang = open MicroResSwe in {
lincat N = MicroResSwe.N ;
lin baby_N = decl2 "bebis" ;
lin dog_N = decl2 "hund" ;
lin man_N = worstN "man" "mannen" "män" "männen" Utr ;
lin car_N = decl2 "bil" ;
--lin city_N = mkN "stad" ;
lin boy_N = decl2 "pojke" ;
}

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lab1/grammar/myproject/MicroResEng.gf
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resource MicroResEng = open Prelude in {
param
Number = Sg | Pl ;
Case = Nom | Acc ;
Agreement = Agr Number ; ---s Person to be added
-- all forms of normal Eng verbs, although not yet used in MiniGrammar
VForm = Inf | PresSg3 | Past | PastPart | PresPart ;
oper
N : Type = {s : Number => Str} ;
worstN : Str -> Str -> N = \sg,pl -> {
s = table {Sg => sg ; Pl => pl}
} ;
regN : Str -> N = \sg -> worstN sg (sg + "s") ;
-- smart paradigm
smartN : Str -> N = \sg -> case sg of {
_ + ("ay"|"ey"|"oy"|"uy") => regN sg ;
x + "y" => worstN sg (x + "ies") ;
_ + ("ch"|"sh"|"s"|"o") => worstN sg (sg + "es") ;
_ => regN sg
} ;
A : Type = {s : Str} ;
V : Type = {s : VForm => Str} ;
mkVerb : (inf,pres,past,pastpart,prespart : Str) -> V
= \inf,pres,past,pastpart,prespart -> {
s = table {
Inf => inf ;
PresSg3 => pres ;
Past => past ;
PastPart => pastpart ;
PresPart => prespart
}
} ;
regV : (inf : Str) -> V = \inf ->
mkVerb inf (inf + "s") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ing") ;
-- regular verbs with predictable variations
smartV : Str -> V = \inf -> case inf of {
pl + ("a"|"e"|"i"|"o"|"u") + "y" => regV inf ;
cr + "y" => mkVerb inf (cr + "ies") (cr + "ied") (cr + "ied") (inf + "ing") ;
lov + "e" => mkVerb inf (inf + "s") (lov + "ed") (lov + "ed") (lov + "ing") ;
kis + ("s"|"sh"|"x"|"o") => mkVerb inf (inf + "es") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ed") (inf + "ing") ;
_ => regV inf
} ;
-- normal irregular verbs e.g. drink,drank,drunk
irregV : (inf,past,pastpart : Str) -> V =
\inf,past,pastpart ->
let verb = smartV inf
in mkVerb inf (verb.s ! PresSg3) past pastpart (verb.s ! PresPart) ;
-- two-place verb with "case" as preposition; for transitive verbs, c=[]
V2 : Type = V ** {c : Str} ;
be_V : V = mkVerb "are" "is" "was" "been" "being" ; ---s to be generalized
---s a very simplified verb agreement function for Micro
agr2vform : Agreement -> VForm = \a -> case a of {
Agr Sg => PresSg3 ;
Agr Pl => Inf
} ;
Pron : Type = {s : Case => Str ; n : Number} ;
mkPron : Str -> Str -> Number -> Pron = \nom,acc,n -> {s = table {Nom => nom ; Acc => acc} ; n = n} ;
selectVerb : V -> Number -> Str = \v,n -> case n of {
Sg => v.s ! PresSg3 ;
Pl => v.s ! Inf
} ;
---------------------------
-- Paradigms part ---------
---------------------------
oper
mkN = overload {
mkN : Str -> N -- predictable noun, e.g. car-cars, boy-boys, fly-flies, bush-bushes
= \n -> lin N (smartN n) ;
mkN : Str -> Str -> N -- irregular noun, e.g. man-men
= \sg,pl -> lin N (worstN sg pl) ;
} ;
mkA : Str -> A
= \s -> {s = s} ;
mkV = overload {
mkV : (inf : Str) -> V -- predictable verb, e.g. play-plays, cry-cries, wash-washes
= \s -> lin V (smartV s) ;
mkV : (inf,pres,part : Str) -> V -- irregular verb, e.g. drink-drank-drunk
= \inf,pres,part -> lin V (irregV inf pres part) ;
} ;
mkV2 = overload {
mkV2 : Str -> V2 -- predictable verb with direct object, e.g. "wash"
= \s -> lin V2 (smartV s ** {c = []}) ;
mkV2 : Str -> Str -> V2 -- predictable verb with preposition, e.g. "wait - for"
= \s,p -> lin V2 (smartV s ** {c = p}) ;
mkV2 : V -> V2 -- any verb with direct object, e.g. "drink"
= \v -> lin V2 (v ** {c = []}) ;
mkV2 : V -> Str -> V2 -- any verb with preposition
= \v,p -> lin V2 (v ** {c = p}) ;
} ;
-- mkAdv : Str -> Adv
-- = \s -> lin Adv {s = s} ;
-- mkPrep : Str -> Prep
-- = \s -> lin Prep {s = s} ;
}

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lab1/grammar/myproject/MicroResSwe.gf
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resource MicroResSwe = open Prelude in {
param
Number = Sg | Pl ;
Species = Indef | Def ;
Gender = Utr | Neutr ;
oper
N : Type = {s : Number => Species => Str ; g : Gender} ;
worstN : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Gender -> N
= \man,mannen,män,männen,g -> {
s = table {
Sg => table {Indef => man ; Def => mannen} ;
Pl => table {Indef => män ; Def => männen}
} ;
g = g
} ;
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_grammar
decl1 : Str -> N
= \apa ->
let ap = init apa in
worstN apa (apa + "n") (ap + "or") (ap + "orna") Utr ;
decl2 : Str -> N
= \bil -> case bil of {
pojk + "e" => worstN bil (bil + "en") (pojk + "ar") (pojk + "arna") Utr ;
_ => worstN bil (bil + "en") (bil + "ar") (bil + "arna") Utr
} ;
}

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lab1/grammar/test.gfs
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gt -cat=N | l -list
gt -cat=A | l -list
gt -cat=V | l -list
gt -cat=V2 | l -list
gt -cat=Pron | l -list
gr -number=21 | l -treebank
pg -missing