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last year's lecture material moved to directory 2025
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lectures/2025/README.md
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lectures/2025/README.md
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# Computations Syntax Lectures: Outline
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## Lecture 1
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Coursenotes: Chapter 1
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Participants' native languages:
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Chinese (2), Dutch, English, Finnish, French (2), Greek, Hebrew, Italian (3),
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Korean, Persian (2), Polish, Portuguese, Romanian (3), Russian, Spanish, Swedish (2),
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Swiss German, West-Assyrian - 24 students, 17 languages + 2 teachers, 1 more language
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Formal grammar is no more expected to match natural language exactly
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- analysis: should be wider than the language (we will use UD)
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- generation: should be contained in the language (we will use GF)
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- in both formats, we aim to use universal concepts for many languages
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Phrase structure grammars, context-free = BNF, grammar rules, trees
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- example: [english.cf](lecture-01/english.cf)
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- testing grammars in GF: import, generate_random, parse, linearize, visualize_parse, help
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GF grammars: dividing .cf into abstract and concrete .gf
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- example: [Intro*.gf](lecture-01/)
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- forms of rules: cat, fun, lincat, lin
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- word order switch English-Italian
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- to solve next time:
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Experiments in GF:
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- https://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/minibar/minibar.html
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- Grammar: ResourceDemo, Startcat: S
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## Lecture 2
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Agreement, parameter definitions, variable and inherent features, linearization types
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[IntroEng.gf](lecture-02/InfroEng.gf)
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For you to do:
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- write a concrete syntax for some other language, carefully thinking about
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### Instructions for ARM Mac users
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The GF Download page contains a binary for the Mac with an Intel processor, but it will not work for newer Macs, which use an ARM Processor (called M1, M2, or M3 by Apple).
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We have therefore prepared a binary for these newer Macs.
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To download it, open a terminal and do:
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```
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cd # go to your home directory
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mkdir tmp # if the directory tmp does not exist already
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cd tmp
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wget https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~aarne/gf-mac.gz
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```
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This is better than downloading via a browser, because your Mac OS may then block the use of the program as "unreliable".
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After download, stay in the terminal and do:
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```
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gunzip gf-mac.gz
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mv gf-mac gf
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chmod a+x gf
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./gf
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```
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You should now see the GF promt. Type 'help' to see if it works!
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Hint: if any of the terminal commands used above are unfamiliar to you, it is a good time to learn them now.
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They will be useful throughout your future career as a programmer!
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The readily available method is the `man` command, for instance,
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```
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man gunzip
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```
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The next thing is to move it to a place where you can find it from anywhere in your system.
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One standard place is
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```
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mv gf /usr/local/bin
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```
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If you get "permission denied", you will have to write
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```
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sudo mv gf /usr/local/bin
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```
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and type your computer's password.
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Then you can try
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```
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cd
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gf
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```
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to verify that GF works in your home directory.
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After that, you can test it in the course GitHub directory
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```
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cd comp-syntax-gu-mlt/lectures/lecture-02
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gf
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> import IntroEng.gf # in GF
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```
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You can work here for a while.
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The next step will be to install the RGL, but this can wait a bit.
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The instructions in https://www.grammaticalframework.org/download/index-3.11.html should work even for the ARM Mac.
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## Lecture 3
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Course notes: Chapter 2, Chapter 5
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Analysing UD data with shell commands:
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```
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cat treebanks/UD_Swedish-Talbanken/sv_talbanken-ud-train.conllu | cut -f4 | grep -v "#" | sort
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cat treebanks/UD_Swedish-Talbanken/sv_talbanken-ud-train.conllu | cut -f4 | grep -v "#" | sort -u
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cat treebanks/UD_Swedish-Talbanken/sv_talbanken-ud-train.conllu | cut -f4 | grep -v "#" | sort -u | wc
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```
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Again, make sure to learn to use these shell commands!
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Adding deptreepy to the pipeline:
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```
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cat treebanks/UD_English-EWT/en_ewt-ud-train.conllu | ./deptreepy.py "statistics POS"
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cat treebanks/UD_English-EWT/en_ewt-ud-train.conllu | ./deptreepy.py "match_wordlines (POS X)"
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cat treebanks/UD_English-EWT/en_ewt-ud-train.conllu | ./deptreepy.py "statistics FEATS"
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cat treebanks/UD_English-EWT/en_ewt-ud-train.conllu | ./deptreepy.py "match_wordlines (POS NOUN) | statistics FEATS"
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```
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Download deptreepy and the UD treebanks, and do the same for other treebanks of other languages!
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Confirmed Swedish inflection table by looking up a word at https://svenska.se/ and also learn what is inherent and what is variable.
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Started MorphologyEng.gf and MorphologySwe.gf in lecture-03/.
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## Lecture 7
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We took a look at the RGL synopsis, https://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/synopsis/
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We focused on a few things:
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- the hierarchic view of categories (Chapter 1)
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- Sentence/Clause distinction, looking at "inflection tables" of clauses in https://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/minibar/minibar.html (ResourceDemo, startcat Cl)
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- verb valencies: V, V2, V3, VA, VV, etc and the "sense distinctions" that come with different valency patterns and also typically are translated with different words
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An examples of verb valencies, "look":
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- V: look ; titta
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- V2: look at ; titta på
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- V2: look for ; leta efter
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- V2: look after ; ta hand om
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- V2 : look like ; se ut som
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- V3 : look up ; slå upp
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- VA: look (good) ; se (bra) ut
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We also briefly discussed complements vs. adjuncts and pointed out that they can be difficult to distinguish and that UD does not even try.
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## Lecture 8
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Installing RGL: a binary release can be found in
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https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl/releases/tag/20250429
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Steps:
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1. Download rgl-20250429.tgz
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2. Put it into some good place, for instance ~/GF or /usr/local/lib
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3. Uncompress it with `tar xvfz`
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4. The top directory created is lib, with subdirectories alltenses, prelude, present. List them to see lots of .gfo files
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5. Export the absolute path to this lib as the value of the environment variable `GF_LIB_PATH`, which GF recognizes: `export GF_LIB_PATH=/Users/aarne/GF/lib` if this is where you have placed it.
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6. This export command can also be attached you your .bashrc or .zprofile, or whatever shell initialization file you have
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When you have done this, you can test if it works in the following way:
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```
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$ gf
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> i alltenses/LangEng.gfo
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> gr -cat=Cl | l -table
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```
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We also looked at the source of the RGL, obtained by cloning https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl
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The binaries can be compiled from this, if you need a Haskell compiler.
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If you don't have one, you can still keep the sources just for documentation.
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They can be imported in the GF program, but compiling the whole RGL is easier if you use `make install`, which requires Haskell.
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