# Norwegian Lexical Paradigms

Last update: 2006-03-07 21:08:17 CET

- Parameters
- Nouns
  - Compound nouns
  - Relational nouns
  - Relational common noun phrases
  - Proper names and noun phrases
- Adjectives
  - Two-place adjectives
- Adverbs
- Prepositions
- Verbs
  - Verbs with a particle.
  - Deponent verbs.
  - Two-place verbs
  - Three-place verbs
  - Other complement patterns
- Definitions of the paradigms

Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

Aarne Ranta 2003

This is an API to the user of the resource grammar for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.

Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are accessed through the resource syntax API, `Structural.gf`.

The main difference with `MorphoNor.gf` is that the types referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.

The structure of functions for each word class `C` is the following: first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function `mkC`, which serves as an escape to construct the most irregular words of type `C`. However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a separate module `IrregularEng`, which covers all irregularly inflected words.

        resource ParadigmsNor =
          open
            (Predef=Predef),
            Prelude,
            CommonScand,
            ResNor,
            MorphoNor,
            CatNor in {

## Parameters

To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.

        oper
          Gender : Type ;

          masculine : Gender ;
          feminine  : Gender ;
          neutrum   : Gender ;

To abstract over number names, we define the following.

          Number : Type ;

          singular : Number ;
          plural   : Number ;

To abstract over case names, we define the following.

          Case : Type ;

          nominative : Case ;
          genitive   : Case ;

Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.

          Preposition : Type = Str ;

## Nouns

Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the last letter of the second form (if n, then `utrum`, otherwise `neutrum`).

          mkN  : (dreng,drengen,drenger,drengene : Str) -> N ;

The regular function takes the singular indefinite form and computes the other forms and the gender by a heuristic. The heuristic is that nouns ending e are feminine like kvinne, all others are masculine like bil. If in doubt, use the `cc` command to test!

          regN : Str -> N ;

Giving gender manually makes the heuristic more reliable.

          regGenN : Str -> Gender -> N ;

This function takes the singular indefinite and definite forms; the gender is computed from the definite form.

          mk2N : (bil,bilen : Str) -> N ;

### Compound nouns

All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns, such as fotboll.

### Relational nouns

Relational nouns (daughter of x) need a preposition.

          mkN2 : N -> Preposition -> N2 ;

The most common preposition is av, and the following is a shortcut for regular, `nonhuman` relational nouns with av.

          regN2 : Str -> Gender -> N2 ;

Use the function `mkPreposition` or see the section on prepositions below to form other prepositions.

Three-place relational nouns (the connection from x to y) need two prepositions.

          mkN3 : N -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 ;

### Relational common noun phrases

In some cases, you may want to make a complex `CN` into a relational noun (e.g. the old town hall of). However, `N2` and `N3` are purely lexical categories. But you can use the `AdvCN` and `PrepNP` constructions to build phrases like this.

### Proper names and noun phrases

Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows

          regPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ;          -- John, John's

Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. Bank.

          nounPN : N -> PN ;

To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular genitive, you can use the worst-case function.

          mkNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ;

## Adjectives

Non-comparison one-place adjectives need three forms:

          mkA : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A ;

For regular adjectives, the other forms are derived.

          regA : Str -> A ;

In most cases, two forms are enough.

          mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -> A ;

### Two-place adjectives

Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.

          mkA2 : A -> Preposition -> A2 ;

Comparison adjectives may need as many as five forms.

          mkADeg : (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A ;

The regular pattern works for many adjectives, e.g. those ending with ig.

          regADeg : Str -> A ;

Just the comparison forms can be irregular.

          irregADeg : (tung,tyngre,tyngst : Str) -> A ;

Sometimes just the positive forms are irregular.

          mk3ADeg : (galen,galet,galna : Str) -> A ;
          mk2ADeg : (bred,bredt        : Str) -> A ;

If comparison is formed by mer, //mest, as in general for// long adjective, the following pattern is used:

          compoundADeg : A -> A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk

## Adverbs

Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. always).

          mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
          mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;

Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.

          mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;

## Prepositions

A preposition is just a string.

          mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition ;

## Verbs

The worst case needs six forms.

          mkV : (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V ;

The 'regular verb' function is the first conjugation.

          regV : (snakke : Str) -> V ;

The almost regular verb function needs the infinitive and the preteritum.

          mk2V : (leve,levde : Str) -> V ;

There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module `IrregNor`. In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.

          irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket  : Str) -> V ;

### Verbs with a particle.

The particle, such as in switch on, is given as a string.

          partV  : V -> Str -> V ;

### Deponent verbs.

Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. hoppas, some as reflexive e.g. ångra sig.

          depV  : V -> V ;
          reflV : V -> V ;

### Two-place verbs

Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. (transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the `V`.

          mkV2  : V -> Preposition -> V2 ;

          dirV2 : V -> V2 ;

### Three-place verbs

Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which the first one or both can be absent.

          mkV3     : V -> Str -> Str -> V3 ;    -- speak, with, about
          dirV3    : V -> Str -> V3 ;           -- give,_,to
          dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ;                  -- give,_,_

### Other complement patterns

Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.

          mkV0  : V -> V0 ;
          mkVS  : V -> VS ;
          mkV2S : V -> Str -> V2S ;
          mkVV  : V -> VV ;
          mkV2V : V -> Str -> Str -> V2V ;
          mkVA  : V -> VA ;
          mkV2A : V -> Str -> V2A ;
          mkVQ  : V -> VQ ;
          mkV2Q : V -> Str -> V2Q ;

          mkAS  : A -> AS ;
          mkA2S : A -> Str -> A2S ;
          mkAV  : A -> AV ;
          mkA2V : A -> Str -> A2V ;

Notice: categories `V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q` are in v 1.0 treated just as synonyms of `V2`, and the second argument is given as an adverb. Likewise `AS, A2S, AV, A2V` are just `A`. `V0` is just `V`.

          V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
          AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;

## Definitions of the paradigms

The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are hidden from the document.