GitHub/gf-core
1
0
Fork 1
mirror of https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git synced 2026-04-23 11:42:49 -06:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

new school web page

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
aarne
2009-02-16 15:12:23 +00:00
parent e6fd01066b
commit 086f861b5e
5 changed files with 588 additions and 236 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

386
doc/gf-summerschool.html
View File

@@ -3,21 +3,56 @@
<HEAD> <HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net"> <META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<TITLE>European Resource Grammar Summer School</TITLE> <TITLE>GF Resource Grammar Summer School</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black"> </HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1>European Resource Grammar Summer School</H1> <P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1>GF Resource Grammar Summer School</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4"> <FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Gothenburg, 17-28 August 2009</I><BR> <I>Gothenburg, 17-28 August 2009</I><BR>
Aarne Ranta (aarne at chalmers.se) Aarne Ranta (aarne at chalmers.se)
</FONT></CENTER> </FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Executive summary</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Introduction</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">The GF resource grammar library</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Applications of the library</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">The structure of the library</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">The summer school</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Selecting participants</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Who is qualified</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Costs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Teachers</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">The Summer School Committee</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Time and Place</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Dissemination and intellectual property</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Why I should participate</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">More information</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Contaxt</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc17">Selected publications from earlier resource grammar projects</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<P> <P>
<I>preliminary version, 17 November 2008</I> <center>
<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC="school-langs.png" BORDER="0" ALT="">
</center>
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC="eu-langs.png" BORDER="0" ALT=""> <I>red=wanted, green=exists, yellow=in-progress, solid=official-eu, dotted=non-eu</I>
</P> </P>
<H3>Executive summary</H3> <A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H2>Executive summary</H2>
<P> <P>
We plan to organize a summer school with the goal of implementing the GF We plan to organize a summer school with the goal of implementing the GF
resource grammar library for 15 new languages, so that the library will resource grammar library for 15 new languages, so that the library will
@@ -32,91 +67,76 @@ and also ported to other formats. The library is licensed under LGPL.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
Each language is implemented by one or two students working together. Each language is implemented by one or two students working together.
Travel grants will be available for students selected on the basis of Travel grants will be available for some students selected on the basis of
pre-conference assignments. pre-conference assignments.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
The official announcement will be in January 2009, and the summer school The summer school will be held on 17-28 August 2009, at the campus of
itself on 17-28 August 2009, at the campus of Chalmers University of Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden.
Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Introduction</H2> <H2>Introduction</H2>
<P> <P>
Since 2007, EU-27 has 23 official languages, listed in the diagram on top of this Since 2007, EU-27 has 23 official languages, listed in the diagram on top of this
document. document. There is a growing need of linguistic resources for these
There is a growing need of translation between languages, to help in tasks such as translation and information retrieval.
these languages. The traditional language-to-language method requires 23*22 = 506 These resources should be <B>portable</B> and <B>freely accessible</B>.
translators (humans or computer programs) to cover all possible translation needs. Languages marked in red in the diagram are of particular interest for
</P> the summer school, since they are those on which the effort will be concentrated.
<P>
An alternative to language-to-language translation is the use of an <B>interlingua</B>:
a language-independent representation such that all translation problems can
be reduced to translating to and from the interlingua. With 23 languages,
only 2*23 = 46 translators are needed.
</P>
<P>
Interlingua sounds too good to be true. In a sense, it is. All attempts to
create an interlingua that would solve all translation problems have failed.
However, interlinguas for restricted applications have shown more
success. For instance, mathematical texts and weather reports can be translated
by using interlinguas tailor-made for the domains of mathematics and weather reports,
respectively.
</P>
<P>
What is required of an interlingua is
</P>
<UL>
<LI>semantic accuracy: correspondence to what you want to say in the application
<LI>language-independence: abstraction from individual languages
</UL>
<P>
Thus, for instance, an interlingua for mathematical texts may be based on
mathematical logic, which at the same time gives semantic accuracy and
language independence. In other domains, something else than mathematical
logic may be needed; the <B>ontologies</B> defined within the semantic
web technology are often good starting points for interlinguas.
</P>
<H2>GF: a framework for multilingual grammars</H2>
<P>
The interlingua is just one part of a translation system. We also need
the mappings between the interlingua and the involved languages. As the
number of languages increases, this part grows while the interlingua remains
constant.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
GF (Grammatical Framework, GF (Grammatical Framework,
<A HREF="http://digitalgrammars.com/gf"><CODE>digitalgrammars.com/gf</CODE></A>) <A HREF="http://digitalgrammars.com/gf"><CODE>digitalgrammars.com/gf</CODE></A>)
is a programming language designed to support interlingua-based translation. is a <B>functional programming language</B> designed for writing natural
A "program" in GF is a <B>multilingual grammar</B>, which consists of an language grammars. It provides an efficient platform for this task, due to
<B>abstract syntax</B> and a set of <B>concrete syntaxes</B>. A concrete its modern characteristics:
syntaxes is a mapping from the abstract syntax to a particular language. </P>
These mappings are <B>reversible</B>, which means that they can be used for <UL>
translating in both directions. This means that creating an interlingua-based <LI>It is a functional programming language, similar to Haskell and ML.
translator for 23 languages just requires 1 + 23 = 24 grammar modules (the abstract <LI>It has a static type system and type checker.
syntax and the concrete syntaxes). <LI>It has a powerful module system supporting separate compilation
and data abstraction.
<LI>It has an optimizing compiler to <B>Portable Grammar Format</B> (PGF).
<LI>PGF can be further compiled to other formats, such as JavaScript and
speech recognition language models.
<LI>GF has a <B>resource grammar library</B> giving access to the morphology and
basic syntax of 12 languages.
</UL>
<P>
In addition to "ordinary" grammars for single languages, GF
supports <B>multilingual grammars</B>. A multilingual GF grammar consists of an
<B>abstract syntax</B> and a set of <B>concrete syntaxes</B>.
An abstract syntax is system of <B>trees</B>, serving as a semantic
model or an ontology. A concrete syntax is a mapping from abstract syntax
trees to strings of a particular language.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
The diagram first in this document shows an interlingua These mappings defined in concrete syntax are <B>reversible</B>: they
system covering the 23 EU languages. can be used both for <B>generating</B> strings from trees, and for
Languages marked in <B>parsing</B> strings into trees. Combinations of generation and
red are of particular interest for the summer school, since they are those parsing can be used for <B>translation</B>, where the abstract
on which the effort will be concentrated. syntax works as an <B>interlingua</B>. Thus GF has been used as a
framework for building translation systems in several areas
of application and large sets of languages.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H2>The GF resource grammar library</H2> <H2>The GF resource grammar library</H2>
<P> <P>
The GF resource grammar library is a set of grammars used as libraries when The GF resource grammar library is a set of grammars usable as libraries when
building interlingua-based translation systems. The library currently covers building translation systems and other applications.
The library currently covers
the 9 languages coloured in green in the diagram above; in addition, the 9 languages coloured in green in the diagram above; in addition,
Catalan, Norwegian, and Russian are covered, and there is ongoing work on Catalan, Norwegian, and Russian are covered, and there is ongoing work on
Arabic, Hindi/Urdu, and Thai. Arabic, Hindi/Urdu, Polish, Romanian, and Thai.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
The purpose of the resource grammar library is to define the "low-level" structure The purpose of the resource grammar library is to define the "low-level" structure
of a language: inflection, word order, agreement. This structure belongs to what of a language: inflection, word order, agreement. This structure belongs to what
linguists call morphology and syntax. It can be very complex and requires linguists call morphology and syntax. It can be very complex and requires
a lot of knowledge. Yet, when translating from one language to another, knowing a lot of knowledge. Yet, when translating from one language to
morphology and syntax is but a part of what is needed. The translator (whether human another, knowing morphology and syntax is but a part of what is needed.
The translator (whether human
or machine) must understand the meaning of what is translated, and must also know or machine) must understand the meaning of what is translated, and must also know
the idiomatic way to express the meaning in the target language. This knowledge the idiomatic way to express the meaning in the target language. This knowledge
can be very domain-dependent and requires in general an expert in the field to can be very domain-dependent and requires in general an expert in the field to
@@ -127,13 +147,15 @@ in the field of weather reports, etc.
The problem is to find a person who is an expert in both the domain of translation The problem is to find a person who is an expert in both the domain of translation
and in the low-level linguistic details. It is the rareness of this combination and in the low-level linguistic details. It is the rareness of this combination
that has made it difficult to build interlingua-based translation systems. that has made it difficult to build interlingua-based translation systems.
The GF resource grammar library has the mission of helping in this task. It encapsulates The GF resource grammar library has the mission of helping in this task.
the low-level linguistics in program modules accessed through easy-to-use interfaces. It encapsulates the low-level linguistics in program modules
accessed through easy-to-use interfaces.
Experts on different domains can build translation systems by using the library, Experts on different domains can build translation systems by using the library,
without knowing low-level linguistics. The idea is much the same as when a without knowing low-level linguistics. The idea is much the same as when a
programmer builds a graphical user interface (GUI) from high-level elements such as programmer builds a graphical user interface (GUI) from high-level elements such as
buttons and menus, without having to care about pixels or geometrical forms. buttons and menus, without having to care about pixels or geometrical forms.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Applications of the library</H3> <H3>Applications of the library</H3>
<P> <P>
In addition to translation, the library is also useful in <B>localization</B>, In addition to translation, the library is also useful in <B>localization</B>,
@@ -149,25 +171,29 @@ interlingua-based translation or localization of systems to new languages:
<A HREF="http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/content/index_eng.html"><CODE>http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/content/index_eng.html</CODE></A>, <A HREF="http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/content/index_eng.html"><CODE>http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/content/index_eng.html</CODE></A>,
for translating mathematical exercises to 7 languages for translating mathematical exercises to 7 languages
<LI>in TALK <A HREF="http://www.talk-project.org"><CODE>http://www.talk-project.org</CODE></A>, <LI>in TALK <A HREF="http://www.talk-project.org"><CODE>http://www.talk-project.org</CODE></A>,
where the library was used for localizing spoken dialogue systems to six languages where the library was used for localizing spoken dialogue systems
to six languages
</UL> </UL>
<P> <P>
The library is also a generic linguistic resource, which can be used for tasks The library is also a generic linguistic resource, which can be used for tasks
such as language teaching and information retrieval. The liberal license (LGPL) such as language teaching and information retrieval. The liberal license (LGPL)
makes it usable for anyone and for any task. GF also has tools supporting the makes it usable for anyone and for any task. GF also has tools supporting the
use of grammars in programs written in other programming languages: C, C++, Haskell, use of grammars in programs written in other
Java, JavaScript, and Prolog. In connection with the TALK project, support has also been programming languages: C, C++, Haskell,
Java, JavaScript, and Prolog. In connection with the TALK project,
support has also been
developed for translating GF grammars to language models used in speech developed for translating GF grammars to language models used in speech
recognition (GSL/Nuance, HTK/ATK, SRGS, JSGF). recognition (GSL/Nuance, HTK/ATK, SRGS, JSGF).
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>The structure of the library</H3> <H3>The structure of the library</H3>
<P> <P>
The library has the following main parts: The library has the following main parts:
</P> </P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI><B>Inflection paradigms</B>, covering the inflection of each language. <LI><B>Inflection paradigms</B>, covering the inflection of each language.
<LI><B>Common Syntax API</B>, covering a large set of syntax rule that <LI><B>Core Syntax</B>, covering a large set of syntax rule that
can be implemented for all languages involved. can be implemented for all languages involved.
<LI><B>Common Test Lexicon</B>, giving ca. 500 common words that can be used for <LI><B>Common Test Lexicon</B>, giving ca. 500 common words that can be used for
testing the library. testing the library.
@@ -181,11 +207,13 @@ The library has the following main parts:
The goal of the summer school is to implement, for each language, at least The goal of the summer school is to implement, for each language, at least
the first three components. The latter three are more open-ended in character. the first three components. The latter three are more open-ended in character.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H2>The summer school</H2> <H2>The summer school</H2>
<P> <P>
The goal of the summer school is to extend the GF resource grammar library The goal of the summer school is to extend the GF resource grammar library
to covering all 23 EU languages, which means we need 15 new languages. to covering all 23 EU languages, which means we need 15 new languages.
We also welcome other languages, if there are interested participants. We also welcome other languages than these 23,
if there are interested participants.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
The amount of work and skill is between a Master's thesis and a PhD thesis. The amount of work and skill is between a Master's thesis and a PhD thesis.
@@ -201,50 +229,52 @@ will probably require more work.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
In any case, the proposed allocation of work power is 2 participants per In any case, the proposed allocation of work power is 2 participants per
language. They will have 6 months to work at home, followed language. They will do 2 months' worth of home work, followed
by 2 weeks of summer school. Who are these participants? by 2 weeks of summer school, followed by 4 months work at home.
Who are these participants?
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Selecting participants</H3> <H3>Selecting participants</H3>
<P> <P>
After the call has been published, persons interested to participate in Persons interested to participate in the Summer School should sign up in
the project are expected to learn GF by self-study from the the <B>Google Group</B> of the course,
<A HREF="http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/gf-tutorial.html">tutorial</A>.
This should take a couple of weeks. Also an on-line course will be
arranged to help in getting started with GF.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
Participants should continue to <A HREF="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-resource-school-2009/"><CODE>groups.google.com/group/gf-resource-school-2009/</CODE></A>
implement selected parts of the resource grammar, following the advice from </P>
the <P>
<A HREF="http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/Resource-HOWTO.html">Resource-HOWTO document</A>. The participants are expected to learn GF by self-study from the
What parts exactly are selected will be announced later. <A HREF="http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/gf-tutorial.html">tutorial</A>.
This work will take another couple of weeks. This should take a couple of weeks. An <B>on-line course</B> will be
arranged in April to help in getting started with GF.
</P>
<P>
After the on-line course, a <B>programming assignment</B> will be published.
This assignment will test skills required in resource grammar programming.
Work on the assignment will take a couple of weeks.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
Those who are interested in getting a travel grant will submit Those who are interested in getting a travel grant will submit
their sample resource grammar fragment their sample resource grammar fragment
to the Summer School Committee in the beginning of May. to the Summer School Committee by 12 May.
The Committee then decides who is invited to represent which language The Committee then decides who is invited to represent which language
in the summer school. in the summer school.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
After the Committee decision, the participants have around three months The summer school itself is devoted for working on resource grammars.
to work on their languages. The work is completed in the summer school In addition to grammar writing itself, testing and evaluation is
itself. It is also thoroughly tested by using it to add new languages performed. One way to do this is via adding new languages
to applications - in particular, to the WebALT mathematical to resource grammar applications - in particular, to the WebALT mathematical
exercise translator. exercise translator.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
Depending on the quality of submitted work, and on the demands of different The resource grammars are expected to be completed by December 2009. They will
languages, the Committee may decide to select another number than 2 participants be published at GF website and licensed under LGPL.
for a language. We will also consider accepting participants who want to
pay their own expenses.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
To keep track on who is working on which language, we will establish a Wiki page The participants are encouraged to contact each other and even work in groups.
soon after the call is published. The participants are encouraged
to contact each other and even work in groups.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H3>Who is qualified</H3> <H3>Who is qualified</H3>
<P> <P>
Writing a resource grammar implementation requires good general programming Writing a resource grammar implementation requires good general programming
@@ -265,6 +295,7 @@ But it is the quality of the assignment that is assessed, not any formal
requirements. The "typical participant" was described to give an idea of requirements. The "typical participant" was described to give an idea of
who is likely to succeed in this. who is likely to succeed in this.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Costs</H3> <H3>Costs</H3>
<P> <P>
Our aim is to make the summer school free of charge for the participants Our aim is to make the summer school free of charge for the participants
@@ -273,8 +304,15 @@ we plan to cover their travel and accommodation costs, up to 1000 EUR
per person. per person.
</P> </P>
<P> <P>
We try to get the funding question settled by mid-February 2009. The number of grants will be decided during Spring 2009, so that grand
holders can be notified before the beginning of June.
</P> </P>
<P>
Special terms will apply to students in
<A HREF="http://www.gslt.hum.gu.se/">GSLT</A> and
<A HREF="http://ngslt.org/">NGSLT</A>.
</P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H3>Teachers</H3> <H3>Teachers</H3>
<P> <P>
A list of teachers will be published here later. Some of the local teachers A list of teachers will be published here later. Some of the local teachers
@@ -298,11 +336,13 @@ we can discuss your involvement and travel arrangements.
In addition to teachers, we will look for consultants who can help to assess In addition to teachers, we will look for consultants who can help to assess
the results for each language. Please contact us! the results for each language. Please contact us!
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H3>The Summer School Committee</H3> <H3>The Summer School Committee</H3>
<P> <P>
This committee consists of a number of teachers and consultants, This committee consists of a number of teachers and informants,
who will select the participants. It will be selected by February 2009. who will select the participants. It will be selected by April 2009.
</P> </P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H3>Time and Place</H3> <H3>Time and Place</H3>
<P> <P>
The summer school will The summer school will
@@ -313,15 +353,16 @@ Sweden, on 17-28 August 2009.
Time schedule: Time schedule:
</P> </P>
<UL> <UL>
<LI>February: announcement of summer school and the grammar <LI>February: announcement of summer school
writing contest to get participants <LI>April: on-line course, work on the contest assignment
<LI>March-April: on-line course, work on the contest assignment (ca 1 month) <LI>12 May: submission deadline for assignment work
<LI>May: submission deadline and notification of acceptance <LI>31 May: review of assignments, notifications of acceptance
<LI>June-July: more work on the grammars <LI>17-28 August: Summer School
<LI>August: summer school <LI>September-December: homework on resource grammars
<LI>September-December: more homework if necessary <LI>December: release of the extended Resource Grammar Library
</UL> </UL>
<A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Dissemination and intellectual property</H3> <H3>Dissemination and intellectual property</H3>
<P> <P>
The new resource grammars will be released under the LGPL just like The new resource grammars will be released under the LGPL just like
@@ -331,28 +372,137 @@ with the copyright held by respective authors.
<P> <P>
The grammars will be distributed via the GF web site. The grammars will be distributed via the GF web site.
</P> </P>
<P> <A NAME="toc14"></A>
The WebALT-specific grammars will have special licenses agreed between the
authors and WebALT Inc.
</P>
<H2>Why I should participate</H2> <H2>Why I should participate</H2>
<P> <P>
Seven reasons: Seven reasons:
</P> </P>
<OL> <OL>
<LI>participation in a pioneering language technology work in an enthusiastic atmosphere <LI>participation in a pioneering language technology work in an
enthusiastic atmosphere
<LI>work and fun with people from all over Europe and the world <LI>work and fun with people from all over Europe and the world
<LI>job opportunities and business ideas <LI>job opportunities and business ideas
<LI>credits: the school project will be established as a course at Chalmers worth <LI>credits: the school project will be established as a course at Chalmers worth
15 ETCS points per person, but extensions to Master's thesis will 7.5 or 15 ETCS points per person, depending on the work accompliched; also
also be considered extensions to Master's thesis will be considered (special credit arrangements
<LI>merits: the resulting grammar can easily lead to a published paper for <A HREF="http://www.gslt.hum.gu.se/">GSLT</A> and <A HREF="http://ngslt.org/">NGSLT</A>)
<LI>merits: the resulting grammar can easily lead to a published paper (see below)
<LI>contribution to the multilingual and multicultural development of Europe and the <LI>contribution to the multilingual and multicultural development of Europe and the
world world
<LI>free trip and stay in Gothenburg (for travel grant students) <LI>free trip and stay in Gothenburg (for travel grant students)
</OL> </OL>
<A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H2>More information</H2>
<P>
<A HREF="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-resource-school-2009/">Course Google Group</A>
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/">GF web page</A>
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/gf-tutorial.html">GF tutorial</A>
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/Resource-HOWTO.html">Resource-HOWTO document</A>
</P>
<P>
Forthcoming: survey article "The GF Resource Grammar Library"
</P>
<P>
Forthcoming: book about GF
</P>
<A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H3>Contaxt</H3>
<P>
Håkan Burden: burden at chalmers se
</P>
<P>
Aarne Ranta: aarne at chalmers se
</P>
<A NAME="toc17"></A>
<H3>Selected publications from earlier resource grammar projects</H3>
<P>
K. Angelov.
Type-Theoretical Bulgarian Grammar.
In B. Nordström and A. Ranta (eds),
<I>Advances in Natural Language Processing (GoTAL 2008)</I>,
LNCS/LNAI 5221, Springer,
2008.
</P>
<P>
A. El Dada and A. Ranta.
Implementing an Open Source Arabic Resource Grammar in GF.
In M. Mughazy (ed),
<I>Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XX. Papers from the Twentieth Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Kalamazoo, March 26</I>
John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2007.
</P>
<P>
A. El Dada.
Implementation of the Arabic Numerals and their Syntax in GF.
Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources,
ACL-2007 Workshop,
June 28, 2007, Prague.
2007.
</P>
<P>
H. Hammarström and A. Ranta.
Cardinal Numerals Revisited in GF.
<I>Workshop on Numerals in the World's Languages</I>.
Dept. of Linguistics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig,
2004.
</P>
<P>
M. Humayoun, H. Hammarström, and A. Ranta.
Urdu Morphology, Orthography and Lexicon Extraction.
<I>CAASL-2: The Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Arabic Script-based Languages</I>,
July 21-22, 2007, LSA 2007 Linguistic Institute, Stanford University.
2007.
</P>
<P>
J Khegai.
GF parallel resource grammars and Russian.
In proceedings of ACL2006
(The joint conference of the International Committee on Computational
Linguistics and the Association for Computational Linguistics) (pp. 475-482),
Sydney, Australia, July 2006.
</P>
<P>
J. Khegai.
Language engineering in Grammatical Framework (GF).
Phd thesis, Computer Science, Chalmers University of Technology,
2006.
</P>
<P>
W. Ng'ang'a.
Multilingual content development for eLearning in Africa.
eLearning Africa: 1st Pan-African Conference on ICT for Development,
Education and Training. 24-26 May 2006, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2006.
</P>
<P>
N. Perera and A. Ranta.
Dialogue System Localization with the GF Resource Grammar Library.
<I>SPEECHGRAM 2007: ACL Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing</I>,
June 29, 2007, Prague.
2007.
</P>
<P>
A. Ranta.
Modular Grammar Engineering in GF.
<I>Research on Language and Computation</I>,
5:133-158, 2007.
</P>
<P>
A. Ranta.
How predictable is Finnish morphology? An experiment on lexicon construction.
In J. Nivre, M. Dahllöf and B. Megyesi (eds),
<I>Resourceful Language Technology: Festschrift in Honor of Anna Sågvall Hein</I>,
University of Uppsala,
2008.
</P>
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.4 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) --> <!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.4 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
<!-- cmdline: txt2tags gf-summerschool.txt --> <!-- cmdline: txt2tags -\-toc gf-summerschool.txt -->
</BODY></HTML> </BODY></HTML>

314
doc/gf-summerschool.txt
View File

@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
European Resource Grammar Summer School GF Resource Grammar Summer School
Gothenburg, 17-28 August 2009 Gothenburg, 17-28 August 2009
Aarne Ranta (aarne at chalmers.se) Aarne Ranta (aarne at chalmers.se)
%!Encoding : iso-8859-1 %!Encoding : iso-8859-1
%!target:html %!target:html
%!postproc(html): #BECE <center>
%!postproc(html): #ENCE </center>
//preliminary version, 17 November 2008// #BECE
[school-langs.png]
[eu-langs.png] #ENCE
===Executive summary=== //red=wanted, green=exists, yellow=in-progress, solid=official-eu, dotted=non-eu//
==Executive summary==
We plan to organize a summer school with the goal of implementing the GF We plan to organize a summer school with the goal of implementing the GF
resource grammar library for 15 new languages, so that the library will resource grammar library for 15 new languages, so that the library will
@@ -24,89 +29,71 @@ and basic syntax of each language. It can be used in GF applications
and also ported to other formats. The library is licensed under LGPL. and also ported to other formats. The library is licensed under LGPL.
Each language is implemented by one or two students working together. Each language is implemented by one or two students working together.
Travel grants will be available for students selected on the basis of Travel grants will be available for some students selected on the basis of
pre-conference assignments. pre-conference assignments.
The official announcement will be in January 2009, and the summer school The summer school will be held on 17-28 August 2009, at the campus of
itself on 17-28 August 2009, at the campus of Chalmers University of Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden.
Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden.
==Introduction== ==Introduction==
Since 2007, EU-27 has 23 official languages, listed in the diagram on top of this Since 2007, EU-27 has 23 official languages, listed in the diagram on top of this
document. document. There is a growing need of linguistic resources for these
%[``http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/index_en.html`` languages, to help in tasks such as translation and information retrieval.
%http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/index_en.html]. These resources should be **portable** and **freely accessible**.
There is a growing need of translation between Languages marked in red in the diagram are of particular interest for
these languages. The traditional language-to-language method requires 23*22 = 506 the summer school, since they are those on which the effort will be concentrated.
translators (humans or computer programs) to cover all possible translation needs.
An alternative to language-to-language translation is the use of an **interlingua**:
a language-independent representation such that all translation problems can
be reduced to translating to and from the interlingua. With 23 languages,
only 2*23 = 46 translators are needed.
Interlingua sounds too good to be true. In a sense, it is. All attempts to
create an interlingua that would solve all translation problems have failed.
However, interlinguas for restricted applications have shown more
success. For instance, mathematical texts and weather reports can be translated
by using interlinguas tailor-made for the domains of mathematics and weather reports,
respectively.
What is required of an interlingua is
- semantic accuracy: correspondence to what you want to say in the application
- language-independence: abstraction from individual languages
Thus, for instance, an interlingua for mathematical texts may be based on
mathematical logic, which at the same time gives semantic accuracy and
language independence. In other domains, something else than mathematical
logic may be needed; the **ontologies** defined within the semantic
web technology are often good starting points for interlinguas.
==GF: a framework for multilingual grammars==
The interlingua is just one part of a translation system. We also need
the mappings between the interlingua and the involved languages. As the
number of languages increases, this part grows while the interlingua remains
constant.
GF (Grammatical Framework, GF (Grammatical Framework,
[``digitalgrammars.com/gf`` http://digitalgrammars.com/gf]) [``digitalgrammars.com/gf`` http://digitalgrammars.com/gf])
is a programming language designed to support interlingua-based translation. is a **functional programming language** designed for writing natural
A "program" in GF is a **multilingual grammar**, which consists of an language grammars. It provides an efficient platform for this task, due to
**abstract syntax** and a set of **concrete syntaxes**. A concrete its modern characteristics:
syntaxes is a mapping from the abstract syntax to a particular language. - It is a functional programming language, similar to Haskell and ML.
These mappings are **reversible**, which means that they can be used for - It has a static type system and type checker.
translating in both directions. This means that creating an interlingua-based - It has a powerful module system supporting separate compilation
translator for 23 languages just requires 1 + 23 = 24 grammar modules (the abstract and data abstraction.
syntax and the concrete syntaxes). - It has an optimizing compiler to **Portable Grammar Format** (PGF).
- PGF can be further compiled to other formats, such as JavaScript and
speech recognition language models.
- GF has a **resource grammar library** giving access to the morphology and
basic syntax of 12 languages.
The diagram first in this document shows an interlingua
system covering the 23 EU languages.
Languages marked in
red are of particular interest for the summer school, since they are those
on which the effort will be concentrated.
In addition to "ordinary" grammars for single languages, GF
supports **multilingual grammars**. A multilingual GF grammar consists of an
**abstract syntax** and a set of **concrete syntaxes**.
An abstract syntax is system of **trees**, serving as a semantic
model or an ontology. A concrete syntax is a mapping from abstract syntax
trees to strings of a particular language.
These mappings defined in concrete syntax are **reversible**: they
can be used both for **generating** strings from trees, and for
**parsing** strings into trees. Combinations of generation and
parsing can be used for **translation**, where the abstract
syntax works as an **interlingua**. Thus GF has been used as a
framework for building translation systems in several areas
of application and large sets of languages.
==The GF resource grammar library== ==The GF resource grammar library==
The GF resource grammar library is a set of grammars used as libraries when The GF resource grammar library is a set of grammars usable as libraries when
building interlingua-based translation systems. The library currently covers building translation systems and other applications.
The library currently covers
the 9 languages coloured in green in the diagram above; in addition, the 9 languages coloured in green in the diagram above; in addition,
Catalan, Norwegian, and Russian are covered, and there is ongoing work on Catalan, Norwegian, and Russian are covered, and there is ongoing work on
Arabic, Hindi/Urdu, and Thai. Arabic, Hindi/Urdu, Polish, Romanian, and Thai.
The purpose of the resource grammar library is to define the "low-level" structure The purpose of the resource grammar library is to define the "low-level" structure
of a language: inflection, word order, agreement. This structure belongs to what of a language: inflection, word order, agreement. This structure belongs to what
linguists call morphology and syntax. It can be very complex and requires linguists call morphology and syntax. It can be very complex and requires
a lot of knowledge. Yet, when translating from one language to another, knowing a lot of knowledge. Yet, when translating from one language to
morphology and syntax is but a part of what is needed. The translator (whether human another, knowing morphology and syntax is but a part of what is needed.
The translator (whether human
or machine) must understand the meaning of what is translated, and must also know or machine) must understand the meaning of what is translated, and must also know
the idiomatic way to express the meaning in the target language. This knowledge the idiomatic way to express the meaning in the target language. This knowledge
can be very domain-dependent and requires in general an expert in the field to can be very domain-dependent and requires in general an expert in the field to
@@ -116,8 +103,9 @@ in the field of weather reports, etc.
The problem is to find a person who is an expert in both the domain of translation The problem is to find a person who is an expert in both the domain of translation
and in the low-level linguistic details. It is the rareness of this combination and in the low-level linguistic details. It is the rareness of this combination
that has made it difficult to build interlingua-based translation systems. that has made it difficult to build interlingua-based translation systems.
The GF resource grammar library has the mission of helping in this task. It encapsulates The GF resource grammar library has the mission of helping in this task.
the low-level linguistics in program modules accessed through easy-to-use interfaces. It encapsulates the low-level linguistics in program modules
accessed through easy-to-use interfaces.
Experts on different domains can build translation systems by using the library, Experts on different domains can build translation systems by using the library,
without knowing low-level linguistics. The idea is much the same as when a without knowing low-level linguistics. The idea is much the same as when a
programmer builds a graphical user interface (GUI) from high-level elements such as programmer builds a graphical user interface (GUI) from high-level elements such as
@@ -138,14 +126,17 @@ interlingua-based translation or localization of systems to new languages:
[``http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/content/index_eng.html`` http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/content/index_eng.html], [``http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/content/index_eng.html`` http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/content/index_eng.html],
for translating mathematical exercises to 7 languages for translating mathematical exercises to 7 languages
- in TALK [``http://www.talk-project.org`` http://www.talk-project.org], - in TALK [``http://www.talk-project.org`` http://www.talk-project.org],
where the library was used for localizing spoken dialogue systems to six languages where the library was used for localizing spoken dialogue systems
to six languages
The library is also a generic linguistic resource, which can be used for tasks The library is also a generic linguistic resource, which can be used for tasks
such as language teaching and information retrieval. The liberal license (LGPL) such as language teaching and information retrieval. The liberal license (LGPL)
makes it usable for anyone and for any task. GF also has tools supporting the makes it usable for anyone and for any task. GF also has tools supporting the
use of grammars in programs written in other programming languages: C, C++, Haskell, use of grammars in programs written in other
Java, JavaScript, and Prolog. In connection with the TALK project, support has also been programming languages: C, C++, Haskell,
Java, JavaScript, and Prolog. In connection with the TALK project,
support has also been
developed for translating GF grammars to language models used in speech developed for translating GF grammars to language models used in speech
recognition (GSL/Nuance, HTK/ATK, SRGS, JSGF). recognition (GSL/Nuance, HTK/ATK, SRGS, JSGF).
@@ -155,7 +146,7 @@ recognition (GSL/Nuance, HTK/ATK, SRGS, JSGF).
The library has the following main parts: The library has the following main parts:
- **Inflection paradigms**, covering the inflection of each language. - **Inflection paradigms**, covering the inflection of each language.
- **Common Syntax API**, covering a large set of syntax rule that - **Core Syntax**, covering a large set of syntax rule that
can be implemented for all languages involved. can be implemented for all languages involved.
- **Common Test Lexicon**, giving ca. 500 common words that can be used for - **Common Test Lexicon**, giving ca. 500 common words that can be used for
testing the library. testing the library.
@@ -173,7 +164,8 @@ the first three components. The latter three are more open-ended in character.
The goal of the summer school is to extend the GF resource grammar library The goal of the summer school is to extend the GF resource grammar library
to covering all 23 EU languages, which means we need 15 new languages. to covering all 23 EU languages, which means we need 15 new languages.
We also welcome other languages, if there are interested participants. We also welcome other languages than these 23,
if there are interested participants.
The amount of work and skill is between a Master's thesis and a PhD thesis. The amount of work and skill is between a Master's thesis and a PhD thesis.
The Russian implementation was made by Janna Khegai as a part of her The Russian implementation was made by Janna Khegai as a part of her
@@ -187,45 +179,43 @@ Latvian and Lithuanian are the first languages of the Baltic family and
will probably require more work. will probably require more work.
In any case, the proposed allocation of work power is 2 participants per In any case, the proposed allocation of work power is 2 participants per
language. They will have 6 months to work at home, followed language. They will do 2 months' worth of home work, followed
by 2 weeks of summer school. Who are these participants? by 2 weeks of summer school, followed by 4 months work at home.
Who are these participants?
===Selecting participants=== ===Selecting participants===
After the call has been published, persons interested to participate in Persons interested to participate in the Summer School should sign up in
the project are expected to learn GF by self-study from the the **Google Group** of the course,
[tutorial http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/gf-tutorial.html].
This should take a couple of weeks. Also an on-line course will be
arranged to help in getting started with GF.
Participants should continue to [``groups.google.com/group/gf-resource-school-2009/`` http://groups.google.com/group/gf-resource-school-2009/]
implement selected parts of the resource grammar, following the advice from
the The participants are expected to learn GF by self-study from the
[Resource-HOWTO document http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/Resource-HOWTO.html]. [tutorial http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/gf-tutorial.html].
What parts exactly are selected will be announced later. This should take a couple of weeks. An **on-line course** will be
This work will take another couple of weeks. arranged in April to help in getting started with GF.
After the on-line course, a **programming assignment** will be published.
This assignment will test skills required in resource grammar programming.
Work on the assignment will take a couple of weeks.
Those who are interested in getting a travel grant will submit Those who are interested in getting a travel grant will submit
their sample resource grammar fragment their sample resource grammar fragment
to the Summer School Committee in the beginning of May. to the Summer School Committee by 12 May.
The Committee then decides who is invited to represent which language The Committee then decides who is invited to represent which language
in the summer school. in the summer school.
After the Committee decision, the participants have around three months The summer school itself is devoted for working on resource grammars.
to work on their languages. The work is completed in the summer school In addition to grammar writing itself, testing and evaluation is
itself. It is also thoroughly tested by using it to add new languages performed. One way to do this is via adding new languages
to applications - in particular, to the WebALT mathematical to resource grammar applications - in particular, to the WebALT mathematical
exercise translator. exercise translator.
Depending on the quality of submitted work, and on the demands of different The resource grammars are expected to be completed by December 2009. They will
languages, the Committee may decide to select another number than 2 participants be published at GF website and licensed under LGPL.
for a language. We will also consider accepting participants who want to
pay their own expenses.
To keep track on who is working on which language, we will establish a Wiki page The participants are encouraged to contact each other and even work in groups.
soon after the call is published. The participants are encouraged
to contact each other and even work in groups.
@@ -254,7 +244,14 @@ who are selected on the basis of their assignments. And not only that:
we plan to cover their travel and accommodation costs, up to 1000 EUR we plan to cover their travel and accommodation costs, up to 1000 EUR
per person. per person.
We try to get the funding question settled by mid-February 2009. The number of grants will be decided during Spring 2009, so that grand
holders can be notified before the beginning of June.
Special terms will apply to students in
[GSLT http://www.gslt.hum.gu.se/] and
[NGSLT http://ngslt.org/].
@@ -281,8 +278,8 @@ the results for each language. Please contact us!
===The Summer School Committee=== ===The Summer School Committee===
This committee consists of a number of teachers and consultants, This committee consists of a number of teachers and informants,
who will select the participants. It will be selected by February 2009. who will select the participants. It will be selected by April 2009.
===Time and Place=== ===Time and Place===
@@ -292,13 +289,13 @@ be organized at the campus of Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg,
Sweden, on 17-28 August 2009. Sweden, on 17-28 August 2009.
Time schedule: Time schedule:
- February: announcement of summer school and the grammar - February: announcement of summer school
writing contest to get participants - April: on-line course, work on the contest assignment
- March-April: on-line course, work on the contest assignment (ca 1 month) - 12 May: submission deadline for assignment work
- May: submission deadline and notification of acceptance - 31 May: review of assignments, notifications of acceptance
- June-July: more work on the grammars - 17-28 August: Summer School
- August: summer school - September-December: homework on resource grammars
- September-December: more homework if necessary - December: release of the extended Resource Grammar Library
===Dissemination and intellectual property=== ===Dissemination and intellectual property===
@@ -309,22 +306,115 @@ with the copyright held by respective authors.
The grammars will be distributed via the GF web site. The grammars will be distributed via the GF web site.
The WebALT-specific grammars will have special licenses agreed between the
authors and WebALT Inc.
==Why I should participate== ==Why I should participate==
Seven reasons: Seven reasons:
+ participation in a pioneering language technology work in an enthusiastic atmosphere + participation in a pioneering language technology work in an
enthusiastic atmosphere
+ work and fun with people from all over Europe and the world + work and fun with people from all over Europe and the world
+ job opportunities and business ideas + job opportunities and business ideas
+ credits: the school project will be established as a course at Chalmers worth + credits: the school project will be established as a course at Chalmers worth
15 ETCS points per person, but extensions to Master's thesis will 7.5 or 15 ETCS points per person, depending on the work accompliched; also
also be considered extensions to Master's thesis will be considered (special credit arrangements
+ merits: the resulting grammar can easily lead to a published paper for [GSLT http://www.gslt.hum.gu.se/] and [NGSLT http://ngslt.org/])
+ merits: the resulting grammar can easily lead to a published paper (see below)
+ contribution to the multilingual and multicultural development of Europe and the + contribution to the multilingual and multicultural development of Europe and the
world world
+ free trip and stay in Gothenburg (for travel grant students) + free trip and stay in Gothenburg (for travel grant students)
==More information==
[Course Google Group http://groups.google.com/group/gf-resource-school-2009/]
[GF web page http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/]
[GF tutorial http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/gf-tutorial.html]
[Resource-HOWTO document http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/Resource-HOWTO.html]
Forthcoming: survey article "The GF Resource Grammar Library"
Forthcoming: book about GF
===Contaxt===
Håkan Burden: burden at chalmers se
Aarne Ranta: aarne at chalmers se
===Selected publications from earlier resource grammar projects===
K. Angelov.
Type-Theoretical Bulgarian Grammar.
In B. Nordström and A. Ranta (eds),
//Advances in Natural Language Processing (GoTAL 2008)//,
LNCS/LNAI 5221, Springer,
2008.
A. El Dada and A. Ranta.
Implementing an Open Source Arabic Resource Grammar in GF.
In M. Mughazy (ed),
//Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XX. Papers from the Twentieth Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Kalamazoo, March 26//
John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2007.
A. El Dada.
Implementation of the Arabic Numerals and their Syntax in GF.
Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages: Common Issues and Resources,
ACL-2007 Workshop,
June 28, 2007, Prague.
2007.
H. Hammarström and A. Ranta.
Cardinal Numerals Revisited in GF.
//Workshop on Numerals in the World's Languages//.
Dept. of Linguistics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig,
2004.
M. Humayoun, H. Hammarström, and A. Ranta.
Urdu Morphology, Orthography and Lexicon Extraction.
//CAASL-2: The Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Arabic Script-based Languages//,
July 21-22, 2007, LSA 2007 Linguistic Institute, Stanford University.
2007.
J Khegai.
GF parallel resource grammars and Russian.
In proceedings of ACL2006
(The joint conference of the International Committee on Computational
Linguistics and the Association for Computational Linguistics) (pp. 475-482),
Sydney, Australia, July 2006.
J. Khegai.
Language engineering in Grammatical Framework (GF).
Phd thesis, Computer Science, Chalmers University of Technology,
2006.
W. Ng'ang'a.
Multilingual content development for eLearning in Africa.
eLearning Africa: 1st Pan-African Conference on ICT for Development,
Education and Training. 24-26 May 2006, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2006.
N. Perera and A. Ranta.
Dialogue System Localization with the GF Resource Grammar Library.
//SPEECHGRAM 2007: ACL Workshop on Grammar-Based Approaches to Spoken Language Processing//,
June 29, 2007, Prague.
2007.
A. Ranta.
Modular Grammar Engineering in GF.
//Research on Language and Computation//,
5:133-158, 2007.
A. Ranta.
How predictable is Finnish morphology? An experiment on lexicon construction.
In J. Nivre, M. Dahllöf and B. Megyesi (eds),
//Resourceful Language Technology: Festschrift in Honor of Anna Sågvall Hein//,
University of Uppsala,
2008.

100
doc/school-langs.dot Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
graph{
size = "8,8" ;
overlap = scale ;
"Abs" [label = "Abstract Syntax", style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"] ;
"1" [label = "Bulgarian", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"1" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"2" [label = "Czech", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"2" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"3" [label = "Danish", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"3" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"4" [label = "German", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"4" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"5" [label = "Estonian", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"5" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"6" [label = "Greek", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"6" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"7" [label = "English", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"7" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"8" [label = "Spanish", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"8" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"9" [label = "French", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"9" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"10" [label = "Italian", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"10" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"11" [label = "Latvian", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"11" -- "Abs" [style = "solid"];
"12" [label = "Lithuanian", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"Abs" -- "12" [style = "solid"];
"13" [label = "Irish", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"Abs" -- "13" [style = "solid"];
"14" [label = "Hungarian", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"Abs" -- "14" [style = "solid"];
"15" [label = "Maltese", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"Abs" -- "15" [style = "solid"];
"16" [label = "Dutch", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"Abs" -- "16" [style = "solid"];
"17" [label = "Polish", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "yellow"] ;
"Abs" -- "17" [style = "solid"];
"18" [label = "Portuguese", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"Abs" -- "18" [style = "solid"];
"19" [label = "Slovak", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"Abs" -- "19" [style = "solid"];
"20" [label = "Slovene", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "red"] ;
"Abs" -- "20" [style = "solid"];
"21" [label = "Romanian", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "yellow"] ;
"Abs" -- "21" [style = "solid"];
"22" [label = "Finnish", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"Abs" -- "22" [style = "solid"];
"23" [label = "Swedish", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"Abs" -- "23" [style = "solid"];
"24" [label = "Catalan", style = "dotted", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"Abs" -- "24" [style = "solid"];
"25" [label = "Norwegian", style = "dotted", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"Abs" -- "25" [style = "solid"];
"26" [label = "Russian", style = "dotted", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"Abs" -- "26" [style = "solid"];
"27" [label = "Interlingua", style = "dotted", shape = "ellipse", color = "green"] ;
"Abs" -- "27" [style = "solid"];
"28" [label = "Latin", style = "dotted", shape = "ellipse", color = "yellow"] ;
"Abs" -- "28" [style = "solid"];
"29" [label = "Turkish", style = "dotted", shape = "ellipse", color = "yellow"] ;
"Abs" -- "29" [style = "solid"];
"30" [label = "Hindi", style = "dotted", shape = "ellipse", color = "yellow"] ;
"Abs" -- "30" [style = "solid"];
"31" [label = "Thai", style = "dotted", shape = "ellipse", color = "yellow"] ;
"Abs" -- "31" [style = "solid"];
}

BIN
doc/school-langs.png Normal file
View File

Binary file not shown.
Side by Side

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 134 KiB

24
next-lib/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
View File

@@ -187,17 +187,29 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are -- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
-- hidden from the document. -- hidden from the document.
{-
-- AED's original definition of regV
regV = \word -> ----AR AED's original definition of regV
case word of { regV_orig : Str -> V = \wo ->
case wo of {
"يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "ُ" + l@_ => v1 (f+c+l) a u ; "يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "ُ" + l@_ => v1 (f+c+l) a u ;
"يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "ِ" + l@_ => v1 (f+c+l) a i ; "يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "ِ" + l@_ => v1 (f+c+l) a i ;
"يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "َ" + l@_ => v1 (f+c+l) a a ; "يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "َ" + l@_ => v1 (f+c+l) a a ;
f@_ + "َ" + c@_ + "ِ" + l@_ => v1 (f+c+l) i a f@_ + "َ" + c@_ + "ِ" + l@_ => v1 (f+c+l) i a ;
_ => Predef.error "regV not applicable"
}; };
-}
regV_o : Str -> Str = \word ->
case word of {
"يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "ُ" + l@_ => "a" ;
"يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "ِ" + l@_ => "b" ;
"يَ" + f@_ + c@_ + "َ" + l@_ => "c" ;
f@_ + "َ" + c@_ + "ِ" + l@_ => "d" ;
_ => "q"
};
aa = a ; uu = u ; ii = i ;
----AR for debug end
---- begin workaround for a problem with pattern matching, AR 27/6/2008 ---- begin workaround for a problem with pattern matching, AR 27/6/2008