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https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git
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updated doc
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aarne
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> English Lexical Paradigms</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2007-01-08 17:30:04 CET</I><BR>
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<I>Last update: 2007-06-25 18:09:50 CEST</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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@@ -18,22 +18,19 @@
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Adjectives</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Two-place adjectives</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Prepositions</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Prepositions</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Verbs</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs with a particle.</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Reflexive verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Other complement patterns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Other complement patterns</A>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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@@ -130,13 +127,6 @@ number of arguments.
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Worst case: give all four forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with
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<I>s</I>,<I>sh</I>,<I>x</I>,<I>z</I> or <I>y</I>: <I>kiss - kisses</I>, <I>flash - flashes</I>;
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<I>fly - flies</I> (but <I>toy - toys</I>),
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@@ -146,19 +136,17 @@ The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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In practice the worst case is just: give singular and plural nominative.
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In practice the worst case is to give singular and plural nominative.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (man,men : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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All nouns created by the previous functions are marked as
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<CODE>nonhuman</CODE>. If you want a <CODE>human</CODE> noun, wrap it with the following
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function:
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The theoretical worst case: give all four forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : Gender -> N -> N ;
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mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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@@ -201,60 +189,64 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepos
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc5"></A>
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<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
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relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>).
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Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed from strings.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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cnN2 : CN -> Prep -> N2 ;
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cnN3 : CN -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
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mkPN : overload {
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mkPN : Str -> PN ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Sometimes a common noun can be reused as a proper name, e.g. <I>Bank</I>
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPN : N -> PN
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc6"></A>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
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</P>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<PRE>
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regPN : Str -> PN ;
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regGenPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- John, John's
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mkA : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. <I>Bank</I>.
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For regular adjectives, the adverbial and comparison forms are derived. This holds
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even for cases with the variations <I>happy - happily - happier - happiest</I>,
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<I>free - freely - freer - freest</I>, and <I>rude - rudest</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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nounPN : N -> PN ;
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mkA : (happy : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular
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genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
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However, the duplication of the final consonant cannot be predicted,
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but a separate case is used to give the comparative
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ;
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mkA : (fat,fatter : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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As many as four forms may be needed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> A
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To force comparison to be formed by <I>more - most</I>,
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the following function is used:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compoundA : A -> A ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc7"></A>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<P>
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Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms: one for
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the adjectival and one for the adverbial form (<I>free - freely</I>)
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (free,freely : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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For regular adjectives, the adverbial form is derived. This holds
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even for cases with the variation <I>happy - happily</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regA : Str -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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@@ -263,48 +255,7 @@ Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Comparison adjectives may two more forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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ADeg : Type ;
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mkADeg : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> ADeg ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular pattern recognizes two common variations:
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<I>-e</I> (<I>rude</I> - <I>ruder</I> - <I>rudest</I>) and
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<I>-y</I> (<I>happy - happier - happiest - happily</I>)
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- long, longer, longest
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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However, the duplication of the final consonant is nor predicted,
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but a separate pattern is used:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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duplADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- fat, fatter, fattest
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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If comparison is formed by <I>more</I>, <I>most</I>, as in general for
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long adjective, the following pattern is used:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compoundADeg : A -> ADeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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From a given <CODE>ADeg</CODE>, it is possible to get back to <CODE>A</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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adegA : ADeg -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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<H2>Adverbs</H2>
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<P>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
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@@ -322,7 +273,7 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<H2>Prepositions</H2>
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<P>
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A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to
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@@ -336,76 +287,91 @@ build <CODE>PP</CODE>s in the resource API, just requires a string.
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<P>
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(These two functions are synonyms.)
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H2>Verbs</H2>
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<P>
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Verbs are constructed by the function <CODE>mkV</CODE>, which takes a varying
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number of arguments.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last
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character is <I>y</I> (<I>cry-cries</I> but <I>buy-buys</I>) or a sibilant
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(<I>kiss-</I>kisses<I>, //jazz-jazzes</I>, <I>rush-rushes</I>, <I>munch - munches</I>, //
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<I>fix - fixes</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (cry : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Give the present and past forms for regular verbs where
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the last letter is duplicated in some forms,
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e.g. <I>rip - ripped - ripping</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (stop, stopped : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module <CODE>IrregularEng</CODE>.
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In practice, it is enough to give three forms,
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e.g. <I>drink - drank - drunk</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Irregular verbs with duplicated consonant in the present participle.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (run, ran, run, running : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Except for <I>be</I>, the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and
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the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the
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past and present participles.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V ;
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mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V
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};
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last
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character is <I>y</I> (<I>cry - cries</I> but <I>buy - buys</I>) or <I>s</I>, <I>sh</I>, <I>x</I>, <I>z</I>
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(<I>fix - fixes</I>, etc).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regV : Str -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The following variant duplicates the last letter in the forms like
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<I>rip - ripped - ripping</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regDuplV : Str -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module <CODE>IrregularEng</CODE>.
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In practice, it is enough to give three forms,
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e.g. <I>drink - drank - drunk</I>, with a variant indicating consonant
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duplication in the present participle.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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irregV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ;
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irregDuplV : (get, got, gotten : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs with a particle.
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The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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partV : V -> Str -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<H3>Reflexive verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Reflexive verbs.
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By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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reflV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc14"></A>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
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(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
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dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
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mkV2 : overload {
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ; -- believe in
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mkV2 : V -> V2 -- kill
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};
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc15"></A>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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@@ -417,7 +383,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
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dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc16"></A>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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@@ -441,17 +407,17 @@ questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
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Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
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just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
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as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
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<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type ;
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AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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