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@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> French Lexical Paradigms</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2006-07-02 00:15:01 CEST</I><BR>
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<I>Last update: 2007-07-06 09:17:50 CEST</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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@@ -24,14 +24,13 @@
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Comparison adjectives</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Verbs</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Other complement patterns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Other complement patterns</A>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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@@ -122,32 +121,35 @@ amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' <I>de</I> and the
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Nouns</H2>
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<P>
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Worst case: give both two forms and the gender.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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mkN : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular function takes the singular form,
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and computes the plural and the gender by a heuristic. The plural
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The regular function uses heuristics to compute the
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plural and the gender from the singular. The plural
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heuristic currently
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covers the cases <I>pas-pas</I>, <I>prix-prix</I>, <I>nez-nez</I>,
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<I>bijou-bijoux</I>, <I>cheveu-cheveux</I>, <I>plateau-plateaux</I>, <I>cheval-chevaux</I>.
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The gender heuristic is less reliable: it treats as feminine all
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nouns ending with <I>e</I> and <I>ion</I>, all others as masculine.
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If in doubt, use the <CODE>cc</CODE> command to test!
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regN : Str -> N ;
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mkN : (cheval : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Adding gender information widens the scope of the foregoing function.
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Adding gender information widens the scope of the regular pattern.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regGenN : Str -> Gender -> N ;
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mkN : (foie : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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In the worst case, both singular and plural forms and the gender are needed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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@@ -159,7 +161,8 @@ They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since
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they are frequent in lexica.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compN : N -> Str -> N ;
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mkN : N -> Str -> N
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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@@ -198,51 +201,65 @@ and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
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<A NAME="toc6"></A>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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Proper names need a string and a gender.
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Proper names need a string and a gender. If no gender is given, the
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feminine is used for strings ending with <I>e</I>, the masculine for other strings.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- Jean
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regPN : Str -> PN ; -- feminine if "-e", masculine otherwise
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To form a noun phrase that can also be plural,
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you can use the worst-case function.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkNP : Str -> Gender -> Number -> NP ;
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mkPN : overload {
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mkPN : Str -> PN ;
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mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc7"></A>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<P>
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Non-comparison one-place adjectives need four forms in the worst
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case (masc and fem singular, masc plural, adverbial).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A ;
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mkA : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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For regular adjectives, all other forms are derived from the
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For regular adjectives, all forms are derived from the
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masculine singular. The heuristic takes into account certain
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deviant endings: <I>banal- -banaux</I>, <I>chinois- -chinois</I>,
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deviant endings: <I>banal-banale-banaux</I>, <I>chinois-chinoise-chinois</I>,
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<I>heureux-heureuse-heureux</I>, <I>italien-italienne</I>, <I>jeune-jeune</I>,
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<I>amer-amère</I>, <I>carré- - -carrément</I>, <I>joli- - -joliment</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regA : Str -> A ;
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mkA : (cher : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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These functions create postfix adjectives. To switch
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Often just the feminine singular is deviant.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (sec,seche : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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This is the worst-case paradigm for the positive forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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If comparison forms are irregular (i.e. not formed by <I>plus</I>, e.g.
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<I>bon-meilleur</I>), the positive and comparative can be given as separate
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adjectives.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : A -> A -> A
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The functions create by default postfix adjectives. To switch
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them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in
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modification, as in <I>petite maison</I>), the following function is
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provided.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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prefA : A -> A ;
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prefixA : A -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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@@ -255,32 +272,6 @@ Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<H3>Comparison adjectives</H3>
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<P>
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Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two
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adjectives: the positive (<I>bon</I>), and the comparative (<I>meilleure</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkADeg : A -> A -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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If comparison is formed by <I>plus</I>, as usual in French,
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the following pattern is used:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compADeg : A -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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For prefixed adjectives, the following function is
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provided.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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prefA : A -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H2>Adverbs</H2>
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<P>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
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@@ -304,24 +295,20 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H2>Verbs</H2>
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<P>
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Irregular verbs are given in the module <CODE>VerbsFre</CODE>.
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Irregular verbs are given in the module <CODE>IrregFre</CODE>.
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If a verb should be missing in that list, the module
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<CODE>BeschFre</CODE> gives all the patterns of the <I>Bescherelle</I> book.
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</P>
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<P>
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Regular verbs are ones with the infinitive <I>er</I> or <I>ir</I>, the
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latter with plural present indicative forms as <I>finissons</I>.
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The regular verb function is the first conjugation recognizes
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The regular verb function in the first conjugation recognizes
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these endings, as well as the variations among
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<I>aimer, céder, placer, peser, jeter, placer, manger, assiéger, payer</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regV : Str -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Sometimes, however, it is not predictable which variant of the <I>er</I>
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conjugation is to be selected. Then it is better to use the function
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@@ -329,50 +316,63 @@ that gives the third person singular present indicative and future
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((<I>il</I>) <I>jette</I>, <I>jettera</I>) as second argument.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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reg3V : (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V ;
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mkV : overload {
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mkV : (finir : Str) -> V ;
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mkV : (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The function <CODE>regV</CODE> gives all verbs the compound auxiliary <I>avoir</I>.
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To change it to <I>être</I>, use the following function. Reflexive implies <I>être</I>.
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The <CODE>IrregFre</CODE> list gives some verbs as two-place. These verbs can be
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reused as one-place verbs.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : V2 -> V
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The function <CODE>mkV</CODE> gives the default compound auxiliary <I>avoir</I>.
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To change it to <I>être</I>, use the following function.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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etreV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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This function turns a verb into reflexive, which implies the auxiliary <I>être</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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reflV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
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(transitive verbs).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
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dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
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mkV2 = overload {
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mkV2 : V -> V2 = dirV2 ;
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 = mmkV2
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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You can reuse a <CODE>V2</CODE> verb in <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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v2V : V2 -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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the first one or both can be absent.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- parler, à, de
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dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- donner,_,à
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dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- donner,_,_
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mkV3 : overload {
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mkV3 : V -> V3 ; -- donner,_,_
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- placer,_,dans
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 -- parler, à, de
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc14"></A>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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@@ -409,6 +409,6 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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