mirror of
https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git
synced 2026-04-26 04:52:51 -06:00
updated doc
This commit is contained in:
aarne
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
|
||||
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
|
||||
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> German Lexical Paradigms</H1>
|
||||
<FONT SIZE="4">
|
||||
<I>Last update: 2007-03-22 14:10:09 CET</I><BR>
|
||||
<I>Last update: 2007-06-08 17:51:31 CEST</I><BR>
|
||||
</FONT></CENTER>
|
||||
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
|
||||
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Aarne Ranta & Harald Hammarström 2003--2006
|
||||
Aarne Ranta, Harald Hammarström and Björn Bringert2003--2007
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
|
||||
@@ -50,19 +50,14 @@ Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
|
||||
accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The main difference with <CODE>MorphoGer.gf</CODE> is that the types
|
||||
referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
|
||||
had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
|
||||
than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
|
||||
first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
|
||||
regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
|
||||
escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
|
||||
However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
|
||||
separate module <A HREF="../../german/IrregGer.gf"><CODE>IrregGer</CODE></A>
|
||||
which covers irregularly inflected verbs.
|
||||
cases, from the most regular (with just one argument) to the worst.
|
||||
The name of this function is <CODE>mkC</CODE>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
There is also a module <A HREF="../../german/IrregGer.gf"><CODE>IrregGer</CODE></A>
|
||||
which covers irregular verbs.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
resource ParadigmsGer = open
|
||||
@@ -111,13 +106,8 @@ To abstract over number names, we define the following.
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Nouns</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Worst case: give all four singular forms, two plural forms (others + dative),
|
||||
and the gender.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkN : (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
|
||||
-- mann, mann, manne, mannes, männer, männern
|
||||
mkN : overload {
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
@@ -127,7 +117,7 @@ feminine with plural ending <I>-n, -en</I>, and the rest are masculines
|
||||
with the plural <I>-e</I> (without Umlaut).
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regN : Str -> N ;
|
||||
mkN : (Stufe : Str) -> N ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
@@ -136,21 +126,35 @@ dictionary. It takes the singular and plural nominative and the
|
||||
gender, and infers the other forms from these.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
reg2N : (x1,x2 : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
|
||||
mkN : (Bild,Bilder : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Worst case: give all four singular forms, two plural forms (others + dative),
|
||||
and the gender.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkN : (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> Gender -> N
|
||||
-- mann, mann, manne, mannes, männer, männern
|
||||
};
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Relational nouns need a preposition. The most common is <I>von</I> with
|
||||
the dative. Some prepositions are constructed in <A HREF="StructuralGer.html">StructuralGer</A>.
|
||||
the dative, and there is a special case for regular nouns.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
|
||||
vonN2 : N -> N2 ;
|
||||
mkN2 : overload {
|
||||
mkN2 : Str -> N2 ;
|
||||
mkN2 : N -> N2 ;
|
||||
mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2
|
||||
} ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Use the function <CODE>mkPrep</CODE> or see the section on prepositions below to
|
||||
form other prepositions.
|
||||
Some prepositions are moreover constructed in <A HREF="StructuralGer.html">StructuralGer</A>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Three-place relational nouns (<I>die Verbindung von x nach y</I>) need two prepositions.
|
||||
@@ -162,22 +166,34 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>die Verbindung von x nach y</I>) need two prepo
|
||||
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
|
||||
The regular genitive is <I>s</I>, omitted after <I>s</I>.
|
||||
Proper names, with an <I>s</I> genitive and other cases like the
|
||||
nominative, are formed from a string. Final <I>s</I> (<I>Johannes-Johannes</I>) is
|
||||
taken into account.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkPN : (karolus, karoli : Str) -> PN ; -- karolus, karoli
|
||||
regPN : (Johann : Str) -> PN ;
|
||||
-- Johann, Johanns ; Johannes, Johannes
|
||||
mkPN : overload {
|
||||
mkPN : Str -> PN ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If only the genitive differs, two strings are needed.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkPN : (nom,gen : Str) -> PN ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
In the worst case, all four forms are needed.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkPN : (nom,acc,dat,gen : Str) -> PN
|
||||
} ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Adjectives</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Adjectives need three forms, one for each degree.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkA : (x1,_,x3 : Str) -> A ; -- gut,besser,beste
|
||||
mkA : overload {
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
@@ -185,7 +201,16 @@ The regular adjective formation works for most cases, and includes
|
||||
variations such as <I>teuer - teurer</I>, <I>böse - böser</I>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regA : Str -> A ;
|
||||
mkA : Str -> A ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
In the worst case, adjectives need three forms - one for each degree.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkA : (gut,besser,beste : Str) -> A -- gut,besser,beste
|
||||
|
||||
};
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
@@ -205,7 +230,7 @@ Two-place adjectives are formed by adding a preposition to an adjective.
|
||||
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Adverbs</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Adverbs are just strings.
|
||||
Adverbs are formed from strings.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
|
||||
@@ -239,6 +264,24 @@ A couple of common prepositions (always with the dative).
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Verbs</H2>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV : overload {
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Regular verbs (<I>weak verbs</I>) need just the infinitive form.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV : (führen : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Irregular verbs use Ablaut and, in the worst cases, also Umlaut.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV : (sehen,sieht,sah,sähe,gesehen : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The worst-case constructor needs six forms:
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
@@ -252,21 +295,15 @@ The worst-case constructor needs six forms:
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV : (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> V ; -- geben, gibt, gib, gab, gäbe, gegeben
|
||||
mkV : (geben, gibt, gib, gab, gäbe, gegeben : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Weak verbs are sometimes called regular verbs.
|
||||
To add a movable suffix e.g. <I>auf(fassen)</I>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regV : Str -> V ; -- führen
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Irregular verbs use Ablaut and, in the worst cases, also Umlaut.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
irregV : (x1,_,_,_,x5 : Str) -> V ; -- sehen, sieht, sah, sähe, gesehen
|
||||
mkV : Str -> V -> V
|
||||
};
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
@@ -278,13 +315,6 @@ prefixed by <I>be-, ver-</I>.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To add a movable suffix e.g. <I>auf(fassen)</I>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
prefixV : Str -> V -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To change the auxiliary from <I>haben</I> (default) to <I>sein</I> and
|
||||
vice-versa.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
@@ -302,15 +332,30 @@ Reflexive verbs can take reflexive pronouns of different cases.
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV2 : overload {
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object
|
||||
(accusative, transitive verbs). There is also a case for dative objects.
|
||||
Two-place verbs with a preposition.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
|
||||
|
||||
dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
|
||||
datV2 : V -> V2 ;
|
||||
mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Two-place verbs with direct object (accusative, transitive verbs).
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV2 : V -> V2 ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Two-place verbs with object in the given case.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV2 : V -> Case -> V2
|
||||
};
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
|
||||
@@ -360,6 +405,6 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.4 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
|
||||
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.3 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
|
||||
<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml -\-toc german/ParadigmsGer.txt -->
|
||||
</BODY></HTML>
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user