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@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Italian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2006-12-15 17:11:19 CET</I><BR>
<I>Last update: 2007-07-06 09:18:06 CEST</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
@@ -16,22 +16,20 @@
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Adjectives</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Comparison adjectives</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Two-place adjectives</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Other complement patterns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
</UL>
@@ -132,11 +130,8 @@ The following prepositions also have special contracted forms.
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2>
<P>
Worst case: give both two forms and the gender.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (uomo,uomini : Str) -&gt; Gender -&gt; N ;
mkN : overload {
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
@@ -146,45 +141,45 @@ The heuristic says that the gender is feminine for nouns
ending with <I>a</I>, and masculine for all other words.
</P>
<PRE>
regN : Str -&gt; N ;
mkN : (cane : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
To force a different gender, use one of the following functions.
To force a different gender, give it explicitly.
</P>
<PRE>
mascN : N -&gt; N ;
femN : N -&gt; N ;
mkN : (carne : Str) -&gt; Gender -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P>
Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
Worst case: give both two forms and the gender.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (uomo,uomini : Str) -&gt; Gender -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
In <B>compound nouns</B>, the first part is inflected as a noun but
the second part is not inflected. e.g. <I>numero di telefono</I>.
They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since
they are frequent in lexica.
</P>
<PRE>
compN : N -&gt; Str -&gt; N ;
mkN : N -&gt; Str -&gt; N
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P>
Relational nouns (<I>figlio di x</I>) need a case and a preposition.
The default is regular nouns with the genitive <I>di</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN2 : N -&gt; Prep -&gt; N2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The most common cases are the genitive <I>di</I> and the dative <I>a</I>,
with the empty preposition.
</P>
<PRE>
diN2 : N -&gt; N2 ;
aN2 : N -&gt; N2 ;
mkN2 : overload {
mkN2 : Str -&gt; N2 ;
mkN2 : N -&gt; Prep -&gt; N2
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
@@ -194,7 +189,7 @@ Three-place relational nouns (<I>la connessione di x a y</I>) need two prepositi
mkN3 : N -&gt; Prep -&gt; Prep -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
@@ -202,53 +197,62 @@ relational noun (e.g. <I>la vecchia chiesa di</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P>
Proper names need a string and a gender.
Proper names need a string and a gender. The gender is by default feminine if
the name ends with an <I>a</I>, and masculine otherwise.
</P>
<PRE>
mkPN : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; PN ;
regPN : Str -&gt; PN ; -- feminine if "-a", otherwise masculine
mkPN : overload {
mkPN : Str -&gt; PN ;
mkPN : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; PN
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
To form a noun phrase that can also be plural,
you can use the worst-case function.
</P>
<PRE>
mkNP : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; Number -&gt; NP ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P>
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst
case (masc and fem singular, masc plural, adverbial).
</P>
<PRE>
mkA : (solo,sola,soli,sole, solamente : Str) -&gt; A ;
mkA : overload {
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
For regular adjectives, all other forms are derived from the
masculine singular.
For regular adjectives, all forms are derived from the
masculine singular. Comparison is formed by <I>più</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
regA : Str -&gt; A ;
mkA : (bianco : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
These functions create postfix adjectives. To switch
Five forms are needed in the worst
case (masc and fem singular, masc plural, adverbial), given that
comparison is formed by <I>più</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
mkA : (solo,sola,soli,sole,solamente : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
With irregular comparison, there are as it were two adjectives:
the positive (<I>buono</I>) and the comparative (<I>migliore</I>).
</P>
<PRE>
mkA : A -&gt; A -&gt; A
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
All the functions above create postfix adjectives. To switch
them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in
modification, as in <I>vecchia chiesa</I>), the following function is
provided.
</P>
<PRE>
prefA : A -&gt; A ;
prefixA : A -&gt; A = prefA ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
@@ -257,33 +261,7 @@ Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
mkA2 : A -&gt; Prep -&gt; A2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H3>Comparison adjectives</H3>
<P>
Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two
adjectives: the positive (<I>buono</I>), and the comparative (<I>migliore</I>).
</P>
<PRE>
mkADeg : A -&gt; A -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
If comparison is formed by <I>più</I>, as usual in Italian,
the following pattern is used:
</P>
<PRE>
compADeg : A -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The regular pattern is the same as <CODE>regA</CODE> for plain adjectives,
with comparison by <I>più</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
regADeg : Str -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
@@ -307,8 +285,12 @@ Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A>
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2>
<PRE>
mkV : overload {
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Regular verbs are ones with the infinitive <I>are</I> or <I>ire</I>, the
latter with singular present indicative forms as <I>finisco</I>.
@@ -317,7 +299,7 @@ these endings, as well as the variations among
<I>amare, cominciare, mangiare, legare, cercare</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
regV : Str -&gt; V ;
mkV : Str -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
@@ -325,7 +307,17 @@ The module <CODE>BeschIta</CODE> gives (almost) all the patterns of the <I>Besch
book. To use them in the category <CODE>V</CODE>, wrap them with the function
</P>
<PRE>
verboV : Verbo -&gt; V ;
mkV : Verbo -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
If <CODE>BeschIta</CODE> does not give the desired result or feels difficult
to consult, here is a worst-case function for <I>-ire</I> and <I>-ere</I> verbs,
taking 11 arguments.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV : (udire,odo,ode,udiamo,udiro,udii,udisti,udi,udirono,odi,udito : Str) -&gt; V
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
@@ -338,26 +330,18 @@ Reflexive implies <I>essere</I>.
reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
If <CODE>BeschIta</CODE> does not give the desired result or feels difficult
to consult, here is a worst-case function for <I>-ire</I> and <I>-ere</I> verbs,
taking 11 arguments.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV :
(udire,odo,ode,udiamo,udiro,udii,udisti,udi,udirono,odi,udito : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A>
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV2 : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; V2 ;
dirV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
mkV2 : overload {
mkV2 : Str -&gt; V2 ;
mkV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
mkV2 : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; V2
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
@@ -367,7 +351,7 @@ You can reuse a <CODE>V2</CODE> verb in <CODE>V</CODE>.
v2V : V2 -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A>
<A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
@@ -379,7 +363,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent.
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- dare,_,_
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A>
<A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
@@ -416,6 +400,6 @@ as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
</PRE>
<P></P>
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