started examples-3.0 with examples that are tested to work

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/Grammar.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+abstract Grammar = {
+
+  flags startcat=Phr ;
+
+  cat
+    Phr ;  -- any complete sentence e.g. "Is this pizza good?"
+    S ;    -- declarative sentence  e.g. "this pizza is good"
+    QS ;   -- question sentence     e.g. "is this pizza good"
+    Cl ;   -- declarative clause    e.g. "this pizza is good"
+    QCl ;  -- question clause       e.g. "is this pizza good"
+    NP ;   -- noun phrase           e.g. "this pizza"
+    IP ;   -- interrogative phrase  e.g  "which pizza"
+    CN ;   -- common noun phrase    e.g. "very good pizza"
+    Det ;  -- determiner            e.g. "this"
+    IDet ; -- interrog. determiner  e.g. "which"
+    AP ;   -- adjectival phrase     e.g. "very good"
+    Adv ;  -- adverb                e.g. "today"
+    AdA ;  -- adadjective           e.g. "very"
+    VP ;   -- verb phrase           e.g. "is good"
+    N ;    -- noun                  e.g. "pizza"
+    A ;    -- adjective             e.g. "good"
+    V ;    -- intransitive verb     e.g. "boil"
+    V2 ;   -- two-place verb        e.g. "eat"
+    Pol ;  -- polarity (pos or neg)           
+    Conj ; -- conjunction           e.g. "and"
+    Subj ; -- conjunction           e.g. "because"
+
+  fun
+    PhrS    : S  -> Phr ;
+    PhrQS   : QS -> Phr ;
+
+    UseCl   : Pol -> Cl -> S ;
+    UseQCl  : Pol -> QCl -> QS ;
+
+    QuestCl : Cl -> QCl ;
+
+    SubjS   : Subj -> S -> Adv ;
+
+    PredVP  : NP -> VP -> Cl ;
+
+    QuestVP : IP -> VP -> QCl ;
+    QuestV2 : IP -> NP -> V2 -> QCl ;
+ 
+    ComplV2 : V2 -> NP -> VP ;
+    ComplAP : AP -> VP ;
+
+    DetCN   : Det -> CN -> NP ;
+
+    ModCN   : AP  -> CN -> CN ;
+    AdVP    : Adv -> VP -> VP ;
+    AdAP    : AdA -> AP -> AP ;
+
+    IDetCN  : IDet -> CN -> IP ;
+
+    ConjS   : Conj -> S -> S -> S ;
+    ConjNP  : Conj -> NP -> NP -> NP ;
+
+  -- lexical insertion
+
+    UseN : N -> CN ;
+    UseA : A -> AP ;
+    UseV : V -> VP ;
+
+  -- entries of the closed lexicon
+
+    this_Det  : Det ;
+    that_Det  : Det ;
+    these_Det : Det ;
+    those_Det : Det ;
+    every_Det : Det ;
+    theSg_Det : Det ;
+    thePl_Det : Det ;
+    indef_Det : Det ;
+    plur_Det  : Det ;
+    two_Det   : Det ;
+    which_IDet : IDet ;
+    today_Adv  : Adv ;
+    very_AdA  : AdA ;
+    and_Conj  : Conj ;
+    because_Subj : Subj ;
+
+  -- polarities
+
+    PPos, PNeg : Pol ;
+
+}

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/GrammarEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+--# -path=.:prelude
+
+concrete GrammarEng of Grammar = open Prelude, MorphoEng in {
+
+  lincat
+    Phr  = {s : Str} ;
+    S    = {s : Str} ;
+    QS   = {s : Str} ;
+    Cl   = {s : Order => Bool => Str} ;
+    QCl  = {s : Order => Bool => Str} ;
+    NP   = NounPhrase ;
+    IP   = NounPhrase ;
+    CN   = Noun ;
+    Det  = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
+    IDet = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
+    AP   = {s : Str} ;
+    Adv  = {s : Str} ;
+    AdA  = {s : Str} ;
+    VP   = VerbPhrase ;
+    N    = Noun ;
+    A    = {s : Str} ;
+    V    = Verb ;
+    V2   = Verb2 ;
+    Conj = {s : Str} ;
+    Subj = {s : Str} ;
+    Pol  = {s : Str ; p : Bool} ;
+
+  lin
+    PhrS  = postfixSS "." ;
+    PhrQS = postfixSS "?" ;
+
+    UseCl  pol cl  = {s = pol.s ++ cl.s  ! Dir ! pol.p} ;
+    UseQCl pol qcl = {s = pol.s ++ qcl.s ! Inv ! pol.p} ;
+
+    QuestCl cl = cl ;
+ 
+    SubjS subj s = {s = subj.s ++ s.s} ;
+
+    PredVP = predVP ;
+
+    QuestVP ip vp = let cl = predVP ip vp in  {s = \\_ => cl.s ! Dir};
+
+    QuestV2 ip np v2 = {
+      s = \\ord,pol => 
+          let 
+            vp : VerbPhrase = predVerb v2
+          in 
+          bothWays (ip.s ++ (predVP np vp).s ! ord ! pol) v2.c
+    } ;
+
+    ComplV2 v np = insertObject (v.c ++ np.s) (predVerb v) ;
+
+    ComplAP ap = {
+      s = \\_,b,n => {
+        fin = copula b n ; 
+        inf = ap.s 
+      }
+    } ;
+
+    DetCN det cn = {s = det.s ++ cn.s ! det.n ; n = det.n} ;
+
+    ModCN ap cn  = {s = \\n => ap.s ++ cn.s ! n} ;
+
+    AdVP adv = insertObject adv.s ;
+
+    AdAP ada ap = {s = ada.s ++ ap.s} ;
+
+    IDetCN det cn = {s = det.s ++ cn.s ! det.n ; n = det.n} ;
+
+    ConjS c a b = {s = a.s ++ c.s ++ b.s} ;
+    ConjNP c a b = {s = a.s ++ c.s ++ b.s ; n = Pl} ;
+
+    UseN n = n ;
+    UseA a = a ;
+    UseV = predVerb ;
+
+    this_Det = {s = "this" ; n = Sg} ;
+    that_Det = {s = "that" ; n = Sg} ;
+    these_Det = {s = "these" ; n = Pl} ;
+    those_Det = {s = "those" ; n = Pl} ;
+    every_Det = {s = "every" ; n = Sg} ;
+    theSg_Det = {s = "the" ; n = Sg} ;
+    thePl_Det = {s = "the" ; n = Pl} ;
+    indef_Det = {s = artIndef ; n = Sg} ;
+    plur_Det = {s = [] ; n = Pl} ;
+    two_Det = {s = "two" ; n = Pl} ;
+    today_Adv = {s = "today"} ;
+    very_AdA = {s = "very"} ;
+    which_IDet = {s = "which" ; n = Sg} ;
+
+    and_Conj = {s = "and"} ;
+    because_Subj = {s = "because"} ;
+
+    PPos = {s = [] ; p = True} ;
+    PNeg = {s = [] ; p = False} ;
+
+  param
+    Order = Dir | Inv ;
+
+  oper
+    NounPhrase = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
+    VerbPhrase = {s : Order => Bool => Number => {fin,inf : Str}} ;
+
+    predVP : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> {s : Order => Bool => Str} = 
+      \np,vp -> {
+      s = \\q,p => 
+          let vps = vp.s ! q ! p ! np.n 
+          in case q of {
+            Dir => np.s ++ vps.fin ++ vps.inf ;
+            Inv => vps.fin ++ np.s ++ vps.inf
+            }
+    } ;
+
+    copula : Bool -> Number -> Str = \b,n -> case n of {
+      Sg => posneg b "is" ;
+      Pl => posneg b "are"
+      } ;
+
+    do : Bool -> Number -> Str = \b,n -> 
+      posneg b ((mkV "do").s ! n) ;
+
+    predVerb : Verb -> VerbPhrase = \verb -> {
+      s = \\q,b,n => 
+      let 
+        inf = verb.s ! Pl ;
+        fin = verb.s ! n ;
+        aux = do b n
+      in
+      case <q,b> of {
+        <Dir,True> => {fin = []  ; inf = fin} ;
+        _          => {fin = aux ; inf = inf}
+        }
+      } ;
+
+    insertObject : Str -> VerbPhrase -> VerbPhrase = 
+      \obj,vp -> {
+      s = \\q,b,n => let vps = vp.s ! q ! b! n in {
+        fin = vps.fin ;
+        inf = vps.inf ++ obj
+      }
+    } ;
+
+    posneg : Bool -> Str -> Str = \b,do -> case b of {
+      True => do ;
+      False => do + "n't"
+      } ;
+
+    artIndef : Str = 
+      pre {"a" ; "an" / strs {"a" ; "e" ; "i" ; "o"}} ;
+        
+}

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/GrammarIta.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+--# -path=.:prelude
+
+concrete GrammarIta of Grammar = open Prelude, MorphoIta in {
+
+  lincat
+    Phr  = {s : Str} ;
+    S    = {s : Str} ;
+    QS   = {s : Str} ;
+    Cl   = Clause ;
+    QCl  = Clause ;
+    NP   = NounPhrase ;
+    IP   = NounPhrase ;
+    CN   = Noun ;
+    Det  = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number} ;
+    IDet = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number} ;
+    AP   = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+    AdA  = {s : Str} ;
+    VP   = VerbPhrase ;
+    N    = Noun ;
+    A    = Adjective ;
+    V    = Verb ;
+    V2   = Verb2 ;
+    Conj = {s : Str} ;
+    Subj = {s : Str} ;
+    Pol  = {s : Str ; p : Bool} ;
+
+  oper
+    Clause     : Type = {s : Bool => Str} ;
+    NounPhrase : Type = {s : Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ;
+    VerbPhrase : Type = {s : Bool => Gender => Number => Str} ; 
+  lin
+    PhrS = postfixSS "." ;
+    PhrQS = postfixSS "?" ;
+
+    UseCl  pol cl  = {s = pol.s ++ cl.s  ! pol.p} ;
+    UseQCl pol qcl = {s = pol.s ++ qcl.s ! pol.p} ;
+
+    QuestCl cl = cl ;
+
+    SubjS subj s = {s = subj.s ++ s.s} ;
+
+    PredVP  = predVP ;
+
+    QuestVP = predVP ;
+
+    QuestV2 ip np v2 = 
+      {s = \\b => v2.c ++ ip.s ++ posneg b ++ v2.s ! np.n ++ np.s} ;
+ 
+    ComplV2 v2 np = {s = \\b,_,n => posneg b ++ v2.s ! n ++ v2.c ++ np.s} ;
+    ComplAP ap    = {s = \\b,g,n => posneg b ++ copula n ++ ap.s ! g ! n} ;
+
+    DetCN  det cn = {s = det.s ! cn.g ++ cn.s ! det.n ; g = cn.g ; n = det.n} ;
+
+    ModCN ap cn  = {s = \\n => cn.s ! n ++ ap.s ! cn.g ! n ; g = cn.g} ;
+
+    AdVP adv vp  = {s = \\p,n,g => vp.s ! p ! n ! g ++ adv.s} ;
+    AdAP ada ap  = {s = \\n,g => ada.s ++ ap.s ! n ! g} ;
+
+    IDetCN det cn = {s = det.s ! cn.g ++ cn.s ! det.n ; g = cn.g ; n = det.n} ;
+
+    ConjS c a b = {s = a.s ++ c.s ++ b.s} ;
+    ConjNP c a b = {s = a.s ++ c.s ++ b.s ; n = Pl ; g = conjGender a.g b.g} ;
+
+    UseN n = n ;
+    UseA a = a ;
+    UseV v = {s = \\b,_,n => posneg b ++ v.s ! n} ;
+
+    this_Det = mkDet Sg (regAdjective "questo") ;
+    that_Det = mkDet Sg (regAdjective "quello") ;
+    these_Det = mkDet Pl (regAdjective "questo") ;
+    those_Det = mkDet Pl (regAdjective "quello") ;
+    every_Det = {s = \\_ => "ogni" ; n = Sg} ;
+    theSg_Det = {s = artDef Sg ; n = Sg} ;
+    thePl_Det = {s = artDef Pl ; n = Pl} ;
+    indef_Det = {s = artIndef ; n = Sg} ;
+    plur_Det = {s = \\_ => [] ; n = Pl} ;
+    two_Det = {s = \\_ => "due" ; n = Pl} ;
+    today_Adv = {s = "oggi"} ;
+    very_AdA = {s = "molto"} ;
+    which_IDet   = {s = \\_ => "quale" ; n = Sg} ;
+    and_Conj = {s = "e"} ;
+    because_Subj = {s = "perché"} ;
+
+    PPos = {s = [] ; p = True} ;
+    PNeg = {s = [] ; p = False} ;
+
+  oper
+    predVP : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Clause = \np,vp -> 
+      {s = \\b => np.s ++ vp.s ! b ! np.g ! np.n} ;
+
+    copula : Number -> Str = \n -> case n of {
+      Sg => "è" ;
+      Pl => "sono"
+      } ;
+
+    posneg : Bool -> Str = \b -> case b of {
+      True => [] ;
+      False => "non"
+      } ;
+
+    mkDet : Number -> Adjective -> Det = \n,adj -> {
+      s = \\g => adj.s ! g ! n ;
+      n = n ;
+      lock_Det = <>
+      } ;
+
+    artDef : Number -> Gender => Str = \n -> case n of {
+      Sg => table {
+        Masc => pre {"il"  ; "lo" / sImpuro} ;
+        Fem  => "la"
+        } ;
+      Pl => table {
+        Masc => pre {"i"  ; "gli" / sImpuro ; "gli" / vowel} ;
+        Fem  => "le"
+        }
+      } ;
+
+    artIndef : Gender => Str = table {
+      Masc => pre {"un"  ; "uno" / sImpuro} ;
+      Fem  => pre {"una" ; "un'" / vowel}
+      } ;
+
+    conjGender : Gender -> Gender -> Gender = \g,h -> case g of {
+      Masc => Masc ;
+      _ => h
+    } ;
+
+    sImpuro : Strs = strs {"sb" ; "sp" ; "sy" ; "z"} ;
+    vowel   : Strs = strs {"a" ; "e" ; "i" ; "o" ; "u"} ;
+
+
+}

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/MorphoEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+--# -path=.:prelude
+
+resource MorphoEng = open Prelude in {
+
+  -- the lexicon construction API
+
+    oper
+      mkN : overload {
+        mkN : (bus : Str) -> Noun ;
+        mkN : (man,men : Str) -> Noun ;
+      } ;
+
+      mkA : (warm : Str) -> Adjective ;
+
+      mkV : overload {
+        mkV : (kiss : Str) -> Verb ;
+        mkV : (do,does : Str) -> Verb ;
+      } ;
+
+      mkV2 : overload {
+        mkV2 : (love : Verb) -> Verb2 ;
+        mkV2 : (talk : Verb) -> (about : Str) -> Verb2 ;
+      } ;
+
+  -- grammar-internal definitions
+
+    param
+      Number = Sg | Pl ;
+
+    oper
+      Noun, Verb : Type = {s : Number => Str} ;
+      Adjective : Type = {s : Str} ;
+      Verb2 : Type = Verb ** {c : Str} ;
+
+      mkN = overload {
+        mkN : (bus : Str) -> Noun = \s -> mkNoun s (add_s s) ;
+        mkN : (man,men : Str) -> Noun = mkNoun ;
+      } ;
+
+      mkA : (warm : Str) -> Adjective = ss ;
+
+      mkV = overload {
+        mkV : (kiss : Str) -> Verb = \s -> mkVerb s (add_s s) ;
+        mkV : (do,does : Str) -> Verb = mkVerb ;
+      } ;
+
+      mkV2 = overload {
+        mkV2 : (love : Verb) -> Verb2 = \love -> love ** {c = []} ;
+        mkV2 : (talk : Verb) -> (about : Str) -> Verb2 = 
+          \talk,about -> talk ** {c = about} ;
+      } ;
+
+      add_s : Str -> Str = \w -> case w of {
+        _ + "oo"                           => w + "s" ;   -- bamboo
+        _ + ("s" | "z" | "x" | "sh" | "o") => w + "es" ;  -- bus, hero
+        _ + ("a" | "o" | "u" | "e") + "y"  => w + "s" ;   -- boy
+        x + "y"                            => x + "ies" ; -- fly
+        _                                  => w + "s"     -- car
+      } ;
+
+      mkNoun : Str -> Str -> Noun = \x,y -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => x ;
+          Pl => y
+          }
+        } ;
+
+      mkVerb : Str -> Str -> Verb = \x,y -> mkNoun y x ;
+  }

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/MorphoIta.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+--# -path=.:prelude
+
+  -- This is a simple Italian resource morphology for the GF tutorial.
+
+  resource MorphoIta = open Prelude in {
+
+  -- the lexicographer's API
+
+    oper
+      masculine, feminine : Gender ;
+
+  
+
+    param
+      Number = Sg | Pl ;
+      Gender = Masc | Fem ;
+
+    oper
+      Noun      : Type = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ; 
+      Adjective : Type = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+
+  -- we will only use present indicative third person verb forms
+
+      Verb      : Type = {s : Number => Str} ;
+
+  -- two-place verbs have a preposition
+
+      Verb2     : Type = Verb ** {c : Str} ;
+
+  -- this function takes the gender and both singular and plural forms
+
+      mkNoun : Gender -> Str -> Str -> Noun = \g,vino,vini -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => vino ;
+          Pl => vini
+          } ;
+        g = g
+        } ;
+
+  -- this function takes the singular form
+
+     regNoun : Str -> Noun = \vino -> 
+       case vino of {
+         vin + c@("c" | "g") + "a" 
+           => mkNoun Fem  vino (vin + c + "he") ; -- banche
+         vin + "a"               
+           => mkNoun Fem  vino (vin + "e") ;      -- pizza
+         vin + c@("c" | "g") + "o"
+           => mkNoun Masc vino (vin + c + "hi") ; -- boschi 
+         vin + ("o" | "e") 
+           => mkNoun Masc vino (vin + "i") ;      -- vino, pane
+         _ => mkNoun Masc vino vino               -- tram
+         } ;
+
+  -- to make nouns such as "carne", "università" feminine
+
+     femNoun : Noun -> Noun = \mano -> {
+       s = mano.s ;
+       g = Fem
+       } ;
+
+  -- this takes both genders and numbers
+
+     mkAdjective : (x1,_,_,x4 : Str) -> Adjective = \nero,nera,neri,nere -> {
+       s = table {
+         Masc => (mkNoun Masc nero neri).s ;
+         Fem  => (mkNoun Fem  nera nere).s
+         } 
+       } ;
+
+  -- this takes the masculine singular form
+
+     regAdjective : Str -> Adjective = \nero ->
+       let ner = init nero in
+       case last nero of {
+         "o" => mkAdjective (ner + "o") (ner + "a") (ner + "i") (ner + "e") ;
+         "e" => mkAdjective (ner + "e") (ner + "e") (ner + "i") (ner + "i") ;
+         _   => mkAdjective nero nero nero nero
+         } ;
+
+  -- this function takes the singular and plural forms
+
+      mkVerb : Str -> Str -> Verb = \ama,amano -> {
+        s = table {
+          Sg => ama ;
+          Pl => amano
+          }
+        } ;
+
+  -- this function takes the infinitive form
+
+      regVerb : Str -> Verb = \amare -> 
+        let am = Predef.tk 3 amare in
+        case Predef.dp 3 amare of {
+          "ere" => mkVerb (am + "e")    (am + "ono") ;    -- premere
+          "ire" => mkVerb (am + "isce") (am + "iscono") ; -- finire
+          _     => mkVerb (am + "a")    (am + "ano")      -- amare
+        } ;
+
+  }

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/Syntax.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+interface Syntax = open Prelude, Grammar in {
+
+oper
+  mkPhr = overload {
+    mkPhr : S -> Phr 
+      = PhrS ;
+    mkPhr : QS -> Phr 
+      = PhrQS ;
+  } ;
+
+  mkS = overload {
+    mkS : Pol -> NP -> VP -> S
+       = \p,np,vp -> UseCl p (PredVP np vp) ;
+    mkS : NP -> VP -> S
+       = \np,vp -> UseCl PPos (PredVP np vp) ;
+    mkS : Pol -> NP -> V2 -> NP -> S
+       = \p,np,v,o -> UseCl p (PredVP np (ComplV2 v o)) ;
+    mkS : NP -> V2 -> NP -> S
+       = \np,v,o -> UseCl PPos (PredVP np (ComplV2 v o)) ;
+    mkS : Pol -> NP -> AP -> S
+       = \p,np,ap -> UseCl p (PredVP np (ComplAP ap)) ;
+    mkS : NP -> AP -> S
+       = \np,ap -> UseCl PPos (PredVP np (ComplAP ap)) ;
+    } ;
+
+  mkNP : Det -> CN -> NP 
+    = DetCN ;
+
+  mkCN = overload {
+    mkCN : AP -> CN -> CN 
+      = ModCN ;
+    mkCN : N -> CN 
+      = UseN ;
+  } ;
+
+  mkAP = overload {
+    mkAP : AdA -> AP -> AP 
+      = AdAP ;
+    mkAP : A -> AP 
+      = UseA ;
+  } ;
+
+}

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/SyntaxEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+--# -path=.:resource:prelude
+
+instance SyntaxEng of Syntax = open Prelude, GrammarEng in {} ;

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/SyntaxIta.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+--# -path=.:resource:prelude
+
+instance SyntaxIta of Syntax = open Prelude, GrammarIta in {} ;

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/Test.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+abstract Test = Grammar ** {
+
+  fun
+    wine_N, cheese_N, fish_N, pizza_N, waiter_N, customer_N : N ;
+    fresh_A, warm_A, italian_A, expensive_A, delicious_A, boring_A : A ;
+    stink_V : V ;
+    eat_V2, love_V2, talk_V2 : V2 ;
+}

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/TestEng.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+--# -path=.:resource:prelude
+
+concrete TestEng of Test = GrammarEng ** open Prelude, MorphoEng in {
+
+  lin
+    wine_N = mkN "wine" ;
+    cheese_N = mkN "cheese" ;
+    fish_N = mkN "fish" "fish" ;
+    pizza_N = mkN "pizza" ;
+    waiter_N = mkN "waiter" ;
+    customer_N = mkN "customer" ;
+    fresh_A = mkA "fresh" ;
+    warm_A = mkA "warm" ;
+    italian_A = mkA "Italian" ;
+    expensive_A = mkA "expensive" ;
+    delicious_A = mkA "delicious" ;
+    boring_A = mkA "boring" ;
+    stink_V = mkV "stink" ;
+    eat_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "eat") ;
+    love_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "love") ;
+    talk_V2 = mkV2 (mkV "talk") "about" ;
+}
+

examples-3.0/tutorial/syntax/TestIta.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+--# -path=.:resource:prelude
+
+concrete TestIta of Test = GrammarIta ** open Prelude, MorphoIta in {
+
+  lin
+    wine_N = regNoun "vino" ;
+    cheese_N = regNoun "formaggio" ;
+    fish_N = regNoun "pesce" ;
+    pizza_N = regNoun "pizza" ;
+    waiter_N = regNoun "cameriere" ;
+    customer_N = regNoun "cliente" ;
+    fresh_A = regAdjective "fresco" ;
+    warm_A = regAdjective "caldo" ;
+    italian_A = regAdjective "italiano" ;
+    expensive_A = regAdjective "caro" ;
+    delicious_A = regAdjective "delizioso" ;
+    boring_A = regAdjective "noioso" ;
+    stink_V = regVerb "puzzare" ;
+    eat_V2 = regVerb "mangiare" ** {c = []} ;
+    love_V2 = regVerb "amare" ** {c = []} ;
+    talk_V2 = regVerb "parlare" ** {c = "di"} ;
+}
+