mirror of
https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git
synced 2026-04-24 03:52:50 -06:00
resource = resource-1.0
This commit is contained in:
aarne
448
lib/resource/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html
Normal file
448
lib/resource/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
|
||||
<HTML>
|
||||
<HEAD>
|
||||
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
|
||||
<TITLE> English Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
|
||||
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
|
||||
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> English Lexical Paradigms</H1>
|
||||
<FONT SIZE="4">
|
||||
<I>Last update: 2006-06-22 20:54:15 CEST</I><BR>
|
||||
</FONT></CENTER>
|
||||
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Prepositions</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs with a particle.</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Reflexive verbs</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Two-place verbs</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Three-place verbs</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Other complement patterns</A>
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Produced by
|
||||
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
|
||||
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Aarne Ranta 2003--2005
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
|
||||
for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
|
||||
expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
|
||||
accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The main difference with <CODE>MorphoEng.gf</CODE> is that the types
|
||||
referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
|
||||
had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
|
||||
than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
|
||||
first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
|
||||
regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
|
||||
escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
|
||||
However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
|
||||
separate module <A HREF="../../english/IrregEng.gf"><CODE>IrregEng</CODE></A>,
|
||||
which covers irregular verbss.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
resource ParadigmsEng = open
|
||||
(Predef=Predef),
|
||||
Prelude,
|
||||
MorphoEng,
|
||||
CatEng
|
||||
in {
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Parameters</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
oper
|
||||
Gender : Type ;
|
||||
|
||||
human : Gender ;
|
||||
nonhuman : Gender ;
|
||||
masculine : Gender ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To abstract over number names, we define the following.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
Number : Type ;
|
||||
|
||||
singular : Number ;
|
||||
plural : Number ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To abstract over case names, we define the following.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
Case : Type ;
|
||||
|
||||
nominative : Case ;
|
||||
genitive : Case ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Prepositions are used in many-argument functions for rection.
|
||||
The resource category <CODE>Prep</CODE> is used.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Nouns</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Worst case: give all four forms.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with
|
||||
<I>s</I>,<I>sh</I>,<I>x</I>,<I>z</I> or <I>y</I>: <I>kiss - kisses</I>, <I>flash - flashes</I>;
|
||||
<I>fly - flies</I> (but <I>toy - toys</I>),
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regN : Str -> N ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
In practice the worst case is just: give singular and plural nominative.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mk2N : (man,men : Str) -> N ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
All nouns created by the previous functions are marked as
|
||||
<CODE>nonhuman</CODE>. If you want a <CODE>human</CODE> noun, wrap it with the following
|
||||
function:
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
genderN : Gender -> N -> N ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
A compound noun ia an uninflected string attached to an inflected noun,
|
||||
such as <I>baby boom</I>, <I>chief executive officer</I>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
compoundN : Str -> N -> N ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The most common preposition is <I>of</I>, and the following is a
|
||||
shortcut for regular relational nouns with <I>of</I>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regN2 : Str -> N2 ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Use the function <CODE>mkPrep</CODE> or see the section on prepositions below to
|
||||
form other prepositions.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepositions.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
|
||||
relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>).
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
cnN2 : CN -> Prep -> N2 ;
|
||||
cnN3 : CN -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regPN : Str -> PN ;
|
||||
regGenPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- John, John's
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. <I>Bank</I>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
nounPN : N -> PN ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular
|
||||
genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Adjectives</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms: one for
|
||||
the adjectival and one for the adverbial form (<I>free - freely</I>)
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkA : (free,freely : Str) -> A ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
For regular adjectives, the adverbial form is derived. This holds
|
||||
even for cases with the variation <I>happy - happily</I>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regA : Str -> A ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Comparison adjectives may two more forms.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
ADeg : Type ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkADeg : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> ADeg ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The regular pattern recognizes two common variations:
|
||||
<I>-e</I> (<I>rude</I> - <I>ruder</I> - <I>rudest</I>) and
|
||||
<I>-y</I> (<I>happy - happier - happiest - happily</I>)
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- long, longer, longest
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
However, the duplication of the final consonant is nor predicted,
|
||||
but a separate pattern is used:
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
duplADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- fat, fatter, fattest
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If comparison is formed by <I>more</I>, <I>most</I>, as in general for
|
||||
long adjective, the following pattern is used:
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
compoundADeg : A -> ADeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
From a given <CODE>ADeg</CODE>, it is possible to get back to <CODE>A</CODE>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
adegA : ADeg -> A ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Adverbs</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
|
||||
after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. <I>always</I>).
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
|
||||
mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Prepositions</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to
|
||||
build <CODE>PP</CODE>s in the resource API, just requires a string.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
|
||||
noPrep : Prep ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
(These two functions are synonyms.)
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc11"></A>
|
||||
<H2>Verbs</H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Except for <I>be</I>, the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and
|
||||
the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the
|
||||
past and present participles.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last
|
||||
character is <I>y</I> (<I>cry - cries</I> but <I>buy - buys</I>) or <I>s</I>, <I>sh</I>, <I>x</I>, <I>z</I>
|
||||
(<I>fix - fixes</I>, etc).
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regV : Str -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The following variant duplicates the last letter in the forms like
|
||||
<I>rip - ripped - ripping</I>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
regDuplV : Str -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module <CODE>IrregularEng</CODE>.
|
||||
In practice, it is enough to give three forms,
|
||||
e.g. <I>drink - drank - drunk</I>, with a variant indicating consonant
|
||||
duplication in the present participle.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
irregV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
irregDuplV : (get, got, gotten : Str) -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc12"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
partV : V -> Str -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc13"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Reflexive verbs</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
reflV : V -> V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc14"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
|
||||
(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
|
||||
|
||||
dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc15"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
|
||||
the first one or both can be absent.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- speak, with, about
|
||||
dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- give,_,to
|
||||
dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<A NAME="toc16"></A>
|
||||
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
|
||||
questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
|
||||
mkVS : V -> VS ;
|
||||
mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
|
||||
mkVV : V -> VV ;
|
||||
mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
|
||||
mkVA : V -> VA ;
|
||||
mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ;
|
||||
mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
|
||||
mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
|
||||
|
||||
mkAS : A -> AS ;
|
||||
mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
|
||||
mkAV : A -> AV ;
|
||||
mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
|
||||
just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
|
||||
as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
|
||||
<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<PRE>
|
||||
V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
|
||||
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P></P>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.3 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
|
||||
<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml -\-toc english/ParadigmsEng.txt -->
|
||||
</BODY></HTML>
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user