diff --git a/lib/resource/abstract/Categories.gf b/lib/resource/abstract/Categories.gf
index 79398b1b7..30cad89d5 100644
--- a/lib/resource/abstract/Categories.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/abstract/Categories.gf
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ cat
 
   VP ;     -- verb phrase,           e.g. "switch the light on"
   VPI ;    -- infinitive verb phrase e.g. "switch the light on", "not have run"
+  VCl ;    -- same (variable ant.)   e.g. "walk"/"have walked"
 
 --!
 --3 Adverbs and prepositions/cases
@@ -184,5 +185,6 @@ cat
   TP ;          -- tense x polarity selector
   Tense ;       -- (abstract) tense
   Ant ;         -- (abstract) anteriority
+  Pol ;         -- polarity (positive or negative)
 
 }
diff --git a/lib/resource/abstract/Clause.gf b/lib/resource/abstract/Clause.gf
index 035eafe78..ff43b3bc6 100644
--- a/lib/resource/abstract/Clause.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/abstract/Clause.gf
@@ -2,11 +2,40 @@
 --1 Rules for predication forming clauses
 --
 -- This module treats predications in a shallow way, without right-branching
--- $VP$ structures, which have the disadvantage of duplicating rules but the
--- advantage of fast parsing due to elimination of discontinuous constituents.
+-- $VP$ structures. This has the disadvantage of duplicating rules but the
+-- advantage of fast parsing due to elimination of discontinuous
+-- constituents. Also the canonical GF structures (in $.gfc$) files
+-- get smaller, because much more pruning of case alternatives can
+-- be performed at compile time.
 --
--- The principal way of forming sentences ($S$) is by combining a noun phrase
--- with a verb and its complements.
+-- Each of the rules below has the following structure:
+-- 
+--  "Subject -> Verb -> Complements -> Clause"
+-- 
+-- What complements are needed depends on the type of the verb.
+-- For instance, $V$ takes no complement, $V2$ takes one $NP$
+-- complement, $VS$ takes an $S$ complement, etc. There is an elegant
+-- way of expressing this using dependent types:
+--
+  --  (v : VType) -> Subj -> Verb v -> Compl v -> Clause
+--
+-- Since there are 12 verb types in our category system, using this
+-- rule would be economical. The effect is amplified by another
+-- distinction that the rules make: there are separate sets of
+-- rules just differing in what type the subject and 
+-- the resulting clause have. There are four different types:
+--
+--* $SPred$ (declarative clause, from $NP$ to $Cl$),
+--* $QPred$ (interrogative clause, from $IP$ to $QCl$),
+--* $RPred$ (relative clause, from $RP$ to $RCl$),
+--* $IPred$ (infinitive clause, from no subject to $VCl$).
+--
+-- The ultimate dependent type formalization of all the 4x12 rules is
+--
+  --  (n : NType) -> (v : VType) -> Subj n -> Verb v -> Compl v -> Clause n
+--
+-- In the following, however, an expanded set of rules with no
+-- dependent types is shown.
 
 abstract Clause = Categories ** {
 
@@ -20,11 +49,11 @@ fun
   SPredVV      : NP -> VV -> VPI -> Cl ;          -- "John must walk"
   SPredVQ      : NP -> VQ -> QS -> Cl ;           -- "John asks who will come"
   SPredVA      : NP -> VA -> AP -> Cl ;           -- "John looks ill"
-  SPredV2A     : NP -> V2A -> NP ->AP ->Cl ;      -- "John paints the house red"
-  SPredSubjV2V : NP -> V2V -> NP ->VPI ->Cl ;     -- "John promises Mary to leave"
-  SPredObjV2V  : NP -> V2V  -> NP -> VPI -> Cl ;  -- "John asks me to come"
-  SPredV2S     : NP -> V2S  -> NP -> S   -> Cl ;  -- "John told me that it is good"
-  SPredV2Q     : NP -> V2Q  -> NP -> QS  -> Cl ;  -- "John asked me if it is good"
+  SPredV2A     : NP -> V2A -> NP -> AP  -> Cl ;   -- "John paints the house red"
+  SPredSubjV2V : NP -> V2V -> NP -> VPI -> Cl ;   -- "John promises Mary to leave"
+  SPredObjV2V  : NP -> V2V -> NP -> VPI -> Cl ;   -- "John asks me to come"
+  SPredV2S     : NP -> V2S -> NP -> S   -> Cl ;   -- "John told me that it is good"
+  SPredV2Q     : NP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS  -> Cl ;   -- "John asked me if it is good"
 
   SPredAP      : NP -> AP -> Cl ;                 -- "John is old"
   SPredCN      : NP -> CN -> Cl ;                 -- "John is a man"
@@ -54,7 +83,7 @@ fun
   QPredAdv     : IP -> Adv -> QCl ;               -- "who is in France"
 
   QPredProgVP  : IP -> VPI -> QCl ;               -- "who is eating"
-{-
+
   RPredV       : RP -> V  -> RCl ;                -- "who walks"
   RPredPassV   : RP -> V  -> RCl ;                -- "who is seen"
   RPredV2      : RP -> V2 -> NP -> RCl ;          -- "who sees Mary"
@@ -64,11 +93,11 @@ fun
   RPredVV      : RP -> VV -> VPI -> RCl ;         -- "who must walk"
   RPredVQ      : RP -> VQ -> QS -> RCl ;          -- "who asks who will come"
   RPredVA      : RP -> VA -> AP -> RCl ;          -- "who looks ill"
-  RPredV2A     : RP -> V2A -> NP ->AP ->RCl ;     -- "who paints the house red"
-  RPredSubjV2V : RP -> V2V -> NP ->VPI ->RCl ;    -- "who promises Mary to leave"
-  RPredObjV2V  : RP -> V2V  -> NP -> VPI -> RCl ; -- "who asks me to come"
-  RPredV2S     : RP -> V2S  -> NP -> S   -> RCl ; -- "who told me that it is good"
-  RPredV2Q     : RP -> V2Q  -> NP -> QS  -> RCl ; -- "who asked me if it is good"
+  RPredV2A     : RP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> RCl ;   -- "who paints the house red"
+  RPredSubjV2V : RP -> V2V -> NP -> VPI -> RCl ;  -- "who promises Mary to leave"
+  RPredObjV2V  : RP -> V2V -> NP -> VPI -> RCl ;  -- "who asks me to come"
+  RPredV2S     : RP -> V2S -> NP -> S   -> RCl ;  -- "who told me that it is good"
+  RPredV2Q     : RP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS  -> RCl ;  -- "who asked me if it is good"
 
   RPredAP      : RP -> AP -> RCl ;                -- "who is old"
   RPredCN      : RP -> CN -> RCl ;                -- "who is a man"
@@ -76,28 +105,28 @@ fun
   RPredAdv     : RP -> Adv -> RCl ;               -- "who is in France"
 
   RPredProgVP  : RP -> VPI -> RCl ;               -- "who is eating"
--}
-  IPredV       : Ant -> V  -> VPI ;               -- "walk"
-  IPredPassV   : Ant -> V  -> VPI ;               -- "be seen"
-  IPredV2      : Ant -> V2 -> NP -> VPI ;         -- "see Mary"
-  IPredV3      : Ant -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> VPI ;   -- "give Mary food"
-  IPredReflV2  : Ant -> V2 -> VPI ;               -- "love himself"
-  IPredVS      : Ant -> VS -> S  -> VPI ;         -- "say that Mary runs"
-  IPredVV      : Ant -> VV -> VPI -> VPI ;        -- "want to walk"
-  IPredVQ      : Ant -> VQ -> QS -> VPI ;         -- "ask who will come"
-  IPredVA      : Ant -> VA -> AP -> VPI ;         -- "look ill"
-  IPredV2A     : Ant -> V2A -> NP ->AP ->VPI ;    -- "paint the house red"
-  IPredSubjV2V : Ant -> V2V -> NP ->VPI ->VPI ;   -- "promise Mary to leave"
-  IPredObjV2V  : Ant -> V2V  -> NP -> VPI ->VPI ; -- "ask me to come"
-  IPredV2S     : Ant -> V2S  -> NP -> S  -> VPI ; -- "tell me that it is good"
-  IPredV2Q     : Ant -> V2Q  -> NP -> QS -> VPI ; -- "ask me if it is good"
 
-  IPredAP      : Ant -> AP -> VPI ;               -- "be old"
-  IPredCN      : Ant -> CN -> VPI ;               -- "be a man"
-  IPredNP      : Ant -> NP -> VPI ;               -- "be Bill"
-  IPredAdv     : Ant -> Adv -> VPI ;              -- "be in France"
+  IPredV       : V   -> VCl ;                     -- "walk"
+  IPredPassV   : V   -> VCl ;                     -- "be seen"
+  IPredV2      : V2  -> NP -> VCl ;               -- "see Mary"
+  IPredV3      : V3  -> NP -> NP -> VCl ;         -- "give Mary food"
+  IPredReflV2  : V2  -> VCl ;                     -- "love himself"
+  IPredVS      : VS  -> S   -> VCl ;              -- "say that Mary runs"
+  IPredVV      : VV  -> VPI -> VCl ;              -- "want to walk"
+  IPredVQ      : VQ  -> QS -> VCl ;               -- "ask who will come"
+  IPredVA      : VA  -> AP -> VCl ;               -- "look ill"
+  IPredV2A     : V2A -> NP -> AP  -> VCl ;        -- "paint the house red"
+  IPredSubjV2V : V2V -> NP -> VPI -> VCl ;        -- "promise Mary to leave"
+  IPredObjV2V  : V2V -> NP -> VPI -> VCl ;        -- "ask me to come"
+  IPredV2S     : V2S -> NP -> S   -> VCl ;        -- "tell me that it is good"
+  IPredV2Q     : V2Q -> NP -> QS  -> VCl ;        -- "ask me if it is good"
 
-  IPredProgVP  : Ant -> VPI -> VPI ;              -- "be eating"
+  IPredAP      : AP -> VCl ;                      -- "be old"
+  IPredCN      : CN -> VCl ;                      -- "be a man"
+  IPredNP      : NP -> VCl ;                      -- "be Bill"
+  IPredAdv     : Adv -> VCl ;                     -- "be in France"
+
+  IPredProgVP  : VPI -> VCl ;                     -- "be eating"
 
 
 {-
diff --git a/lib/resource/abstract/ClauseI.gf b/lib/resource/abstract/ClauseI.gf
index e5b5d1702..8fb69397d 100644
--- a/lib/resource/abstract/ClauseI.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/abstract/ClauseI.gf
@@ -50,27 +50,49 @@ incomplete concrete ClauseI of Clause = open Rules, Verbphrase in {
 
   QPredProgVP np vp = IntVP np (PredProgVP vp) ;
 
-  IPredV a v = PosVP a (UseV v) ;
-  IPredV2 a v x = PosVP a (ComplV2 v x) ;
-  IPredPassV a v = PosVP a (UsePassV v) ;
-  IPredV3 a v x y = PosVP a (ComplV3 v x y) ;
-  IPredReflV2 a v = PosVP a (ComplReflV2 v) ;
-  IPredVS a v x = PosVP a (ComplVS v x) ;
-  IPredVV a v x = PosVP a (ComplVV v x) ;
-  IPredVQ a v x = PosVP a (ComplVQ v x) ;
-  IPredVA a v x = PosVP a (ComplVA v x) ;
-  IPredV2A a v x y = PosVP a (ComplV2A v x y) ;
-  IPredSubjV2V a v x y = PosVP a (ComplSubjV2V v x y) ;
-  IPredObjV2V a v x y = PosVP a (ComplObjV2V v x y) ;
-  IPredV2S a v x y = PosVP a (ComplV2S v x y) ;
-  IPredV2Q a v x y = PosVP a (ComplV2Q v x y) ;
+  RPredV np v = RelVP np (UseV v) ;
+  RPredPassV np v = RelVP np (UsePassV v) ;
+  RPredV2 np v x = RelVP np (ComplV2 v x) ;
+  RPredV3 np v x y = RelVP np (ComplV3 v x y) ;
+  RPredReflV2 np v = RelVP np (ComplReflV2 v) ;
+  RPredVS np v x = RelVP np (ComplVS v x) ;
+  RPredVV np v x = RelVP np (ComplVV v x) ;
+  RPredVQ np v x = RelVP np (ComplVQ v x) ;
+  RPredVA np v x = RelVP np (ComplVA v x) ;
+  RPredV2A np v x y = RelVP np (ComplV2A v x y) ;
+  RPredSubjV2V np v x y = RelVP np (ComplSubjV2V v x y) ;
+  RPredObjV2V np v x y = RelVP np (ComplObjV2V v x y) ;
+  RPredV2S np v x y = RelVP np (ComplV2S v x y) ;
+  RPredV2Q np v x y = RelVP np (ComplV2Q v x y) ;
 
-  IPredAP a v = PosVP a (PredAP v) ;
-  IPredCN a v = PosVP a (PredCN v) ;
-  IPredNP a v = PosVP a (PredNP v) ;
-  IPredAdv a v = PosVP a (PredAdv v) ;
+  RPredAP np v = RelVP np (PredAP v) ;
+  RPredCN np v = RelVP np (PredCN v) ;
+  RPredNP np v = RelVP np (PredNP v) ;
+  RPredAdv np v = RelVP np (PredAdv v) ;
 
-  IPredProgVP a vp = PosVP a (PredProgVP vp) ;
+  RPredProgVP np vp = RelVP np (PredProgVP vp) ;
+
+  IPredV v = UseVP (UseV v) ;
+  IPredV2 v x = UseVP (ComplV2 v x) ;
+  IPredPassV v = UseVP (UsePassV v) ;
+  IPredV3 v x y = UseVP (ComplV3 v x y) ;
+  IPredReflV2 v = UseVP (ComplReflV2 v) ;
+  IPredVS v x = UseVP (ComplVS v x) ;
+  IPredVV v x = UseVP (ComplVV v x) ;
+  IPredVQ v x = UseVP (ComplVQ v x) ;
+  IPredVA v x = UseVP (ComplVA v x) ;
+  IPredV2A v x y = UseVP (ComplV2A v x y) ;
+  IPredSubjV2V v x y = UseVP (ComplSubjV2V v x y) ;
+  IPredObjV2V v x y = UseVP (ComplObjV2V v x y) ;
+  IPredV2S v x y = UseVP (ComplV2S v x y) ;
+  IPredV2Q v x y = UseVP (ComplV2Q v x y) ;
+
+  IPredAP v = UseVP (PredAP v) ;
+  IPredCN v = UseVP (PredCN v) ;
+  IPredNP v = UseVP (PredNP v) ;
+  IPredAdv v = UseVP (PredAdv v) ;
+
+  IPredProgVP vp = UseVP (PredProgVP vp) ;
 
 {-
 -- Use VPs
diff --git a/lib/resource/abstract/Rules.gf b/lib/resource/abstract/Rules.gf
index f53e11014..d210f42f4 100644
--- a/lib/resource/abstract/Rules.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/abstract/Rules.gf
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fun
   UseA2S : A2S -> AS ;
   UseA2V : A2V -> AV ;
 
--- Formation of infinitival phrases.
+-- Formation of tensed phrases.
 
   AdjPart : V -> A ;                       -- past participle, e.g. "forgotten"
 
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ fun
   UseRCl : TP -> RCl -> RS ;
   UseQCl : TP -> QCl -> QS ;
 
+  UseVCl : Pol -> Ant -> VCl -> VPI ;
+
   PosTP  : Tense -> Ant -> TP ;
   NegTP  : Tense -> Ant -> TP ;
 
@@ -101,6 +103,9 @@ fun
   ASimul   : Ant ;
   AAnter   : Ant ;
 
+  PPos : Pol ;
+  PNeg : Pol ;
+
 --!
 --3 Adverbs
 --
diff --git a/lib/resource/abstract/Verbphrase.gf b/lib/resource/abstract/Verbphrase.gf
index 301890b2c..b1c09598b 100644
--- a/lib/resource/abstract/Verbphrase.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/abstract/Verbphrase.gf
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ abstract Verbphrase = Categories ** {
   RelVP        : RP -> VP -> RCl ;        -- "who walks", "who doesn't walk"
   IntVP        : IP -> VP -> QCl ;        -- "who walks"
 
-  PosVP, NegVP : Ant -> VP  -> VPI ;      -- to eat, not to eat
+  UseVP        : VP  -> VCl ;             -- to eat, not to eat
 
   AdvVP        : VP -> AdV -> VP ;        -- "always walks"
   SubjVP       : VP -> Subj -> S -> VP ;  -- "(a man who) sings when he runs"
diff --git a/lib/resource/danish/TimeDan.gf b/lib/resource/danish/TimeDan.gf
index 2734f9f07..f2d4ede02 100644
--- a/lib/resource/danish/TimeDan.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/danish/TimeDan.gf
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ ExactTime h = ss (h.s ++ "akkurat") ;
 NumHour n = {s = n.s ! Neutr} ;
 NumMinute n = {s = n.s ! Neutr} ;
 
-monday = regN "mandag" masculine ;
-tuesday = regN "tirsdag" masculine ;
-wednesday = regN "onsdag" masculine ;
-thursday = regN "torsdag" masculine ;
-friday = regN "fredag" masculine ;
-saturday = regN "lørdag" masculine ;
-sunday = regN "søndag" masculine ;
+monday = regN "mandag" utrum ;
+tuesday = regN "tirsdag" utrum ;
+wednesday = regN "onsdag" utrum ;
+thursday = regN "torsdag" utrum ;
+friday = regN "fredag" utrum ;
+saturday = regN "lørdag" utrum ;
+sunday = regN "søndag" utrum ;
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/resource/english/CategoriesEng.gf b/lib/resource/english/CategoriesEng.gf
index 580547296..66b702729 100644
--- a/lib/resource/english/CategoriesEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/english/CategoriesEng.gf
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ lincat
       -- = {s : VForm => Str ; s1 : Particle}
   VP     = {s,s2 : Bool => SForm => Agr => Str ; isAux : Bool} ;
   VPI    = {s : VIForm => Agr => Str ; s1 : Str} ; -- s1 is "not" or []
+  VCl    = {s : Bool => Anteriority => VIForm => Agr => Str ; s1 : Bool => Str} ;
   V2     = TransVerb ; 
       -- = Verb ** {s3 : Preposition} ;
   V3     = TransVerb ** {s4 : Preposition} ;
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ lincat
 
   TP     = {s : Str ; b : Bool ; t : Tense ; a : Anteriority} ; --- the Str field is dummy
   Tense  = {s : Str ; t : Tense} ;
+  Pol    = {s : Str ; p : Bool} ;
   Ant    = {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} ;
 
   PP     = {s : Str} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource/english/ClauseEng.gf b/lib/resource/english/ClauseEng.gf
index c6e794d18..3e3d4ee6b 100644
--- a/lib/resource/english/ClauseEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/english/ClauseEng.gf
@@ -51,27 +51,50 @@ concrete ClauseEng of Clause = CategoriesEng **
 
   QPredProgVP np vp = predBeGroupQ np (vp.s ! VIPresPart) ;
 
-  IPredV a v = predVerbI True a v (complVerb v) ;
-  IPredPassV a v = predVerbI True a v (passVerb v) ;
-  IPredV2 a v x = predVerbI True a v (complTransVerb v x) ;
-  IPredReflV2 a v = predVerbI True a v (reflTransVerb v) ;
-  IPredV3 a v x y = predVerbI True a v (complDitransVerb v x y) ;
-  IPredVS a v x = predVerbI True a v (complSentVerb v x) ;
-  IPredVV a v x = predVerbI True a (aux2verb v) (complVerbVerb v x) ;
-  IPredVQ a v x = predVerbI True a v (complQuestVerb v x) ;
-  IPredVA a v x = predVerbI True a v (complAdjVerb v x) ;
-  IPredV2A a v x y = predVerbI True a v (complDitransAdjVerb v x y) ;
-  IPredSubjV2V a v x y = predVerbI True a v (complDitransVerbVerb False v x y) ;
-  IPredObjV2V a v x y = predVerbI True a v (complDitransVerbVerb True v x y) ;
-  IPredV2S a v x y = predVerbI True a v (complDitransSentVerb v x y) ;
-  IPredV2Q a v x y = predVerbI True a v (complDitransQuestVerb v x y) ;
 
-  IPredAP a v = predBeGroupI True a v.s ;
-  IPredCN a v = predBeGroupI True a (complCommNoun v) ;
-  IPredNP a v = predBeGroupI True a (complNounPhrase v) ;
-  IPredAdv a v = predBeGroupI True a (complAdverb v) ;
+  RPredV np v = relVerbClause np v (complVerb v) ;
+  RPredPassV np v = predBeGroupR np (passVerb v) ;
+  RPredV2 np v x = relVerbClause np v (complTransVerb v x) ;
+  RPredReflV2 np v = relVerbClause np v (reflTransVerb v) ;
+  RPredV3 np v x y = relVerbClause np v (complDitransVerb v x y) ;
+  RPredVS np v x = relVerbClause np v (complSentVerb v x) ;
+  RPredVV np v x = relVerbClause np (aux2verb v) (complVerbVerb v x) ;
+  RPredVQ np v x = relVerbClause np v (complQuestVerb v x) ;
+  RPredVA np v x = relVerbClause np v (complAdjVerb v x) ;
+  RPredV2A np v x y = relVerbClause np v (complDitransAdjVerb v x y) ;
+  RPredSubjV2V np v x y = relVerbClause np v (complDitransVerbVerb False v x y) ;
+  RPredObjV2V np v x y = relVerbClause np v (complDitransVerbVerb True v x y) ;
+  RPredV2S np v x y = relVerbClause np v (complDitransSentVerb v x y) ;
+  RPredV2Q np v x y = relVerbClause np v (complDitransQuestVerb v x y) ;
 
-  IPredProgVP a vp = predBeGroupI True a (vp.s ! VIPresPart) ;
+  RPredAP np v = predBeGroupR np v.s ;
+  RPredCN np v = predBeGroupR np (complCommNoun v) ;
+  RPredNP np v = predBeGroupR np (complNounPhrase v) ;
+  RPredAdv np v = predBeGroupR np (complAdverb v) ;
+
+  RPredProgVP np vp = predBeGroupR np (vp.s ! VIPresPart) ;
+
+  IPredV v = predVerbI v (complVerb v) ;
+  IPredPassV v = predVerbI v (passVerb v) ;
+  IPredV2 v x = predVerbI v (complTransVerb v x) ;
+  IPredReflV2 v = predVerbI v (reflTransVerb v) ;
+  IPredV3 v x y = predVerbI v (complDitransVerb v x y) ;
+  IPredVS v x = predVerbI v (complSentVerb v x) ;
+  IPredVV v x = predVerbI (aux2verb v) (complVerbVerb v x) ;
+  IPredVQ v x = predVerbI v (complQuestVerb v x) ;
+  IPredVA v x = predVerbI v (complAdjVerb v x) ;
+  IPredV2A v x y = predVerbI v (complDitransAdjVerb v x y) ;
+  IPredSubjV2V v x y = predVerbI v (complDitransVerbVerb False v x y) ;
+  IPredObjV2V v x y = predVerbI v (complDitransVerbVerb True v x y) ;
+  IPredV2S v x y = predVerbI v (complDitransSentVerb v x y) ;
+  IPredV2Q v x y = predVerbI v (complDitransQuestVerb v x y) ;
+
+  IPredAP v = predBeGroupI v.s ;
+  IPredCN v = predBeGroupI (complCommNoun v) ;
+  IPredNP v = predBeGroupI (complNounPhrase v) ;
+  IPredAdv v = predBeGroupI (complAdverb v) ;
+
+  IPredProgVP vp = predBeGroupI (vp.s ! VIPresPart) ;
 
 {-
 -- Use VPs
diff --git a/lib/resource/english/RulesEng.gf b/lib/resource/english/RulesEng.gf
index 026b571e7..fd415398b 100644
--- a/lib/resource/english/RulesEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/english/RulesEng.gf
@@ -91,6 +91,10 @@ lin
   UseCl  tp cl = {s = tp.s ++ cl.s ! Dir ! tp.b ! VFinite tp.t tp.a} ;
   UseQCl tp cl = {s = \\q => tp.s ++ cl.s ! tp.b ! VFinite tp.t tp.a ! q} ;
   UseRCl tp cl = {s = \\a => tp.s ++ cl.s ! tp.b ! VFinite tp.t tp.a ! a} ;
+  UseVCl p a cl = {
+    s  = \\v,ag => p.s ++ a.s ++ cl.s ! p.p ! a.a ! v ! ag ; 
+    s1 = cl.s1 ! p.p
+    } ;
 
   PosTP t a = {s = t.s ++ a.s ; b = True  ; t = t.t ; a = a.a} ;
   NegTP t a = {s = t.s ++ a.s ; b = False ; t = t.t ; a = a.a} ;
@@ -103,6 +107,9 @@ lin
   ASimul = {s = [] ; a = Simul} ;
   AAnter = {s = [] ; a = Anter} ;
 
+  PPos = {s = [] ; p = True} ;
+  PNeg = {s = [] ; p = False} ;
+
 -- Adverbs.
 
   AdjAdv a = ss (a.s ! AAdv) ;
diff --git a/lib/resource/english/SyntaxEng.gf b/lib/resource/english/SyntaxEng.gf
index 176b463df..be9a27f05 100644
--- a/lib/resource/english/SyntaxEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/english/SyntaxEng.gf
@@ -428,7 +428,14 @@ oper
     s1 : Str -- "not" or []
     } ;
 
+  VerbClause = {
+    s  : Bool => Anteriority => VIForm => Agr => Str ;
+    s1 : Bool => Str -- "not" or []
+    } ;
+
 -- To form an infinitival group
+
+{- ---- obsolete
   predVerbGroup : Bool -> {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} -> VerbGroup -> VerbPhrase =
     \b,ant,vg -> {
     s  = table {
@@ -437,23 +444,22 @@ oper
            } ;
     s1 = if_then_Str b [] "not"
     } ;
+-}
 
--- All negative verb phrase behave as auxiliary ones in questions.
-
-  predVerbI : Bool -> {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} -> Verb -> Complement -> VerbPhrase = 
-    \b,ant,verb,comp -> 
-    let
-      ans = ant.s ; --- just to avoid ? in parsing
-      inf = case ant.a of {
-        Simul => verb.s ! InfImp ;
-        Anter => "have" ++ verb.s ! PPart 
-        }
-      in
-      {s = table {
-           VIInfinit  => \\a => ans ++ inf ++ verb.s1 ++ comp ! a ;
-           VIPresPart => \\a => ans ++ verb.s ! PresPart ++ comp ! a
+  predVerbI : Verb -> Complement -> VerbClause = 
+    \verb,comp -> 
+    {s = \\p,a =>
+         let
+           inf = case a of {
+             Simul => verb.s ! InfImp ;
+             Anter => "have" ++ verb.s ! PPart 
+             }
+           in
+           table {
+             VIInfinit  => \\ag => inf ++ verb.s1 ++ comp ! ag ;
+             VIPresPart => \\ag => verb.s ! PresPart ++ comp ! ag
            } ;
-       s1 = if_then_Str b [] "not"
+       s1 = \\b => if_then_Str b [] "not"
       } ;
 
 -- A simple verb can be made into a verb phrase with an empty complement.
@@ -489,16 +495,16 @@ oper
 
   Complement = Agr => Str ;
 
-  predBeGroupI : Bool -> {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} -> Complement -> VerbPhrase = 
-    \b,ant,vg ->
-    {s = table {
-       VIInfinit => \\a => ant.s ++ case ant.a of {
+  predBeGroupI : Complement -> VerbClause = 
+    \vg ->
+    {s = \\b,ant => table {
+       VIInfinit => \\a => case ant of {
          Simul => "be" ++ vg ! a ;
          Anter => "have" ++ "been" ++ vg ! a
          } ;
        VIPresPart => \\a => "being" ++ vg ! a
        } ; 
-    s1 = if_then_Str b [] "not" ;
+    s1 = \\b => if_then_Str b [] "not" ;
     } ;
 
 
@@ -981,9 +987,12 @@ oper
 
   slashVerbVerb : NounPhrase -> VerbVerb -> TransVerb -> ClauseSlashNounPhrase = 
     \you,want,lookat ->
-    let youlookat = (predVerbClause you (aux2verb want) 
-                      (complVerbVerb want (predVerbI True {s = [] ; a = Simul} lookat
-                        (complVerb lookat)))).s
+    let
+      tolook = predVerbI lookat (complVerb lookat) ; 
+      youlookat = 
+      (predVerbClause you (aux2verb want) 
+        (complVerbVerb want 
+           {s = tolook.s ! True ! Simul ; s1 = tolook.s1 ! True})).s
     in 
     {s = table {
        DirQ   => youlookat ! Inv ;
@@ -1036,6 +1045,25 @@ oper
       (predVerbGroupClause (relNounPhrase who wa.g wa.n) walks).s  ! Dir ! b ! sf
     } ;
 
+  relVerbClause : RelPron -> Verb -> Complement -> RelClause = \who,walk,here ->
+    {s = \\b,sf,a => 
+    let 
+      wa = fromAgr a ;
+      who : NounPhrase = relNounPhrase who wa.g wa.n ;
+      whowalks : Clause = predVerbClause who walk here
+    in
+    whowalks.s ! Dir ! b ! sf
+    } ;
+
+  predBeGroupR : RelPron -> Complement -> RelClause = \who,old ->
+    {s = \\b,sf,a => 
+      let 
+        wa = fromAgr a ;
+        whoisold = predBeGroup (relNounPhrase who wa.g wa.n) old
+      in
+      whoisold.s ! Dir ! b ! sf
+    } ;
+
   relSlash : RelPron -> ClauseSlashNounPhrase -> RelClause = \who,yousee ->
     {s = \\b,sf,a => 
            let
diff --git a/lib/resource/french/TypesFre.gf b/lib/resource/french/TypesFre.gf
index dc50e505f..88ed5f5ca 100644
--- a/lib/resource/french/TypesFre.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/french/TypesFre.gf
@@ -137,6 +137,14 @@ oper
 
   param RelForm = RSimple Case | RComplex Gender Number Case ;
 
+  oper  RelFormA = RelForm ;
+  npRelForm : NPFormA -> RelFormA = \np -> case np of {
+    Ton c => RSimple c ;
+    Aton c => RSimple c ;
+    Poss _ _ => RSimple genitive
+    } ;
+
+
   oper RelFormA = RelForm ;
 
 -- Verbs: conversion from full verbs to present-tense verbs.
diff --git a/lib/resource/italian/TypesIta.gf b/lib/resource/italian/TypesIta.gf
index 714fd21f9..3d8cd8671 100644
--- a/lib/resource/italian/TypesIta.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/italian/TypesIta.gf
@@ -97,6 +97,14 @@ oper
 
   oper RelFormA = RelForm ;
 
+  npRelForm : NPFormA -> RelFormA = \np -> case np of {
+    Ton c => RSimple c ;
+    Aton c => RSimple c ;
+    Poss _ _ => RSimple genitive
+    } ;
+
+  oper RelFormA = RelForm ;
+
 --2 Relative pronouns
 --
 -- The simple (atonic) relative pronoun shows genuine variation in all of the
diff --git a/lib/resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf b/lib/resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf
index c5b063091..20f8ffddb 100644
--- a/lib/resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/romance/CategoriesRomance.gf
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ lincat
       -- = {s : VF => Str} ;
   VP     = {s : Bool => Gender => VPForm => Str} ;
   VPI    = {s : VIForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str} ;
+  VCl    = {s : Bool => Anteriority => VIForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str} ;
   V2     = TransVerb ;
       -- = Verb ** {s2 : Preposition ; c : CaseA} ; 
   V3     = TransVerb ** {s3 : Preposition ; c3 : CaseA} ;
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ lincat
   TP     = {s : Str ; b : Bool ; t : Tense ; a : Anteriority} ; --- s-field is dummy
   Tense  = {s : Str ; t : Tense} ;
   Ant    = {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} ;
+  Pol    = {s : Str ; p : Bool} ;
 
   Adv    = {s : Str} ;
   AdV    = {s : Str} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource/romance/ClauseRomance.gf b/lib/resource/romance/ClauseRomance.gf
index 63744cd64..f60574e18 100644
--- a/lib/resource/romance/ClauseRomance.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/romance/ClauseRomance.gf
@@ -143,8 +143,6 @@ incomplete concrete ClauseRomance of Clause = CategoriesRomance **
         (\\_ =>  prepCase verb.c ++ vp.s ! VIInfinit ! subj.g ! subj.n ! P3)
       ) ;
 
---  QPredProgVP
-
   QPredAP subj adj = 
     sats2quest (mkSatsCopula (intNounPhrase subj) (adj.s ! AF subj.g subj.n)) ;
   QPredCN subj cn = 
@@ -156,81 +154,159 @@ incomplete concrete ClauseRomance of Clause = CategoriesRomance **
 
   QPredProgVP np vp = sats2quest (progressiveSats (intNounPhrase np) vp) ;
 
+-----------
+
+  RPredV  np v   = 
+    sats2rel (mkSats (relNounPhrase np) v) ;
+  RPredPassV subj v = 
+    sats2rel (mkSatsCopula  (relNounPhrase subj) (v.s ! VPart
+    (pgen2gen subj.g) Sg)) ; ---- subj.n
+  RPredV2 np v y = 
+    sats2rel (mkSatsObject (relNounPhrase np) v y) ;
+  RPredV3 subj verb obj1 obj2 = 
+    sats2rel (
+      insertObject (mkSatsObject (relNounPhrase subj) verb obj1) verb.c3 verb.s3 obj2
+      ) ;
+  RPredReflV2 subj verb = 
+    sats2rel (
+      mkSatsObject (relNounPhrase subj)
+        {s = verb.s ; s2 = [] ; c = accusative ; aux = AEsse}
+        (reflPronNounPhrase (pgen2gen subj.g) Sg P3)) ;
+  RPredVS subj verb sent = 
+    sats2rel (
+      insertExtrapos (mkSats (relNounPhrase subj) verb) 
+        (\\b => embedConj ++ sent.s ! subordMode verb b)) ; ---- mn
+  RPredVQ subj verb quest = 
+    sats2rel (
+      insertExtrapos (mkSats (relNounPhrase subj) verb) (\\_ => quest.s ! IndirQ)) ;
+  RPredV2S subj verb obj sent = 
+    sats2rel (
+      insertExtrapos 
+        (mkSatsObject (relNounPhrase subj) verb obj)
+        (\\b => embedConj ++ sent.s ! subordMode verb b)
+        ) ; ---- mn ;
+  RPredV2Q subj verb obj quest = 
+    sats2rel (
+      insertExtrapos 
+        (mkSatsObject (relNounPhrase subj) verb obj) 
+        (\\_ => quest.s ! IndirQ)) ;
+  RPredVA subj verb adj = 
+   sats2rel (
+     insertExtrapos (mkSats (relNounPhrase subj) verb) 
+       (\\_ => adj.s ! AF (pgen2gen subj.g) Sg)) ; ---- subj.n, etc
+  RPredV2A subj verb obj adj = 
+    sats2rel (
+      insertExtrapos 
+        (mkSatsObject (relNounPhrase subj) verb obj)
+        (\\_ =>  adj.s ! AF (pgen2gen obj.g) obj.n)) ;
+  RPredVV subj verb vp = 
+   sats2rel (
+     insertExtrapos 
+       (mkSats (relNounPhrase subj) verb) 
+       (\\_ =>  prepCase verb.c ++ 
+                vp.s ! VIInfinit ! (pgen2gen subj.g) ! (relNounPhrase subj).n ! P3)
+     ) ;
+  RPredObjV2V subj verb obj vp = 
+    sats2rel (
+      insertExtrapos 
+        (mkSatsObject (relNounPhrase subj) verb obj)
+        (\\_ =>  prepCase verb.c ++ vp.s ! VIInfinit ! pgen2gen obj.g ! obj.n ! obj.p)
+      ) ;
+  RPredSubjV2V subj verb obj vp = 
+    sats2rel (
+      insertExtrapos 
+        (mkSatsObject (relNounPhrase subj) verb obj)
+        (\\_ =>  prepCase verb.c ++ vp.s ! VIInfinit ! (pgen2gen subj.g) ! Sg ! P3)
+      ) ;
+
+  RPredAP subj adj = 
+    sats2rel (mkSatsCopula (relNounPhrase subj) (adj.s ! AF (pgen2gen subj.g) Sg)) ;
+  RPredCN subj cn = 
+    sats2rel (mkSatsCopula (relNounPhrase subj) (indefNoun Sg cn)) ;
+  RPredNP subj np = 
+    sats2rel (mkSatsCopula (relNounPhrase subj) (np.s ! stressed nominative)) ;
+  RPredAdv subj adv = 
+    sats2rel (mkSatsCopula (relNounPhrase subj) adv.s) ;
+
+  RPredProgVP np vp = sats2rel (progressiveSats (relNounPhrase np) vp) ;
+
+
+
 
 ----- gender and number of Adj
 
-  IPredV a v = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (mkSats pronImpers v) ;
-  IPredV2 a v y = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (mkSatsObject pronImpers v y) ;
-  IPredAP a adj = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (mkSatsCopula pronImpers (adj.s ! AF Masc Sg)) ;
-  IPredPassV a v = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (mkSatsCopula pronImpers (v.s ! VPart (pgen2gen pronImpers.g) pronImpers.n)) ;
-  IPredV3 a verb obj1 obj2 = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (insertObject (mkSatsObject pronImpers verb obj1) verb.c3 verb.s3 obj2) ;
-  IPredReflV2 a verb = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredV v = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (mkSats pronImpers v) ;
+  IPredV2 v y = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (mkSatsObject pronImpers v y) ;
+  IPredAP adj = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (mkSatsCopula pronImpers (adj.s ! AF Masc Sg)) ;
+  IPredPassV v = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (mkSatsCopula pronImpers (v.s ! VPart (pgen2gen pronImpers.g) pronImpers.n)) ;
+  IPredV3 verb obj1 obj2 = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (insertObject (mkSatsObject pronImpers verb obj1) verb.c3 verb.s3 obj2) ;
+  IPredReflV2 verb = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (
       mkSatsObject pronImpers
         {s = verb.s ; s2 = [] ; c = accusative ; aux = AEsse}
         ---- {s = verb.s ; s2 = verb.s2 ; c = verb.c ; aux = AEsse}
         ---- this produces huge cf - find out why! AR 16/3/2005 
         (reflPronNounPhrase (pgen2gen pronImpers.g) pronImpers.n pronImpers.p)) ;
-  IPredVS a verb sent = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredVS verb sent = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (
       insertExtrapos (mkSats pronImpers verb) 
         (\\b => embedConj ++ sent.s ! subordMode verb b)) ; ---- mn
-  IPredVQ a verb quest = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredVQ verb quest = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (
       insertExtrapos (mkSats pronImpers verb) (\\_ => quest.s ! IndirQ)) ;
-  IPredV2S a verb obj sent = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredV2S verb obj sent = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (
       insertExtrapos 
         (mkSatsObject pronImpers verb obj)
         (\\b => embedConj ++ sent.s ! subordMode verb b)
         ) ; ---- mn ;
-  IPredV2Q a verb obj quest = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredV2Q verb obj quest = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (
       insertExtrapos 
         (mkSatsObject pronImpers verb obj) 
         (\\_ => quest.s ! IndirQ)) ;
-  IPredVA a verb adj = 
-   sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredVA verb adj = 
+   sats2verbPhrase (
      insertExtrapos (mkSats pronImpers verb) (\\_ => adj.s ! AF (pgen2gen pronImpers.g) pronImpers.n)) ;
-  IPredV2A a verb obj adj = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredV2A verb obj adj = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (
       insertExtrapos 
         (mkSatsObject pronImpers verb obj)
         (\\_ =>  adj.s ! AF (pgen2gen obj.g) obj.n)) ;
-  IPredVV a verb vp = 
-   sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredVV verb vp = 
+   sats2verbPhrase (
      insertExtrapos 
        (mkSats pronImpers verb) 
        (\\_ =>  prepCase verb.c ++ vp.s ! VIInfinit ! pgen2gen pronImpers.g ! pronImpers.n ! pronImpers.p)
      ) ;
 
-  IPredObjV2V a verb obj vp = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredObjV2V verb obj vp = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (
       insertExtrapos 
         (mkSatsObject pronImpers verb obj)
         (\\_ =>  prepCase verb.c ++ vp.s ! VIInfinit ! pgen2gen obj.g ! obj.n ! obj.p)
       ) ;
-  IPredSubjV2V a verb obj vp = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (
+  IPredSubjV2V verb obj vp = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (
       insertExtrapos 
         (mkSatsObject pronImpers verb obj)
         (\\_ =>  prepCase verb.c ++ vp.s ! VIInfinit ! pgen2gen pronImpers.g ! pronImpers.n ! pronImpers.p)
       ) ;
 
 
-  IPredCN a cn = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (mkSatsCopula pronImpers (indefNoun pronImpers.n cn)) ;
-  IPredNP a np = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (mkSatsCopula pronImpers (np.s ! stressed nominative)) ;
-  IPredAdv a adv = 
-    sats2verbPhrase a (mkSatsCopula pronImpers adv.s) ;
+  IPredCN cn = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (mkSatsCopula pronImpers (indefNoun pronImpers.n cn)) ;
+  IPredNP np = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (mkSatsCopula pronImpers (np.s ! stressed nominative)) ;
+  IPredAdv adv = 
+    sats2verbPhrase (mkSatsCopula pronImpers adv.s) ;
 
-  IPredProgVP a vp = sats2verbPhrase a (progressiveSats pronImpers vp) ;
+  IPredProgVP vp = sats2verbPhrase (progressiveSats pronImpers vp) ;
 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf b/lib/resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf
index 190e5bcee..785c26dbf 100644
--- a/lib/resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/romance/RulesRomance.gf
@@ -84,6 +84,9 @@ lin
   ASimul = {s = [] ; a = Simul} ;
   AAnter = {s = [] ; a = Anter} ;
 
+  PPos = {s = [] ; p = True} ;
+  PNeg = {s = [] ; p = False} ;
+
 -- Adverbs.
 
   AdjAdv a = {s = a.s ! AA} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf b/lib/resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf
index ee825b75b..be61617b9 100644
--- a/lib/resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/romance/SyntaxRomance.gf
@@ -434,6 +434,7 @@ param
 
 oper
   VerbPhrase = {s : VIForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str} ;
+  VerbClause = {s : Bool => Anteriority => VIForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str} ;
 
   vpf2vf : VPForm -> VF = \vpf -> case vpf of {
     VPF _ vf => vf
@@ -737,7 +738,7 @@ oper
   RelSentence : Type = {s :         Mode   => Gender => Number => Person => Str} ;
 
   mkGenRel : RelGen -> Gender -> Gender = \rg,g -> case rg of {
-    RG gen => gen ;
+    PGen gen => gen ;
     _      => g
     } ;
 
@@ -1312,12 +1313,32 @@ oper
     in
     {s = \\b,f,_ => cl.s ! b ! f} ;
 
-  sats2verbPhrase : {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} -> Sats -> VerbPhrase = 
-    \ant,sats -> {s = \\vi,g,n,p => ---- b,cf =>
+
+{- ---- this does not yet get agrement right; have to integrate these two
+  RP     = {s : RelForm => Str ; g : RelGen} ;
+  NP     = {s : NPFormA => Str ; g : PronGen ; 
+            n : Number ; p : Person ; c : ClitType} ;
+  RCl    = {s : Bool => ClForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str} ;
+  RelGen = RNoGen | RG Gender ;
+
+-}
+  sats2rel : Sats -> RelClause = \x ->
+    let cl = sats2clause x
+    in
+    {s = \\b,f,_,_,_ => cl.s ! b ! f} ;
+  relNounPhrase : RelPron -> NounPhrase = \r -> {
+    s = \\np => r.s ! npRelForm np ;
+    g = r.g ;
+    n = Sg ; ----
+    p = P3 ; ----
+    c = Clit0 ;
+    } ;
+
+  sats2verbPhrase : Sats -> VerbClause = 
+    \sats -> {s = \\b,ant,vi,g,n,p =>
       let
-        b = True ; ----
         lui  = sats.s3 ;
-        dire = verbVIForm {s = sats.s4 ; aux = sats.aux} ant.a
+        dire = verbVIForm {s = sats.s4 ; aux = sats.aux} ant
                  vi g n p sats.g2 sats.n2 ;
         ai   = dire.p1 ;
         dit  = dire.p2 ;
@@ -1328,7 +1349,6 @@ oper
         oui = sats.s7 ! b
       in 
       ne ++ lui ++ ai ++ toujours ++ pas ++ dit ++ directement ++ oui
-      ++ ant.s --- always [] ; hack to avoid ? in parsing
     } ;
 
 ---- What happens to polarity and anteriority ?
diff --git a/lib/resource/romance/TypesRomance.gf b/lib/resource/romance/TypesRomance.gf
index 8bc5689e1..2b018d437 100644
--- a/lib/resource/romance/TypesRomance.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/romance/TypesRomance.gf
@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@ param
 -- language. The same concerns those parameter types that depend on case.
 -- Certain cases can however be defined.
 
-param
-  RelGen = RNoGen | RG Gender ;
+oper
+  RelGen = PronGen ;
+  RNoGen = PNoGen ;
+  RG = PGen ;
 
 oper
   CaseA : PType ;
@@ -43,6 +45,8 @@ oper
 
   RelFormA : PType ; 
 
+  npRelForm : NPFormA -> RelFormA ; 
+
 -- The genitive and dative cases are expressed by prepositions, except for
 -- clitic pronouns. The accusative case only makes a difference for pronouns.
 
diff --git a/lib/resource/scandinavian/CategoriesScand.gf b/lib/resource/scandinavian/CategoriesScand.gf
index bb4875cd2..b90796f3f 100644
--- a/lib/resource/scandinavian/CategoriesScand.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/scandinavian/CategoriesScand.gf
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ lincat
   V      = Verb ;
       -- = {s : VerbForm => Str ; s1 : Str} ;
   VP     = VerbGroup ;
+  VCl    = {s  : Bool => Anteriority => VIForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str} ;
   VPI    = {s  : VIForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str} ;
   V2     = TransVerb ; 
       -- = Verb ** {s2 : Preposition} ;
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ lincat
 
   TP     = {s : Str ; b : Bool ; t : Tense ; a : Anteriority} ; --- the Str field is dummy
   Tense  = {s : Str ; t : Tense} ;
+  Pol    = {s : Str ; p : Bool} ;
   Ant    = {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} ;
   
 
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ lincat
   RS     = {s :                  GenNum => Person => Str} ;
   RCl    = {s : Bool => SForm => GenNum => Person => Str} ;
 
-  IP     = NounPhrase ;
+  IP     = IntPron ; -- = NounPhrase ;
   IDet   = {s : NounGender => Str ; n : Number ; b : SpeciesP} ;
   QS     = {s :                  QuestForm => Str} ;
   QCl    = {s : Bool => SForm => QuestForm => Str} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource/scandinavian/ClauseScand.gf b/lib/resource/scandinavian/ClauseScand.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index 8132c9b14..000000000
--- a/lib/resource/scandinavian/ClauseScand.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
-
-incomplete concrete ClauseScand of Clause = CategoriesScand ** 
-  open Prelude, SyntaxScand in {
-
-  flags optimize=all ;
-
-  lin
-  SPredV np v = predVerbGroupClause np (predVerb v) ;
-  SPredPassV np v = predVerbGroupClause np (passVerb v) ;
-  SPredV2 np v x = predVerbGroupClause np (complTransVerb v x) ;
-  SPredReflV2 np v = predVerbGroupClause np (reflTransVerb v) ;
-  SPredV3 np v x y = predVerbGroupClause np (complDitransVerb v x y) ;
-  SPredVS np v x = predVerbGroupClause np (complSentVerb v x) ;
-  SPredVV np v x = predVerbGroupClause np (complVerbVerb v x) ;
-  SPredVQ np v x = predVerbGroupClause np (complQuestVerb v x) ;
-  SPredVA np v x = predVerbGroupClause np (complAdjVerb v x) ;
-  SPredV2A np v x y = predVerbGroupClause np (complDitransAdjVerb v x y) ;
-  SPredSubjV2V np v x y = predVerbGroupClause np (complDitransVerbVerb
-  False v x y) ;
-  SPredObjV2V np v x y = predVerbGroupClause np (complDitransVerbVerb
-  True v x y) ;
-  SPredV2S np v x y = predVerbGroupClause np (complDitransSentVerb v x y) ;
-  SPredV2Q np v x y = predVerbGroupClause np (complDitransQuestVerb v x y) ;
-
-  SPredAP np v = predVerbGroupClause np (predAdjective v) ;
-  SPredSuperl np a = predVerbGroupClause np (predAdjective (superlAdjPhrase a)) ;
-  SPredCN np v = predVerbGroupClause np (predCommNoun v) ;
-  SPredNP np v = predVerbGroupClause np (predNounPhrase v) ;
-  SPredPP np v = predVerbGroupClause np (predAdverb v) ;
-  SPredAV np v x = predVerbGroupClause np (complVerbAdj v x) ;
-  SPredObjA2V np v x y = predVerbGroupClause np (complVerbAdj2 True v x y) ;
-
-  SPredProgVP = progressiveClause ;
-
-  QPredV np v = intVerbPhrase np (predVerb v) ;
-  QPredPassV np v = intVerbPhrase np (passVerb v) ;
-  QPredV2 np v x = intVerbPhrase np (complTransVerb v x) ;
-  QPredReflV2 np v = intVerbPhrase np (reflTransVerb v) ;
-  QPredV3 np v x y = intVerbPhrase np (complDitransVerb v x y) ;
-  QPredVS np v x = intVerbPhrase np (complSentVerb v x) ;
-  QPredVV np v x = intVerbPhrase np (complVerbVerb v x) ;
-  QPredVQ np v x = intVerbPhrase np (complQuestVerb v x) ;
-  QPredVA np v x = intVerbPhrase np (complAdjVerb v x) ;
-  QPredV2A np v x y = intVerbPhrase np (complDitransAdjVerb v x y) ;
-  QPredSubjV2V np v x y = intVerbPhrase np (complDitransVerbVerb
-  False v x y) ;
-  QPredObjV2V np v x y = intVerbPhrase np (complDitransVerbVerb
-  True v x y) ;
-  QPredV2S np v x y = intVerbPhrase np (complDitransSentVerb v x y) ;
-  QPredV2Q np v x y = intVerbPhrase np (complDitransQuestVerb v x y) ;
-
-  QPredAP np v = intVerbPhrase np (predAdjective v) ;
-  QPredSuperl np a = intVerbPhrase np (predAdjective (superlAdjPhrase a)) ;
-  QPredCN np v = intVerbPhrase np (predCommNoun v) ;
-  QPredNP np v = intVerbPhrase np (predNounPhrase v) ;
-  QPredPP np v = intVerbPhrase np (predAdverb v) ;
-  QPredAV np v x = intVerbPhrase np (complVerbAdj v x) ;
-  QPredObjA2V np v x y = intVerbPhrase np (complVerbAdj2 True v x y) ;
-
-  QPredProgVP np v = intVerbPhrase np (progressiveVerbPhrase v) ;
-
-  IPredV a v = predVerbGroupI True a (predVerb v) ;
-  IPredV2 a v x = predVerbGroupI True a (complTransVerb v x) ;
-  IPredAP a v = predVerbGroupI True a (predAdjective v) ;
-
-{-
--- Use VPs
-
-  PredVP = predVerbGroupClause ;
-  IntVP = intVerbPhrase ;
-  RelVP = relVerbPhrase ;
-
-
-  PosVP tp = predVerbGroup True tp.a ;
-  NegVP tp = predVerbGroup False tp.a ;
-
-  AdvVP = adVerbPhrase ;
-  SubjVP = subjunctVerbPhrase ;
--}
-
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/resource/scandinavian/RulesScand.gf b/lib/resource/scandinavian/RulesScand.gf
index daa2b3c23..452592921 100644
--- a/lib/resource/scandinavian/RulesScand.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/scandinavian/RulesScand.gf
@@ -79,6 +79,9 @@ lin
   UseRCl tp cl = 
     {s = \\gn,p => tp.s ++ cl.s ! tp.b ! VFinite tp.t tp.a ! gn ! p} ;
   UseQCl tp cl = {s = \\q => tp.s ++ cl.s ! tp.b ! VFinite tp.t tp.a ! q} ;
+  UseVCl po a cl = {
+    s  = \\v,g,n,p => po.s ++ a.s ++ cl.s ! po.p ! a.a ! v ! g ! n ! p ; 
+    } ;
 
   PosTP t a = {s = t.s ++ a.s ; b = True  ; t = t.t ; a = a.a} ;
   NegTP t a = {s = t.s ++ a.s ; b = False ; t = t.t ; a = a.a} ;
@@ -91,6 +94,9 @@ lin
   ASimul = {s = [] ; a = Simul} ;
   AAnter = {s = [] ; a = Anter} ;
 
+  PPos = {s = [] ; p = True} ;
+  PNeg = {s = [] ; p = False} ;
+
 -- Adverbs.
 
   AdjAdv a = advPost (a.s ! adverbForm ! Nom) ;
diff --git a/lib/resource/scandinavian/SyntaxScand.gf b/lib/resource/scandinavian/SyntaxScand.gf
index fb0a8c826..36eec3a13 100644
--- a/lib/resource/scandinavian/SyntaxScand.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/scandinavian/SyntaxScand.gf
@@ -559,6 +559,9 @@ oper
   VerbPhrase : Type = {
     s : VIForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str
     } ;
+  VerbClause : Type = {
+    s : Bool => Anteriority => VIForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str
+    } ;
 
 -------------------------
 
@@ -659,8 +662,21 @@ oper
           } ---- bo shadows b
     } ;
 
-  predVerbGroupI : Bool -> {s : Str ; a : Anteriority} -> VerbGroup -> VerbPhrase = 
-    predVerbGroup ;
+  predVerbGroupI : VerbGroup -> VerbClause = \vg -> 
+    let 
+       vgs  = vg.s1 ;
+       vgs3 : SForm => Gender => Number => Person => Str = \\sf,g,n,p => 
+         vg.s4 ! sf ++ vg.s5 ! g ! n ! p ++ vg.s6 ++ vg.s7 ;
+    in
+   {s = \\b,a => 
+        table {
+          VIInfinit => \\g,n,p => 
+            vgs ! VInfinit a ++ vg.s3 ! b ++ vgs3 ! VInfinit a ! g ! n ! p ;
+          VIImperat bo =>  \\g,n,p => 
+            vgs ! VImperat ++ vg.s3 ! b ++ vgs3 ! VImperat ! g ! n ! p
+          }
+    } ;
+
 {- ----
     \b,ant,vg -> 
     let vp = predVerbGroup b ant vg in
diff --git a/lib/resource/scandinavian/VerbphraseScand.gf b/lib/resource/scandinavian/VerbphraseScand.gf
index fdbba3c38..2e9b4f761 100644
--- a/lib/resource/scandinavian/VerbphraseScand.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/scandinavian/VerbphraseScand.gf
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@ incomplete concrete VerbphraseScand of Verbphrase = CategoriesScand **
   RelVP = relVerbPhrase ;
   IntVP = intVerbPhrase ;
 
-  PosVP tp = predVerbGroup True tp ;
-  NegVP tp = predVerbGroup False tp ;
+--  PosVP tp = predVerbGroup True tp ;
+--  NegVP tp = predVerbGroup False tp ;
+  UseVP =  predVerbGroupI ;
 
   AdvVP = adVerbPhrase ;
   SubjVP = subjunctVerbPhrase ;
diff --git a/lib/resource/spanish/TypesSpa.gf b/lib/resource/spanish/TypesSpa.gf
index c8a14b0a7..03f5ae179 100644
--- a/lib/resource/spanish/TypesSpa.gf
+++ b/lib/resource/spanish/TypesSpa.gf
@@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ oper
 
   oper RelFormA = RelForm ;
 
+  npRelForm : NPFormA -> RelFormA = \np -> case np of {
+    Ton c => RSimple c ;
+    Aton c => RSimple c ;
+    Poss _ _ => RSimple genitive
+    } ;
+
 --2 Relative pronouns
 --
 -- The simple (atonic) relative pronoun shows genuine variation in all of the