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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
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<TITLE> Noun: Nouns, noun phrases, and determiners</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Noun: Nouns, noun phrases, and determiners</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2006-06-22 19:19:41 CEST</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Noun phrases</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Determiners</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Common nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Apposition</A>
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</UL>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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abstract Noun = Cat ** {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc1"></A>
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<H2>Noun phrases</H2>
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<P>
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The three main types of noun phrases are
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</P>
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<UL>
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<LI>common nouns with determiners
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<LI>proper names
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<LI>pronouns
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</UL>
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<PRE>
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fun
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DetCN : Det -> CN -> NP ; -- the man
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UsePN : PN -> NP ; -- John
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UsePron : Pron -> NP ; -- he
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Pronouns are defined in the module <A HREF="Structural.html"><CODE>Structural</CODE></A>.
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A noun phrase already formed can be modified by a <CODE>Predet</CODE>erminer.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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PredetNP : Predet -> NP -> NP; -- only the man
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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A noun phrase can also be postmodified by the past participle of a
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verb or by an adverb.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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PPartNP : NP -> V2 -> NP ; -- the number squared
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AdvNP : NP -> Adv -> NP ; -- Paris at midnight
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Determiners</H2>
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<P>
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The determiner has a fine-grained structure, in which a 'nucleus'
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quantifier and two optional parts can be discerned.
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The cardinal numeral is only available for plural determiners.
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(This is modified from CLE by further dividing their <CODE>Num</CODE> into
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cardinal and ordinal.)
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</P>
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<PRE>
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DetSg : QuantSg -> Ord -> Det ; -- this best man
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DetPl : QuantPl -> Num -> Ord -> Det ; -- these five best men
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Quantifiers that have both forms can be used in both ways.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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SgQuant : Quant -> QuantSg ; -- this
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PlQuant : Quant -> QuantPl ; -- these
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Pronouns have possessive forms. Genitives of other kinds
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of noun phrases are not given here, since they are not possible
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in e.g. Romance languages. They can be found in
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<A HREF="../abstract/Extra.gf"><CODE>Extra</CODE></A>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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PossPron : Pron -> Quant ; -- my (house)
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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All parts of the determiner can be empty, except <CODE>Quant</CODE>, which is
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the <I>kernel</I> of a determiner.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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NoNum : Num ;
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NoOrd : Ord ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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<CODE>Num</CODE> consists of either digits or numeral words.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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NumInt : Int -> Num ; -- 51
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NumNumeral : Numeral -> Num ; -- fifty-one
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The construction of numerals is defined in <A HREF="Numeral.html">Numeral</A>.
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<CODE>Num</CODE> can be modified by certain adverbs.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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AdNum : AdN -> Num -> Num ; -- almost 51
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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<CODE>Ord</CODE> consists of either digits or numeral words.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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OrdInt : Int -> Ord ; -- 51st
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OrdNumeral : Numeral -> Ord ; -- fifty-first
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Superlative forms of adjectives behave syntactically in the same way as
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ordinals.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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OrdSuperl : A -> Ord ; -- largest
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Definite and indefinite constructions are sometimes realized as
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neatly distinct words (Spanish <I>un, unos ; el, los</I>) but also without
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any particular word (Finnish; Swedish definites).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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DefArt : Quant ; -- the (house), the (houses)
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IndefArt : Quant ; -- a (house), (houses)
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Nouns can be used without an article as mass nouns. The resource does
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not distinguish mass nouns from other common nouns, which can result
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in semantically odd expressions.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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MassDet : QuantSg ; -- (beer)
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Other determiners are defined in <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A>.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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<H2>Common nouns</H2>
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<P>
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Simple nouns can be used as nouns outright.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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UseN : N -> CN ; -- house
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Relational nouns take one or two arguments.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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ComplN2 : N2 -> NP -> CN ; -- son of the king
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ComplN3 : N3 -> NP -> N2 ; -- flight from Moscow (to Paris)
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Relational nouns can also be used without their arguments.
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The semantics is typically derivative of the relational meaning.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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UseN2 : N2 -> CN ; -- son
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UseN3 : N3 -> CN ; -- flight
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Nouns can be modified by adjectives, relative clauses, and adverbs
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(the last rule will give rise to many 'PP attachment' ambiguities
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when used in connection with verb phrases).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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AdjCN : AP -> CN -> CN ; -- big house
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RelCN : CN -> RS -> CN ; -- house that John owns
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AdvCN : CN -> Adv -> CN ; -- house on the hill
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Nouns can also be modified by embedded sentences and questions.
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For some nouns this makes little sense, but we leave this for applications
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to decide. Sentential complements are defined in <A HREF="Verb.html">Verb</A>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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SentCN : CN -> SC -> CN ; -- fact that John smokes, question if he does
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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<H2>Apposition</H2>
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<P>
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This is certainly overgenerating.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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ApposCN : CN -> NP -> CN ; -- number x, numbers x and y
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.3 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
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<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml -\-toc abstract/Noun.txt -->
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</BODY></HTML>
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