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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
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<TITLE> German Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> German Lexical Paradigms</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2006-06-22 20:58:18 CEST</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Adjectives</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Prepositions</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Verbs</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Other complement patterns</A>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</P>
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<P>
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Aarne Ranta & Harald Hammarström 2003--2006
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</P>
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<P>
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This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
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expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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</P>
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<P>
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
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</P>
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<P>
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The main difference with <CODE>MorphoGer.gf</CODE> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
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</P>
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<P>
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The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
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first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
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regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
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escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
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However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
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separate module <A HREF="../../german/IrregGer.gf"><CODE>IrregGer</CODE></A>
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which covers irregularly inflected verbs.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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resource ParadigmsGer = open
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(Predef=Predef),
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Prelude,
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MorphoGer,
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CatGer
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in {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc1"></A>
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<H2>Parameters</H2>
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<P>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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oper
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Gender : Type ;
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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neuter : Gender ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Case : Type ;
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nominative : Case ;
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accusative : Case ;
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dative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Number : Type ;
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Nouns</H2>
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<P>
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Worst case: give all four singular forms, two plural forms (others + dative),
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and the gender.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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-- mann, mann, manne, mannes, männer, männern
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular heuristics recognizes some suffixes, from which it
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guesses the gender and the declension: <I>e, ung, ion</I> give the
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feminine with plural ending <I>-n, -en</I>, and the rest are masculines
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with the plural <I>-e</I> (without Umlaut).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regN : Str -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The 'almost regular' case is much like the information given in an ordinary
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dictionary. It takes the singular and plural nominative and the
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gender, and infers the other forms from these.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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reg2N : (x1,x2 : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Relational nouns need a preposition. The most common is <I>von</I> with
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the dative. Some prepositions are constructed in <A HREF="StructuralGer.html">StructuralGer</A>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
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vonN2 : N -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Use the function <CODE>mkPrep</CODE> or see the section on prepositions below to
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form other prepositions.
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</P>
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<P>
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Three-place relational nouns (<I>die Verbindung von x nach y</I>) need two prepositions.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
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The regular genitive is <I>s</I>, omitted after <I>s</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPN : (karolus, karoli : Str) -> PN ; -- karolus, karoli
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regPN : (Johann : Str) -> PN ;
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-- Johann, Johanns ; Johannes, Johannes
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<P>
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Adjectives need three forms, one for each degree.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (x1,_,x3 : Str) -> A ; -- gut,besser,beste
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular adjective formation works for most cases, and includes
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variations such as <I>teuer - teurer</I>, <I>böse - böser</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regA : Str -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Invariable adjective are a special case.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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invarA : Str -> A ; -- prima
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Two-place adjectives are formed by adding a preposition to an adjective.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc5"></A>
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<H2>Adverbs</H2>
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<P>
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Adverbs are just strings.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc6"></A>
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<H2>Prepositions</H2>
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<P>
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A preposition is formed from a string and a case.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPrep : Str -> Case -> Prep ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Often just a case with the empty string is enough.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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accPrep : Prep ;
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datPrep : Prep ;
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genPrep : Prep ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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A couple of common prepositions (always with the dative).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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von_Prep : Prep ;
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zu_Prep : Prep ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc7"></A>
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<H2>Verbs</H2>
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<P>
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The worst-case constructor needs six forms:
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</P>
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<UL>
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<LI>Infinitive,
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<LI>3p sg pres. indicative,
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<LI>2p sg imperative,
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<LI>1/3p sg imperfect indicative,
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<LI>1/3p sg imperfect subjunctive (because this uncommon form can have umlaut)
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<LI>the perfect participle
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</UL>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> V ; -- geben, gibt, gib, gab, gäbe, gegeben
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Weak verbs are sometimes called regular verbs.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regV : Str -> V ; -- führen
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Irregular verbs use Ablaut and, in the worst cases, also Umlaut.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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irregV : (x1,_,_,_,x5 : Str) -> V ; -- sehen, sieht, sah, sähe, gesehen
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To remove the past participle prefix <I>ge</I>, e.g. for the verbs
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prefixed by <I>be-, ver-</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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no_geV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To add a movable suffix e.g. <I>auf(fassen)</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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prefixV : Str -> V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To change the auxiliary from <I>haben</I> (default) to <I>sein</I> and
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vice-versa.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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seinV : V -> V ;
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habenV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Reflexive verbs can take reflexive pronouns of different cases.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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reflV : V -> Case -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object
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(accusative, transitive verbs). There is also a case for dative objects.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
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dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
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datV2 : V -> V2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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the first one or both can be absent.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- sprechen, mit, über
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dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- senden,(accusative),nach
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accdatV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,accusative,dative
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
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mkVS : V -> VS ;
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mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
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mkVV : V -> VV ;
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mkV2V : V -> Prep -> V2V ;
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mkVA : V -> VA ;
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mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ;
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mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
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mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
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mkAS : A -> AS ;
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mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
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mkAV : A -> AV ;
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mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
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just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
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as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
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<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
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AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.3 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
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<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml -\-toc german/ParadigmsGer.txt -->
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</BODY></HTML>
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