diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Question.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Question.gf index 96570700a..7f8236285 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Question.gf +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Question.gf @@ -1,16 +1,25 @@ +--1 Questions and interrogative pronouns + abstract Question = Cat ** { +-- A question can be formed from a clause ('yes-no question') or +-- with an interrogative. + fun + QuestCl : Cl -> QCl ; -- does John walk + QuestVP : IP -> VP -> QCl ; -- who walks + QuestSlash : IP -> Slash -> QCl ; -- who does John love + QuestIAdv : IAdv -> Cl -> QCl ; -- why does John walk - QuestCl : Cl -> QCl ; - QuestVP : IP -> VP -> QCl ; - QuestSlash : IP -> Slash -> QCl ; - QuestIAdv : IAdv -> Cl -> QCl ; +-- Interrogative pronouns can be formed with interrogative +-- determiners. - PrepIP : Prep -> IP -> IAdv ; - AdvIP : IP -> Adv -> IP ; - - IDetCN : IDet -> Num -> Ord -> CN -> IP ; + IDetCN : IDet -> Num -> Ord -> CN -> IP; -- which five best songs + AdvIP : IP -> Adv -> IP ; -- who in Europe + + PrepIP : Prep -> IP -> IAdv ; -- with whom + +-- More $IP$, $IDet$, and $IAdv$ are defined in +-- [Structural Structural.html]. } - diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adjective.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adjective.html index d4c4b3979..d8c01c62c 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adjective.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adjective.html @@ -6,17 +6,13 @@

Adjectives and adjectival phrases

-Author:
-Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:51 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:49 2006
+% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

- -

@@ -25,8 +21,6 @@ Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

- -

Adjectives and adjectival phrases

     abstract Adjective = Cat ** {
     
@@ -71,6 +65,6 @@ by Adverb.

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adverb.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adverb.html index a5246d883..ec17463ff 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adverb.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Adverb.html @@ -6,17 +6,13 @@

Adverbs and adverbial phrases

-Author:
-Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:51 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:49 2006
+% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

- -

@@ -25,8 +21,6 @@ Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

- -

Adverbs and adverbial phrases

     abstract Adverb = Cat ** {
     
@@ -76,6 +70,6 @@ Comparison adverbs also work as numeral adverbs.

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Basic.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Basic.html index 93786dc04..eb1891d1e 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Basic.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Basic.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

-Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:51 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:49 2006

Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

-

-== -

     abstract Basic = Cat ** {
       fun
@@ -251,6 +247,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Cat.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Cat.html index 7b97abe14..254006f3a 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Cat.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Cat.html @@ -6,30 +6,27 @@

The category system

-Author:
-Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:51 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:49 2006
+% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

-

@@ -39,15 +36,13 @@ Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

- -

The category system

     abstract Cat = {
     
       cat

- +

Top-level units

Constructed in Phrase. @@ -59,7 +54,7 @@ Constructed in Phrase. Voc ; -- vocative or "please" e.g. "my darling"

- +

Tensed sentences

Constructed in Tensed. @@ -71,7 +66,7 @@ A simplified variant, with just present forms, is Untens RS ; -- relative e.g. "in which she lived"

- +

Clauses

Constructed in Sentence. @@ -83,7 +78,7 @@ Constructed in Sentence. SC ; -- embedded sentence or question e.g. "that it rains"

- +

Questions and interrogatives

Constructed in Question. @@ -95,7 +90,7 @@ Constructed in Question. IDet ; -- interrogative determiner e.g. "which"

- +

Relative clauses and pronouns

Constructed in Relative. @@ -105,7 +100,7 @@ Constructed in Relative. RP ; -- relative pronoun e.g. "in which"

- +

Verb phrases

Constructed in Verb. @@ -115,7 +110,7 @@ Constructed in Verb. Comp ; -- complement of copula, such as AP e.g. "very warm"

- +

Adjectival phrases

Constructed in Adjective. @@ -124,7 +119,7 @@ Constructed in Adjective. AP ; -- adjectival phrase e.g. "very warm"

- +

Nouns and noun phrases

Constructed in Noun. @@ -150,7 +145,7 @@ as defined in Noun. Ord ; -- ordinal number (used in Det) e.g. "seventh"

- +

Adverbs

Constructed in Adverb. @@ -163,7 +158,7 @@ Many adverbs are constructed in Structural. AdN ; -- numeral-modifying adverb, e.g. "more than"

- +

Numerals

Constructed in Numeral. @@ -172,7 +167,7 @@ Constructed in Numeral. Numeral;-- cardinal or ordinal, e.g. "five/fifth"

- +

Structural words

Constructed in Structural. @@ -186,7 +181,7 @@ Constructed in Structural. Prep ; -- preposition, or just case e.g. "in"

- +

Words of open classes

These are constructed in Basic and in additional lexicon modules. @@ -213,6 +208,6 @@ These are constructed in Basic and in additional lexico

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Conjunction.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Conjunction.html index 03cb00c73..f65ab7bb5 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Conjunction.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Conjunction.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

-Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:51 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:49 2006

Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

-

-== -

     abstract Conjunction = Cat ** {
     
@@ -54,6 +50,6 @@ These categories are internal to this module.

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lang.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lang.html index 96cb8a476..022d53601 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lang.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lang.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

-Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:51 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:50 2006

Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

-

-== -

     abstract Lang = 
       Noun,
@@ -43,6 +39,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lex.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lex.html index 48dc1dca3..cd9c4bb98 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lex.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Lex.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

-Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:52 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:50 2006

Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

-

-== -

     abstract Lex = Cat ** {
     
@@ -66,7 +62,7 @@ structural
     
         always_AdV : AdV ;
     
-        one_Numeral, forty_Numeral : Numeral ;
+        forty_Numeral : Numeral ;
     
         in_Prep, of_Prep : Prep ;
     
@@ -84,6 +80,6 @@ structural

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Math.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Math.html index 09673ac6a..02ae4adca 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Math.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Math.html @@ -18,17 +18,13 @@

-Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:52 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:50 2006

Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

-

-== -

     abstract Math = Cat ** {
@@ -63,6 +59,6 @@ This produces x, y and z, in English.

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Noun.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Noun.html index d04338891..750753fe9 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Noun.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Noun.html @@ -6,21 +6,18 @@

The construction of nouns, noun phrases, and determiners

-Author:
-Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:52 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:50 2006
+% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

-

@@ -30,13 +27,11 @@ Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

- -

The construction of nouns, noun phrases, and determiners

     abstract Noun = Cat ** {

- +

Noun phrases

The three main types of noun phrases are @@ -62,7 +57,7 @@ A noun phrase already formed can be modified by a Predeterminer. PredetNP : Predet -> NP -> NP; -- only the man

- +

Determiners

The determiner has a fine-grained structure, in which a 'nucleus' @@ -151,7 +146,7 @@ in semantically odd expressions.

Other determiners are defined in Structural.

- +

Common nouns

Simple nouns can be used as nouns outright. @@ -197,6 +192,6 @@ to decide. Sentential complements are defined in Verb.

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Numeral.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Numeral.html index 553bd6940..2d927f05f 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Numeral.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Numeral.html @@ -13,8 +13,7 @@

-Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:52 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:51 2006

Produced by @@ -22,9 +21,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

-== -

-

numerals from 1 to 999999 in decimal notation 

@@ -60,6 +56,6 @@ numerals from 1 to 999999 in decimal notation

- + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html index cad761aeb..0549823b3 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html @@ -29,11 +29,12 @@
  • Verbs -
  • Definitions of paradigms +
  • Definitions of paradigms @@ -41,8 +42,7 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:54 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:53 2006

    Produced by @@ -50,9 +50,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -== -

    -

    # -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude

    @@ -189,7 +186,7 @@ Relational nouns (daughter of x) need a preposition.

    The most common preposition is of, and the following is a -shortcut for regular, nonhuman relational nouns with of. +shortcut for regular relational nouns with of. 

           regN2 : Str -> N2 ;
@@ -390,6 +387,15 @@ The particle, such as in switch on, is given as a string.

    +

    Reflexive verbs

    +

    +By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that. +

    +
    +      reflV  : V -> V ;
+
    +

    +

    Two-place verbs

    Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. @@ -401,7 +407,7 @@ Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. dirV2 : V -> V2 ;

    - +

    Three-place verbs

    Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which @@ -413,7 +419,7 @@ the first one or both can be absent. dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_

    - +

    Other complement patterns

    Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, @@ -447,13 +453,13 @@ as an adverb. Likewise AS, A2S, AV, A2V are just A. AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;

    - +

    Definitions of paradigms

    The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are hidden from the document.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsGer.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsGer.html index a8804a47b..2f3f46889 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsGer.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsGer.html @@ -9,12 +9,30 @@

    + +

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:54 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:53 2006

    Produced by @@ -22,574 +40,316 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -== -

    -

    ---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude -

    -

    ---1 German Lexical Paradigms --- --- Aarne Ranta 2003--2005 --- --- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar --- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming --- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs. --- --- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are --- accessed through the resource syntax API, Structural.gf. --- --- The main difference with MorphoGer.gf is that the types --- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover --- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather --- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms. --- --- The structure of functions for each word class C is the following: --- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all --- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function mkC, which serves as an --- escape to construct the most irregular words of type C. --- However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a --- separate module IrregularGer, which covers all irregularly inflected --- words. --- --- The following modules are presupposed: -

    -

    -resource ParadigmsGer = open -(Predef=Predef), -Prelude, -MorphoGer, -CatGer -in { ---2 Parameters --- --- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. -

    -

    -oper -Gender : Type ; -

    -

    -human : Gender ; -nonhuman : Gender ; -masculine : Gender ; -feminite : Gender ; -

    -

    --- To abstract over number names, we define the following. -

    -

    -Number : Type ; -

    -

    -singular : Number ; -plural : Number ; -

    -

    --- To abstract over case names, we define the following. -

    -

    -Case : Type ; -

    -

    -nominative : Case ; -genitive : Case ; -

    -

    --- Prepositions are used in many-argument functions for rection. -

    -

    -Preposition : Type ; -

    -

    ---2 Nouns -

    -

    --- Worst case: give all four forms and the semantic gender. -

    -

    -mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ; -

    -

    --- The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with --- s,sh,x,z or y: kiss - kisses, flash - flashes; --- fly - flies (but toy - toys), -

    -

    -regN : Str -> N ; -

    -

    --- In practice the worst case is just: give singular and plural nominative. -

    -

    -mk2N : (man,men : Str) -> N ; -

    -

    --- All nouns created by the previous functions are marked as --- nonhuman. If you want a human noun, wrap it with the following --- function: -

    -

    -genderN : Gender -> N -> N ; -

    -

    ---3 Compound nouns --- --- All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns, --- such as baby boom. -

    -

    ---3 Relational nouns --- --- Relational nouns (daughter of x) need a preposition. -

    -

    -mkN2 : N -> Preposition -> N2 ; -

    -

    --- The most common preposition is of, and the following is a --- shortcut for regular, nonhuman relational nouns with of. -

    -

    -regN2 : Str -> N2 ; -

    -

    --- Use the function mkPreposition or see the section on prepositions below to --- form other prepositions. --- --- Three-place relational nouns (the connection from x to y) need two prepositions. -

    -

    -mkN3 : N -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 ; -

    -

    ---3 Relational common noun phrases --- --- In some cases, you may want to make a complex CN into a --- relational noun (e.g. the old town hall of). -

    -

    -cnN2 : CN -> Preposition -> N2 ; -cnN3 : CN -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 ; -

    -

    --- ---3 Proper names and noun phrases --- --- Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows -

    -

    -regPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- John, John's -

    -

    --- Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. Bank. -

    -

    -nounPN : N -> PN ; -

    -

    --- To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular --- genitive, you can use the worst-case function. -

    -

    -mkNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ; -

    -

    ---2 Adjectives -

    -

    --- Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms: one for --- the adjectival and one for the adverbial form (free - freely) -

    -

    -mkA : (free,freely : Str) -> A ; -

    -

    --- For regular adjectives, the adverbial form is derived. This holds --- even for cases with the variation happy - happily. -

    -

    -regA : Str -> A ; -

    -

    ---3 Two-place adjectives --- --- Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. -

    -

    -mkA2 : A -> Preposition -> A2 ; -

    -

    --- Comparison adjectives may two more forms. -

    -

    -ADeg : Type ; -

    -

    -mkADeg : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> ADeg ; -

    -

    --- The regular pattern recognizes two common variations: --- -e (rude - ruder - rudest) and --- -y (happy - happier - happiest - happily) -

    -

    -regADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- long, longer, longest -

    -

    --- However, the duplication of the final consonant is nor predicted, --- but a separate pattern is used: -

    -

    -duplADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- fat, fatter, fattest -

    -

    --- If comparison is formed by more, //most, as in general for// --- long adjective, the following pattern is used: -

    -

    -compoundADeg : A -> ADeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous -

    -

    --- From a given ADeg, it is possible to get back to A. -

    -

    -adegA : ADeg -> A ; -

    -

    ---2 Adverbs -

    -

    --- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position --- after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. always). -

    -

    -mkAdv : Str -> Adv ; -mkAdV : Str -> AdV ; -

    -

    --- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed. -

    -

    -mkAdA : Str -> AdA ; -

    -

    ---2 Prepositions --- --- A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to --- build PPs in the resource API, just requires a string. -

    -

    -mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition ; -mkPrep : Str -> Prep ; -

    -

    --- (These two functions are synonyms.) -

    -

    ---2 Verbs --- --- Except for be, the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and --- the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the --- past and present participles. -

    -

    -mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V ; -

    -

    --- The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last --- character is y (cry - cries but buy - buys) or s, sh, x, z --- (fix - fixes, etc). -

    -

    -regV : Str -> V ; -

    -

    --- The following variant duplicates the last letter in the forms like --- rip - ripped - ripping. -

    -

    -regDuplV : Str -> V ; -

    -

    --- There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module IrregularGer. --- In practice, it is enough to give three forms, --- e.g. drink - drank - drunk, with a variant indicating consonant --- duplication in the present participle. -

    -

    -irregV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ; -irregDuplV : (get, got, gotten : Str) -> V ; -

    -

    ---3 Verbs with a particle. --- --- The particle, such as in switch on, is given as a string. -

    -

    -partV : V -> Str -> V ; -

    -

    ---3 Two-place verbs --- --- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. --- (transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the V. -

    -

    -mkV2 : V -> Preposition -> V2 ; -

    -

    -dirV2 : V -> V2 ; -

    -

    ---3 Three-place verbs --- --- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which --- the first one or both can be absent. -

    -

    -mkV3 : V -> Preposition -> Preposition -> V3 ; -- speak, with, about -dirV3 : V -> Preposition -> V3 ; -- give,_,to -dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_ -

    -

    ---3 Other complement patterns --- --- Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, --- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives. -

    -

    -mkV0 : V -> V0 ; -mkVS : V -> VS ; -mkV2S : V -> Str -> V2S ; -mkVV : V -> VV ; -mkV2V : V -> Str -> Str -> V2V ; -mkVA : V -> VA ; -mkV2A : V -> Str -> V2A ; -mkVQ : V -> VQ ; -mkV2Q : V -> Str -> V2Q ; -

    -

    -mkAS : A -> AS ; -mkA2S : A -> Str -> A2S ; -mkAV : A -> AV ; -mkA2V : A -> Str -> A2V ; -

    -

    --- Notice: categories V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q are in v 1.0 treated --- just as synonyms of V2, and the second argument is given --- as an adverb. Likewise AS, A2S, AV, A2V are just A. --- V0 is just V. -

    -

    -V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ; -AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; -

    -

    ---2 Definitions of paradigms --- --- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are --- hidden from the document. ---. -

    -

    -Gender = MorphoGer.Gender ; -Number = MorphoGer.Number ; -Case = MorphoGer.Case ; -human = Masc ; -nonhuman = Neutr ; -masculine = Masc ; -feminine = Fem ; -singular = Sg ; -plural = Pl ; -nominative = Nom ; -genitive = Gen ; -

    -

    -Preposition = Str ; -

    -

    -regN = \ray -> -let -ra = Predef.tk 1 ray ; -y = Predef.dp 1 ray ; -r = Predef.tk 2 ray ; -ay = Predef.dp 2 ray ; -rays = -case y of { -y => y2ie ray s ; -s => ray + es ; -z => ray + es ; -x => ray + es ; -_ => case ay of { -sh => ray + es ; -ch => ray + es ; -_ => ray + s -} -} -in -mk2N ray rays ; -

    -

    -mk2N = \man,men -> -let mens = case last men of { -s => men + ' ; -_ => men + 's -} -in -mkN man men (man + 's) mens ; -

    -

    -mkN = \man,men,man's,men's -> -mkNoun man man's men men's **** {g = Neutr ; lock_N = <>} ; -

    -

    -genderN g man = {s = man.s ; g = g ; lock_N = <>} ; -

    -

    -mkN2 = \n,p -> n **** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p} ; -regN2 n = mkN2 (regN n) (mkPreposition of) ; -mkN3 = \n,p,q -> n **** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p ; c3 = q} ; -cnN2 = \n,p -> n **** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p} ; -cnN3 = \n,p,q -> n **** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p ; c3 = q} ; -

    -

    -regPN n g = nameReg n g **** {lock_PN = <>} ; -nounPN n = {s = n.s ! singular ; g = n.g ; lock_PN = <>} ; -mkNP x y n g = {s = table {Gen => x ; _ => y} ; a = agrP3 n ; -lock_NP = <>} ; -

    -

    -mkA a b = mkAdjective a a a b **** {lock_A = <>} ; -regA a = regAdjective a **** {lock_A = <>} ; -

    -

    -mkA2 a p = a **** {c2 = p ; lock_A2 = <>} ; -

    -

    -ADeg = A ; ---- -

    -

    -mkADeg a b c d = mkAdjective a b c d **** {lock_A = <>} ; -

    -

    -regADeg happy = -let -happ = init happy ; -y = last happy ; -happie = case y of { -y => happ + ie ; -e => happy ; -_ => happy + e -} ; -happily = case y of { -y => happ + ily ; -_ => happy + ly -} ; -in mkADeg happy (happie + r) (happie + st) happily ; -

    -

    -duplADeg fat = -mkADeg fat -(fat + last fat + er) (fat + last fat + est) (fat + ly) ; -

    -

    -compoundADeg a = -let ad = (a.s ! AAdj Posit) -in mkADeg ad (more ++ ad) (most ++ ad) (a.s ! AAdv) ; -

    -

    -adegA a = a ; -

    -

    -mkAdv x = ss x **** {lock_Adv = <>} ; -mkAdV x = ss x **** {lock_AdV = <>} ; -mkAdA x = ss x **** {lock_AdA = <>} ; -

    -

    -mkPreposition p = p ; -mkPrep p = ss p **** {lock_Prep = <>} ; -

    -

    -mkV a b c d e = mkVerb a b c d e **** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ; -

    -

    -regV cry = -let -cr = init cry ; -y = last cry ; -cries = (regN cry).s ! Pl ! Nom ; -- ! -crie = init cries ; -cried = case last crie of { -e => crie + d ; -_ => crie + ed -} ; -crying = case y of { -e => case last cr of { -e => cry + ing ; -_ => cr + ing -} ; -_ => cry + ing -} -in mkV cry cries cried cried crying ; -

    -

    -regDuplV fit = -let fitt = fit + last fit in -mkV fit (fit + s) (fitt + ed) (fitt + ed) (fitt + ing) ; -

    -

    -irregV x y z = let reg = (regV x).s in -mkV x (reg ! VPres) y z (reg ! VPresPart) **** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ; -

    -

    -irregDuplV fit y z = -let -fitting = (regDuplV fit).s ! VPresPart -in -mkV fit (fit + s) y z fitting ; -

    -

    -partV v p = verbPart v p **** {lock_V = <>} ; -

    -

    -mkV2 v p = v **** {s = v.s ; s1 = v.s1 ; c2 = p ; lock_V2 = <>} ; -dirV2 v = mkV2 v [] ; -

    -

    -mkV3 v p q = v **** {s = v.s ; s1 = v.s1 ; c2 = p ; c3 = q ; lock_V3 = <>} ; -dirV3 v p = mkV3 v [] p ; -dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v [] ; -

    -

    -mkVS v = v **** {lock_VS = <>} ; -mkVV v = v **** {c2 = to ; lock_VV = <>} ; -mkVQ v = v **** {lock_VQ = <>} ; -

    -

    -V0 : Type = V ; -V2S, V2V, V2Q, V2A : Type = V2 ; -AS, A2S, AV : Type = A ; -A2V : Type = A2 ; -

    -

    -mkV0 v = v **** {lock_V = <>} ; -mkV2S v p = mkV2 v p **** {lock_V2 = <>} ; -mkV2V v p t = mkV2 v p **** {s4 = t ; lock_V2 = <>} ; -mkVA v = v **** {lock_VA = <>} ; -mkV2A v p = mkV2 v p **** {lock_V2A = <>} ; -mkV2Q v p = mkV2 v p **** {lock_V2 = <>} ; -

    -

    -mkAS v = v **** {lock_A = <>} ; -mkA2S v p = mkA2 v p **** {lock_A = <>} ; -mkAV v = v **** {lock_A = <>} ; -mkA2V v p = mkA2 v p **** {lock_A2 = <>} ; -

    -

    -} ; +# -path=.:../common:../abstract:../../prelude +

    + +

    German Lexical Paradigms

    +

    +Aarne Ranta 2003--2005 +

    +

    +This is an API to the user of the resource grammar +for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming +expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs. +

    +

    +Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are +accessed through the resource syntax API, Structural.gf. +

    +

    +The main difference with MorphoGer.gf is that the types +referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover +had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather +than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms. +

    +

    +The structure of functions for each word class C is the following: +first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all +regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function mkC, which serves as an +escape to construct the most irregular words of type C. +However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a +separate module IrregularGer, which covers all irregularly inflected +words. +

    +
    +    resource ParadigmsGer = open 
+      (Predef=Predef), 
+      Prelude, 
+      MorphoGer,
+      CatGer
+      in {
+
    +

    + +

    Parameters

    +

    +To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. +

    +
    +    oper
+      Gender    : Type ; 
+    
+      masculine : Gender ;
+      feminine  : Gender ;
+      neuter    : Gender ;
+
    +

    +

    +To abstract over case names, we define the following. +

    +
    +      Case       : Type ; 
+    
+      nominative : Case ;
+      accusative : Case ;
+      dative     : Case ;
+      genitive   : Case ;
+
    +

    +

    +To abstract over number names, we define the following. +

    +
    +      Number    : Type ; 
+    
+      singular  : Number ;
+      plural    : Number ;
+
    +

    + +

    Nouns

    +

    +Worst case: give all four singular forms, two plural forms (others + dative), +and the gender. +

    +
    +      mkN : (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> Gender -> N ; 
+                                     -- mann, mann, manne, mannes, männer, männern
+
    +

    +

    +The regular heuristics recognizes some suffixes, from which it +guesses the gender and the declension: e, ung, ion give the +feminine with plural ending -n, -en, and the rest are masculines +with the plural -e (without Umlaut). +

    +
    +      regN : Str -> N ;
+
    +

    +

    +The 'almost regular' case is much like the information given in an ordinary +dictionary. It takes the singular and plural nominative and the +gender, and infers the other forms from these. +

    +
    +      reg2N : (x1,x2 : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
+
    +

    +

    +Relational nouns need a preposition. The most common is von with +the dative. Some prepositions are constructed in StructuralGer. +

    +
    +      mkN2  : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
+      vonN2 : N -> N2 ;
+
    +

    +

    +Use the function mkPrep or see the section on prepositions below to +form other prepositions. +

    +

    +Three-place relational nouns (die Verbindung von x nach y) need two prepositions. +

    +
    +      mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
+
    +

    + +

    Proper names and noun phrases

    +

    +Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows +The regular genitive is s, omitted after s. +

    +
    +      mkPN  : (karolus, karoli : Str) -> PN ; -- karolus, karoli
+      regPN : (Johann : Str) -> PN ;          -- Johann, Johanns ; Johannes, Johannes
+
    +

    + +

    Adjectives

    +

    +Adjectives need four forms: two for the positive and one for the other degrees. +

    +
    +      mkA : (x1,_,_,x4 : Str) -> A ; -- gut,gut,besser,best 
+
    +

    +

    +The regular adjective formation works for most cases, and includes +variations such as teuer - teurer, böse - böser. +

    +
    +      regA : Str -> A ;
+
    +

    +

    +Invariable adjective are a special case. +

    +
    +      invarA : Str -> A ;            -- prima
+
    +

    +

    +Two-place adjectives are formed by adding a preposition to an adjective. +

    +
    +      mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
+
    +

    + +

    Prepositions

    +

    +A preposition is formed from a string and a case. +

    +
    +      mkPrep : Str -> Case -> Prep ;
+
    +

    +

    +Often just a case with the empty string is enough. +

    +
    +      accPrep : Prep ;
+      datPrep : Prep ;
+      genPrep : Prep ;
+
    +

    +

    +A couple of common prepositions (always with the dative). +

    +
    +      von_Prep : Prep ;
+      zu_Prep  : Prep ;
+
    +

    + +

    Verbs

    +

    +The worst-case constructor needs six forms: +

    + + +

    +Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object +(accusative, transitive verbs). There is also a case for dative objects. +

    +
    +      mkV2  : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
+    
+      dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
+      datV2 : V -> V2 ;
+
    +

    + +

    Three-place verbs

    +

    +Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which +the first one or both can be absent. +

    +
    +      mkV3     : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ;  -- speak, with, about
+      dirV3    : V -> Prep -> V3 ;                -- give,_,to
+      accdatV3 : V -> V3 ;                               -- give,_,_
+
    +

    + +

    Other complement patterns

    +

    +Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, +questions, verb phrases, and adjectives. +

    +
    +      mkV0  : V -> V0 ;
+      mkVS  : V -> VS ;
+      mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
+      mkVV  : V -> VV ;
+      mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
+      mkVA  : V -> VA ;
+      mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ;
+      mkVQ  : V -> VQ ;
+      mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
+    
+      mkAS  : A -> AS ;
+      mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
+      mkAV  : A -> AV ;
+      mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ;
+
    +

    +

    +Notice: categories V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q are in v 1.0 treated +just as synonyms of V2, and the second argument is given +as an adverb. Likewise AS, A2S, AV, A2V are just A. +V0 is just V. +

    +
    +      V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
+      AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
+
    +

    + +

    Definitions of paradigms

    +

    +The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are +hidden from the document.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsSwe.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsSwe.html index 39a209a03..71f294930 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsSwe.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsSwe.html @@ -42,8 +42,7 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:54 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:53 2006

    Produced by @@ -51,9 +50,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -== -

    -

    # -path=.:../scandinavian:../common:../abstract:../../prelude

    @@ -383,10 +379,12 @@ The particle, such as in passa p

    Deponent verbs.

    -Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. hoppas. +Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. hoppas, some as +reflexive e.g. ångra sig. 

           depV  : V -> V ;
+      reflV : V -> V ;

    @@ -454,6 +452,6 @@ The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are hidden from the document.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Phrase.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Phrase.html index 71e8331ff..2e8a74faf 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Phrase.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Phrase.html @@ -6,17 +6,13 @@

    Phrases and utterances

    -Author:
    -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:52 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:51 2006
    +% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

    - -

    @@ -25,8 +21,6 @@ Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    - -

    Phrases and utterances

         abstract Phrase = Cat, Tense ** {
    @@ -87,6 +81,6 @@ which may be overgenerating (e.g. I).

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Question.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Question.html index 447c63323..92b963799 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Question.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Question.html @@ -2,8 +2,12 @@ + Questions and interrogative pronouns +

    Questions and interrogative pronouns

    +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:51 2006
    +% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

    @@ -13,36 +17,46 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:52 2006 -

    -

    Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -

    -== -

         abstract Question = Cat ** {
-    
+
    +

    +

    +A question can be formed from a clause ('yes-no question') or +with an interrogative. +

    +
           fun
+        QuestCl    : Cl -> QCl ;                   -- does John walk
+        QuestVP    : IP -> VP -> QCl ;             -- who walks
+        QuestSlash : IP -> Slash -> QCl ;          -- who does John love
+        QuestIAdv  : IAdv -> Cl -> QCl ;           -- why does John walk
+
    +

    +

    +Interrogative pronouns can be formed with interrogative +determiners. +

    +
    +        IDetCN  : IDet -> Num -> Ord -> CN -> IP;  -- which five best songs
+        AdvIP   : IP -> Adv -> IP ;                -- who in Europe
     
-        QuestCl    : Cl -> QCl ;
-        QuestVP    : IP -> VP -> QCl ;
-        QuestSlash : IP -> Slash -> QCl ;
-        QuestIAdv  : IAdv -> Cl -> QCl ;
-    
-        PrepIP : Prep -> IP -> IAdv ;
-        AdvIP  : IP -> Adv -> IP ;
-    
-        IDetCN : IDet -> Num -> Ord -> CN -> IP ;
-    
+        PrepIP  : Prep -> IP -> IAdv ;             -- with whom
+
    +

    +

    +More IP, IDet, and IAdv are defined in +Structural. +

    +
         }

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Relative.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Relative.html index b23547276..69e685b92 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Relative.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Relative.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:53 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:51 2006

    Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -

    -== -

         abstract Relative = Cat ** {
     
@@ -40,6 +36,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Sentence.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Sentence.html index 453b85ab1..a5373231c 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Sentence.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Sentence.html @@ -6,22 +6,19 @@

    Clauses, imperatives, and sentential complements

    -Author:
    -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:53 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:51 2006
    +% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

    -

    @@ -31,13 +28,11 @@ Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    - -

    Clauses, imperatives, and sentential complements

         abstract Sentence = Cat ** {

    - +

    Clauses

    The NP VP predication rule form a clause whose linearization @@ -58,7 +53,7 @@ is only meaningful for some verb phrases. PredSCVP : SC -> VP -> Cl ; -- that you go makes me happy

    - +

    Clauses missing object noun phrases

    This category is a variant of the 'slash category' S/NP of @@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ the style of CCG. SlashPrep : Cl -> Prep -> Slash ; -- (with whom) he walks

    - +

    Imperatives

    An imperative is straightforwardly formed from a verb phrase. @@ -87,7 +82,7 @@ To fix these parameters, see Phrase. ImpVP : VP -> Imp ; -- go

    - +

    Embedded sentences

    Sentences, questions, and infinitival phrases can be used as @@ -102,6 +97,6 @@ subjects and (adverbial) complements.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/SeqConjunction.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/SeqConjunction.html index 9642b156a..1def9dbbf 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/SeqConjunction.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/SeqConjunction.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:53 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:52 2006

    Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -

    -== -

         abstract SeqConjunction = Cat ** {
    @@ -74,6 +70,6 @@ we use right-associative lists instead of GF's built-in lists

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Structural.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Structural.html index 1982c9b04..967250e9c 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Structural.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Structural.html @@ -6,17 +6,13 @@

    GF Resource Grammar API for Structural Words

    -Author:
    -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:53 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:52 2006
    +% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

    - -

    @@ -25,8 +21,6 @@ Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    - -

    GF Resource Grammar API for Structural Words

    AR 21/11/2003 -- 30/11/2005

    @@ -164,6 +158,6 @@ they8fem_NP : NP ;

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Tense.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Tense.html index 1267a0c7d..791233b89 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Tense.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Tense.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:53 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:52 2006

    Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -

    -== -

         abstract Tense = {
     
@@ -41,6 +37,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Tensed.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Tensed.html index a70e614a6..07b72fa50 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Tensed.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Tensed.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:53 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:52 2006

    Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -

    -== -

         abstract Tensed = Cat, Tense ** {
     
@@ -36,6 +32,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Test.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Test.html index f7af06074..5bf1ebd6e 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Test.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Test.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:53 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:52 2006

    Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -

    -== -

         abstract Test = 
       Noun,
@@ -43,6 +39,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Untensed.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Untensed.html index b8eda917f..75f822dc0 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Untensed.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Untensed.html @@ -13,17 +13,13 @@

    -Author: -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:54 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:52 2006

    Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    -

    -== -

         abstract Untensed = Cat ** {
     
@@ -36,6 +32,6 @@ gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.

    - + diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Verb.html b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Verb.html index b5f0de297..d84d2b402 100644 --- a/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Verb.html +++ b/lib/resource-1.0/doc/gfdoc/Verb.html @@ -6,22 +6,19 @@

    The construction of verb phrases

    -Author:
    -Last update: Fri Jan 13 16:46:54 2006 +Last update: Mon Jan 16 22:47:53 2006
    +% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.

    -

    @@ -31,13 +28,11 @@ Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

    - -

    The construction of verb phrases

         abstract Verb = Cat ** {

    - +

    Complementization rules

    Verb phrases are constructed from verbs by providing their @@ -57,7 +52,7 @@ complements. There is one rule for each verb category. ComplV2A : V2A -> NP -> AP -> VP ; -- paint the house red

    - +

    Other ways of forming verb phrases

    Verb phrases can also be constructed reflexively and from @@ -98,7 +93,7 @@ vs. next to (or before) the verb. Agents of passives are constructed as adverbs with the preposition Structural.8agent_Prep.

    - +

    Complements to copula

    Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used. @@ -109,7 +104,7 @@ Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used. CompAdv : Adv -> Comp ; -- (be) here

    - +

    Coercions

    Verbs can change subcategorization patterns in systematic ways, @@ -124,6 +119,6 @@ work in all the languages we cover.

    - +