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https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git
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aarne
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lib/resource/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html
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lib/resource/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsEng.html
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
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<TITLE> English Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> English Lexical Paradigms</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2007-06-25 18:09:50 CEST</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Adjectives</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Two-place adjectives</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Prepositions</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Verbs</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Other complement patterns</A>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</P>
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<P>
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Aarne Ranta 2003--2005
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</P>
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<P>
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This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
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expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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</P>
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<P>
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
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</P>
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<P>
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The main difference with <CODE>MorphoEng.gf</CODE> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
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</P>
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<P>
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The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
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first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
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regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
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escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
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However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
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separate module <A HREF="../../english/IrregEng.gf"><CODE>IrregEng</CODE></A>,
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which covers irregular verbss.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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resource ParadigmsEng = open
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(Predef=Predef),
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Prelude,
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MorphoEng,
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CatEng
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in {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc1"></A>
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<H2>Parameters</H2>
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<P>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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oper
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Gender : Type ;
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human : Gender ;
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nonhuman : Gender ;
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masculine : Gender ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Number : Type ;
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Case : Type ;
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nominative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Prepositions are used in many-argument functions for rection.
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The resource category <CODE>Prep</CODE> is used.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Nouns</H2>
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<P>
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Nouns are constructed by the function <CODE>mkN</CODE>, which takes a varying
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number of arguments.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with
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<I>s</I>,<I>sh</I>,<I>x</I>,<I>z</I> or <I>y</I>: <I>kiss - kisses</I>, <I>flash - flashes</I>;
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<I>fly - flies</I> (but <I>toy - toys</I>),
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (flash : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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In practice the worst case is to give singular and plural nominative.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (man,men : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The theoretical worst case: give all four forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
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<P>
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A compound noun is an uninflected string attached to an inflected noun,
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such as <I>baby boom</I>, <I>chief executive officer</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : Str -> N -> N
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
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<P>
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Relational nouns (<I>daughter of x</I>) need a preposition.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The most common preposition is <I>of</I>, and the following is a
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shortcut for regular relational nouns with <I>of</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regN2 : Str -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Use the function <CODE>mkPrep</CODE> or see the section on prepositions below to
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form other prepositions.
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</P>
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<P>
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Three-place relational nouns (<I>the connection from x to y</I>) need two prepositions.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc5"></A>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed from strings.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPN : overload {
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mkPN : Str -> PN ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Sometimes a common noun can be reused as a proper name, e.g. <I>Bank</I>
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPN : N -> PN
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc6"></A>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<PRE>
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mkA : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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For regular adjectives, the adverbial and comparison forms are derived. This holds
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even for cases with the variations <I>happy - happily - happier - happiest</I>,
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<I>free - freely - freer - freest</I>, and <I>rude - rudest</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (happy : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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However, the duplication of the final consonant cannot be predicted,
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but a separate case is used to give the comparative
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (fat,fatter : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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As many as four forms may be needed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> A
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To force comparison to be formed by <I>more - most</I>,
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the following function is used:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compoundA : A -> A ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc7"></A>
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<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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<H2>Adverbs</H2>
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<P>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
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after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. <I>always</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
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mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<H2>Prepositions</H2>
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<P>
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A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to
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build <CODE>PP</CODE>s in the resource API, just requires a string.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
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noPrep : Prep ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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(These two functions are synonyms.)
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H2>Verbs</H2>
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<P>
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Verbs are constructed by the function <CODE>mkV</CODE>, which takes a varying
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number of arguments.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last
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character is <I>y</I> (<I>cry-cries</I> but <I>buy-buys</I>) or a sibilant
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(<I>kiss-</I>kisses<I>, //jazz-jazzes</I>, <I>rush-rushes</I>, <I>munch - munches</I>, //
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<I>fix - fixes</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (cry : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Give the present and past forms for regular verbs where
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the last letter is duplicated in some forms,
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e.g. <I>rip - ripped - ripping</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (stop, stopped : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module <CODE>IrregularEng</CODE>.
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In practice, it is enough to give three forms,
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e.g. <I>drink - drank - drunk</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Irregular verbs with duplicated consonant in the present participle.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (run, ran, run, running : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Except for <I>be</I>, the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and
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the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the
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past and present participles.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V
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};
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Verbs with a particle.
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The particle, such as in <I>switch on</I>, is given as a string.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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partV : V -> Str -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Reflexive verbs.
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By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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reflV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
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(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV2 : overload {
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ; -- believe in
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mkV2 : V -> V2 -- kill
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};
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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the first one or both can be absent.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- speak, with, about
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dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- give,_,to
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dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
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mkVS : V -> VS ;
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mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
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mkVV : V -> VV ;
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mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
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mkVA : V -> VA ;
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mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ;
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mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
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mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
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mkAS : A -> AS ;
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mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
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mkAV : A -> AV ;
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mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
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just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
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as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
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<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type ;
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AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.3 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
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<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml -\-toc english/ParadigmsEng.txt -->
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</BODY></HTML>
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user