diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/Make.hs b/lib/resource-1.4/Make.hs
index 725000d3f..4bbab08cc 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/Make.hs
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/Make.hs
@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@ import System
  
 langsCoding = [
   (("arabic",   "Ara"),""),
-  (("bulgarian","Bul"),"from_cp1251,to_utf8"),
-  (("catalan",  "Cat"),"to_utf8"),
-  (("danish",   "Dan"),"to_utf8"),
+  (("bulgarian","Bul"),""),
+  (("catalan",  "Cat"),""),
+  (("danish",   "Dan"),""),
   (("english",  "Eng"),""),
-  (("finnish",  "Fin"),"to_utf8"),
-  (("french",   "Fre"),"to_utf8"),
-  (("hindi",    "Hin"),"to_devanagari,to_utf8"),
-  (("german",   "Ger"),"to_utf8"),
+  (("finnish",  "Fin"),""),
+  (("french",   "Fre"),""),
+  (("hindi",    "Hin"),"to_devanagari"),
+  (("german",   "Ger"),""),
   (("interlingua","Ina"),""),
-  (("italian",  "Ita"),"to_utf8"),
-  (("norwegian","Nor"),"to_utf8"),
+  (("italian",  "Ita"),""),
+  (("norwegian","Nor"),""),
   (("russian",  "Rus"),""),
-  (("spanish",  "Spa"),"to_utf8"),
-  (("swedish",  "Swe"),"to_utf8"), 
-  (("thai",     "Tha"),"to_thai,to_utf8")
+  (("spanish",  "Spa"),""),
+  (("swedish",  "Swe"),""), 
+  (("thai",     "Tha"),"to_thai")
   ]
 
 langs = map fst langsCoding
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/AdjectiveBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/AdjectiveBul.gf
index 2fecd1155..dfdf19763 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/AdjectiveBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/AdjectiveBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete AdjectiveBul of Adjective = CatBul ** open ResBul, Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
   lin
     PositA  a = {
       s = \\aform => a.s ! aform ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/AdverbBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/AdverbBul.gf
index 7210ea056..f886575aa 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/AdverbBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/AdverbBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete AdverbBul of Adverb = CatBul ** open ResBul, Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
   lin
     PositAdvAdj a = {s = a.adv} ;
     ComparAdvAdj cadv a np = {
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/Bulgarian.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/Bulgarian.gf
index 7fa27a6dd..596cbfc82 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/Bulgarian.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/Bulgarian.gf
@@ -3,4 +3,6 @@
 concrete Bulgarian of BulgarianAbs = 
   LangBul,
   ExtraBul
-  ** {} ;
+  ** {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/BulgarianAbs.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/BulgarianAbs.gf
index c14c7b0d6..83f17ad72 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/BulgarianAbs.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/BulgarianAbs.gf
@@ -3,4 +3,6 @@
 abstract BulgarianAbs = 
   Lang,
   ExtraBulAbs
-  ** {} ;
+  ** {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/CatBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/CatBul.gf
index 1587aa535..257c4c0f2 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/CatBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/CatBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-concrete CatBul of Cat = open ResBul, Prelude, (R = ParamX) in {
+concrete CatBul of Cat = open ResBul, Prelude, (R = ParamX) in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ConjunctionBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ConjunctionBul.gf
index 8669e8dfd..23664cd1f 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ConjunctionBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ConjunctionBul.gf
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 concrete ConjunctionBul of Conjunction = 
   CatBul ** open ResBul, Coordination, Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ExtraBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ExtraBul.gf
index ebf4b9601..1e15a19de 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ExtraBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ExtraBul.gf
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 concrete ExtraBul of ExtraBulAbs = CatBul ** 
   open ResBul, Coordination, Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   lin
     PossIndefPron p = {
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ExtraBulAbs.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ExtraBulAbs.gf
index 8e6fdeec4..fe57f33b1 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ExtraBulAbs.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ExtraBulAbs.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 abstract ExtraBulAbs = Extra ** {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
 fun
 -- Feminine variants of pronouns (those in $Structural$ are
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/GrammarBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/GrammarBul.gf
index 7fb8791be..21e437b74 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/GrammarBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/GrammarBul.gf
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ concrete GrammarBul of Grammar =
   StructuralBul,
   IdiomBul
   ** {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
 flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/IdiomBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/IdiomBul.gf
index b99106810..40536ad2e 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/IdiomBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/IdiomBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete IdiomBul of Idiom = CatBul ** open Prelude, ParadigmsBul, ResBul in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
   lin
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/LangBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/LangBul.gf
index 7dca04dee..dcfaacdc1 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/LangBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/LangBul.gf
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ concrete LangBul of Lang =
   GrammarBul,
   LexiconBul
   ** {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
 flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ; erasing = on ; coding = cp1251 ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/LexiconBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/LexiconBul.gf
index 56846f04a..5fce55c54 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/LexiconBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/LexiconBul.gf
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 concrete LexiconBul of Lexicon = CatBul ** 
   open ParadigmsBul, ResBul, Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
 flags 
   optimize=values ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/MorphoBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/MorphoBul.gf
index ed1ad0c18..c8459d0f5 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/MorphoBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/MorphoBul.gf
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ resource MorphoBul = ResBul ** open
   Predef,
   Prelude,
   CatBul
-  in {
+  in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/MorphoFunsBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/MorphoFunsBul.gf
index 6483e7fb0..678479d8e 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/MorphoFunsBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/MorphoFunsBul.gf
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ resource MorphoFunsBul = open
   Prelude, 
   CatBul,
   MorphoBul
-  in {
+  in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
 oper
 --2 Adverbs
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/NounBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/NounBul.gf
index ae8bc4b60..8c939c31d 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/NounBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/NounBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-concrete NounBul of Noun = CatBul ** open ResBul, Prelude in {
+concrete NounBul of Noun = CatBul ** open ResBul, Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/NumeralBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/NumeralBul.gf
index d09573b6c..bf89fbe21 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/NumeralBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/NumeralBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete NumeralBul of Numeral = CatBul ** open Prelude, ResBul in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
 lincat 
   Digit      = {s : DForm => CardOrd => Str} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ParadigmsBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ParadigmsBul.gf
index 731386d3e..a22cc6fe9 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ParadigmsBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ParadigmsBul.gf
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ resource ParadigmsBul = MorphoFunsBul ** open
   Prelude,
   MorphoBul,
   CatBul
-  in {
+  in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 oper
   mkN001 : Str -> N ;
   mkN001 base = let v0 = base
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/PhraseBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/PhraseBul.gf
index fb2ab25fe..0d3524832 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/PhraseBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/PhraseBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete PhraseBul of Phrase = CatBul ** open Prelude, ResBul in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   lin
     PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {s = pconj.s ++ utt.s ++ voc.s} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/QuestionBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/QuestionBul.gf
index cadd1a2b2..1032e6b44 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/QuestionBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/QuestionBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete QuestionBul of Question = CatBul ** open ResBul, Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/RelativeBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/RelativeBul.gf
index 4bdcd7faa..fefd03032 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/RelativeBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/RelativeBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete RelativeBul of Relative = CatBul ** open ResBul in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ResBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ResBul.gf
index c49613678..795b9a746 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ResBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/ResBul.gf
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 -- patterns needed for $Lex$.
 
 resource ResBul = ParamX ** open Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/SentenceBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/SentenceBul.gf
index 6a3a20873..36bbb7cf5 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/SentenceBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/SentenceBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete SentenceBul of Sentence = CatBul ** open Prelude, ResBul in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/StructuralBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/StructuralBul.gf
index c8e92365f..a3b8ec75c 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/StructuralBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/StructuralBul.gf
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 concrete StructuralBul of Structural = CatBul ** 
   open MorphoBul, ParadigmsBul, Prelude in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/TextBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/TextBul.gf
index f3aa46909..21e624b8e 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/TextBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/TextBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete TextBul of Text = CatBul ** {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
 -- This will work for almost all languages except Spanish.
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/VerbBul.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/VerbBul.gf
index 3ad248a08..59d29deb2 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/VerbBul.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/bulgarian/VerbBul.gf
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 concrete VerbBul of Verb = CatBul ** open Prelude, ResBul, ParadigmsBul in {
+  flags coding=cp1251 ;
+
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/demo/DemoRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/demo/DemoRus.gf
index 3de795f38..83da10ca5 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/demo/DemoRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/demo/DemoRus.gf
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ concrete DemoRus of Demo =
   LexiconRus
   ** {
 
-flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ;
+flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ; coding = utf8 ;
 
 } ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/mathematical/SymbolGer.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/mathematical/SymbolGer.gf
index 1240e2df1..38516d74a 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/mathematical/SymbolGer.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/mathematical/SymbolGer.gf
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ lin
   SymbPN i = {s = \\c => i.s ; g = Neutr} ; --- c
   IntPN i  = {s = \\c => i.s ; g = Neutr} ; --- c
   FloatPN i  = {s = \\c => i.s ; g = Neutr} ; --- c
-  NumPN i  = {s = \\c => i.s ; g = Neutr} ; --- c
+  NumPN i  = {s = i.s ! Neutr ; g = Neutr} ; --- c
 
   CNIntNP cn i = {
     s = \\c => cn.s ! Weak ! Sg ! Nom ++ i.s ;
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ lin
     isPron = False
     } ;
   CNNumNP cn i = {
-    s = \\c => artDef ! (GSg cn.g) ! c ++ cn.s ! Weak ! Sg ! Nom ++ i.s ;
+    s = \\c => artDef ! (GSg cn.g) ! c ++ cn.s ! Weak ! Sg ! Nom ++ i.s ! Neutr ! c ;
     a = agrP3 Sg ;
     isPron = False
     } ;
 
   SymbS sy = {s = \\_ => sy.s} ;
 
-  SymbNum n = {s = n.s ; n = Pl ; isNum = True} ;
+  SymbNum n = {s = \\_,_ => n.s ; n = Pl ; isNum = True} ;
   SymbOrd n = {s = \\_   => n.s ++ "."} ;
 
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/ExtraRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/ExtraRus.gf
index 5dff1e86a..d592b6e64 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/ExtraRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/ExtraRus.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 concrete ExtraRus of ExtraRusAbs = CatRus ** {
-
+flags coding=utf8 ;
 } 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/GrammarRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/GrammarRus.gf
index 31b505a3a..052d5204c 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/GrammarRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/GrammarRus.gf
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ concrete GrammarRus of Grammar =
   TextX,
   StructuralRus,
   IdiomRus
-   ** { flags  startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ;} ;
+   ** { flags  startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ; coding=utf8 ;} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/IrregRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/IrregRus.gf
index e4ebb7327..37e109b68 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/IrregRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/IrregRus.gf
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 --
 concrete IrregRus of IrregRusAbs = CatRus ** open ParadigmsRus in {
 --
---flags optimize=values ;
+flags optimize=values ; coding=utf8 ;
 --
 --  lin
 --  awake_V = irregV "awake" "awoke" "awoken" ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/NounRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/NounRus.gf
index 7f4beb58c..683f54d07 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/NounRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/NounRus.gf
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 concrete NounRus of Noun = CatRus ** open ResRus, Prelude, MorphoRus in {
 
-  flags optimize=all_subs ;
+  flags optimize=all_subs ; coding=utf8 ;
 
   lin
     DetCN kazhduj okhotnik = {
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/PhraseRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/PhraseRus.gf
index a3629b3e3..7a13e3c32 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/PhraseRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/PhraseRus.gf
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 concrete PhraseRus of Phrase = CatRus ** open Prelude, ResRus in {
 
+  flags coding=utf8 ;
   lin
     PhrUtt pconj utt voc = {s = pconj.s ++ utt.s ++ voc.s} ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/QuestionRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/QuestionRus.gf
index 46a33f4b8..28a9dfccd 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/QuestionRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/QuestionRus.gf
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 concrete QuestionRus of Question = CatRus ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
 
-  flags optimize=all_subs ;
+  flags optimize=all_subs ; coding=utf8 ;
 
   lin
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/Russian.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/Russian.gf
index 8aa2679ec..b128c45d0 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/Russian.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/Russian.gf
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 concrete Russian of RussianAbs = 
   LangRus,
   ExtraRus
-  ** {} ;
+  ** {flags coding=utf8 ;} ;
diff --git a/src/GF/Command/Commands.hs b/src/GF/Command/Commands.hs
index 96e7c57f4..e161c623f 100644
--- a/src/GF/Command/Commands.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Command/Commands.hs
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ emptyCommandInfo = CommandInfo {
 lookCommand :: String -> Map.Map String CommandInfo -> Maybe CommandInfo
 lookCommand = Map.lookup
 
-commandHelpAll :: PGF -> [Option] -> String
-commandHelpAll pgf opts = unlines
+commandHelpAll :: (String -> String) -> PGF -> [Option] -> String
+commandHelpAll enc pgf opts = unlines
   [commandHelp (isOpt "full" opts) (co,info)
-    | (co,info) <- Map.assocs (allCommands pgf)]
+    | (co,info) <- Map.assocs (allCommands enc pgf)]
 
 commandHelp :: Bool -> (String,CommandInfo) -> String
 commandHelp full (co,info) = unlines $ [
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ commandHelp full (co,info) = unlines $ [
   ] else []
 
 -- this list must no more be kept sorted by the command name
-allCommands :: PGF -> Map.Map String CommandInfo
-allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
+allCommands :: (String -> String) -> PGF -> Map.Map String CommandInfo
+allCommands enc pgf = Map.fromList [
   ("cc", emptyCommandInfo {
      longname = "compute_concrete",
      syntax = "cc (-all | -table | -unqual)? TERM",
@@ -145,7 +145,8 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
      syntax = "gr [-cat=CAT] [-number=INT]",
      examples = [
        "gr                     -- one tree in the startcat of the current grammar",
-       "gr -cat=NP -number=16  -- 16 trees in the category NP"
+       "gr -cat=NP -number=16  -- 16 trees in the category NP",
+       "gr -lang=LangHin,LangTha -cat=Cl  -- Cl, both in LangHin and LangTha"
        ],
      explanation = unlines [
        "Generates a list of random trees, by default one tree."
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
        ],
      flags = [
        ("cat","generation category"),
-       ("lang","excludes functions that have no linearization in this language"),
+       ("lang","uses only functions that have linearizations in all these languages"),
        ("number","number of trees generated")
        ],
      exec = \opts _ -> do
@@ -196,10 +197,10 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
        ],
      exec = \opts ts -> return ([], case ts of
        [t] -> let co = showTree t in 
-              case lookCommand co (allCommands pgf) of   ---- new map ??!!
+              case lookCommand co (allCommands enc pgf) of   ---- new map ??!!
                 Just info -> commandHelp True (co,info)
                 _ -> "command not found"
-       _ -> commandHelpAll pgf opts)
+       _ -> commandHelpAll enc pgf opts)
      }),
   ("i", emptyCommandInfo {
      longname = "import",
@@ -400,6 +401,15 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
        ("number","the maximum number of questions")
        ] 
      }),
+  ("se", emptyCommandInfo {
+     longname = "set_encoding",
+     synopsis = "set the encoding used in current terminal",
+     syntax   = "se ID",
+     examples = [
+      "se cp1251 -- set encoding to cp1521",
+      "se utf8   -- set encoding to utf8 (default)"
+      ]
+    }),
   ("sp", emptyCommandInfo {
      longname = "system_pipe",
      synopsis = "send argument to a system command",
@@ -407,7 +417,7 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
      exec = \opts arg -> do
        let tmpi = "_tmpi" ---
        let tmpo = "_tmpo"
-       writeFile tmpi $ toString arg
+       writeFile tmpi $ enc $ toString arg
        let syst = optComm opts ++ " " ++ tmpi
        system $ syst ++ " <" ++ tmpi ++ " >" ++ tmpo 
        s <- readFile tmpo
@@ -451,7 +461,7 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
            let file s = "_grph." ++ s
            let view = optViewGraph opts ++ " "
            let format = optViewFormat opts 
-           writeFile (file "dot") grph
+           writeFile (file "dot") (enc grph)
            system $ "dot -T" ++ format ++ " " ++ file "dot" ++ " > " ++ file format ++ 
                     " ; " ++ view ++ file format
            return void
@@ -475,8 +485,8 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
      exec = \opts arg -> do
          let file = valIdOpts "file" "_gftmp" opts
          if isOpt "append" opts 
-           then appendFile file (toString arg)
-           else writeFile file (toString arg)
+           then appendFile file (enc (toString arg))
+           else writeFile file (enc (toString arg))
          return void,
      options = [
        ("append","append to file, instead of overwriting it")
@@ -526,7 +536,8 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
                       in cod : filter (/=cod) (map prOpt opts)
        _ -> map prOpt opts
 
-   optRestricted opts = restrictPGF (hasLin pgf (mkCId (optLang opts))) pgf
+   optRestricted opts = 
+     restrictPGF (\f -> and [hasLin pgf (mkCId la) f | la <- optLangs opts]) pgf
 
    optLangs opts = case valIdOpts "lang" "" opts of
      "" -> languages pgf
diff --git a/src/GF/Command/Interpreter.hs b/src/GF/Command/Interpreter.hs
index e1a06a205..2762875ec 100644
--- a/src/GF/Command/Interpreter.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Command/Interpreter.hs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import GF.System.Signal
 import GF.Infra.UseIO
 
 import GF.Data.ErrM ----
+import GF.Text.UTF8
 
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
 
@@ -27,25 +28,25 @@ data CommandEnv = CommandEnv {
   expmacros     :: Map.Map String Tree
   }
 
-mkCommandEnv :: PGF -> CommandEnv
-mkCommandEnv pgf = CommandEnv pgf (allCommands pgf) Map.empty Map.empty
+mkCommandEnv :: (String -> String) -> PGF -> CommandEnv
+mkCommandEnv enc pgf = CommandEnv pgf (allCommands enc pgf) Map.empty Map.empty
 
 emptyCommandEnv :: CommandEnv
-emptyCommandEnv = mkCommandEnv emptyPGF
+emptyCommandEnv = mkCommandEnv encodeUTF8 emptyPGF
 
-interpretCommandLine :: CommandEnv -> String -> IO ()
-interpretCommandLine env line =
+interpretCommandLine :: (String -> String) -> CommandEnv -> String -> IO ()
+interpretCommandLine enc env line =
   case readCommandLine line of
     Just []    -> return ()
-    Just pipes -> do res <- runInterruptibly (mapM_ (interpretPipe env) pipes)
+    Just pipes -> do res <- runInterruptibly (mapM_ (interpretPipe enc env) pipes)
                      case res of
-                       Left ex -> putStrLnFlush (show ex)
+                       Left ex -> putStrLnFlush $ enc (show ex)
                        Right x -> return x
     Nothing    -> putStrLnFlush "command not parsed"
 
-interpretPipe env cs = do
+interpretPipe enc env cs = do
      v@(_,s) <- intercs ([],"") cs
-     putStrLnFlush s
+     putStrLnFlush $ enc s
      return v
   where
    intercs treess [] = return treess
@@ -55,12 +56,12 @@ interpretPipe env cs = do
    interc es comm@(Command co _ arg) = case co of
      '%':f -> case Map.lookup f (commandmacros env) of
        Just css -> do
-         mapM_ (interpretPipe env) (appLine (getCommandArg env arg es) css) 
+         mapM_ (interpretPipe enc env) (appLine (getCommandArg env arg es) css) 
          return ([],[]) ---- return ?
        _ -> do
          putStrLn $ "command macro " ++ co ++ " not interpreted"
          return ([],[])
-     _ -> interpret env es comm
+     _ -> interpret enc env es comm
    appLine es = map (map (appCommand es))
 
 -- macro definition applications: replace ?i by (exps !! i)
@@ -75,12 +76,12 @@ appCommand xs c@(Command i os arg) = case arg of
     Abs x b  -> Abs x (app b)
 
 -- return the trees to be sent in pipe, and the output possibly printed
-interpret :: CommandEnv -> [Tree] -> Command -> IO CommandOutput
-interpret env trees0 comm = case lookCommand co comms of
+interpret :: (String -> String) -> CommandEnv -> [Tree] -> Command -> IO CommandOutput
+interpret enc env trees0 comm = case lookCommand co comms of
     Just info -> do
       checkOpts info
       tss@(_,s) <- exec info opts trees
-      optTrace s
+      optTrace $ enc s
       return tss
     _ -> do
       putStrLn $ "command " ++ co ++ " not interpreted"
diff --git a/src/GF/Compile.hs b/src/GF/Compile.hs
index eb491cc78..69ada9e1a 100644
--- a/src/GF/Compile.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Compile.hs
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ import GF.Compile.ReadFiles
 import GF.Compile.Update
 import GF.Compile.Refresh
 
+import GF.Compile.Coding
+import GF.Text.UTF8 ----
+
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar
 import GF.Grammar.Lookup
 import GF.Grammar.PrGrammar
@@ -133,7 +136,8 @@ compileOne opts env@(_,srcgr,_) file = do
     -- for compiled gf, read the file and update environment
     -- also undo common subexp optimization, to enable normal computations
     ".gfo" -> do
-       sm0 <- putPointE Normal opts ("+ reading" +++ file) $ getSourceModule opts file
+       sm00 <- putPointE Normal opts ("+ reading" +++ file) $ getSourceModule opts file
+       let sm0 = codeSourceModule decodeUTF8 sm00 -- always UTF8 in gfo
        let sm1 = unsubexpModule sm0
        sm <- {- putPointE Normal opts "creating indirections" $ -} ioeErr $ extendModule mos sm1
        
@@ -148,8 +152,9 @@ compileOne opts env@(_,srcgr,_) file = do
         then compileOne opts env $ gfo
         else do
 
-       sm0 <- putpOpt ("- parsing" +++ file) ("- compiling" +++ file ++ "... ") $ 
+       sm00 <- putpOpt ("- parsing" +++ file) ("- compiling" +++ file ++ "... ") $ 
                                            getSourceModule opts file
+       let sm0 = decodeStringsInModule sm00
        (k',sm)  <- compileSourceModule opts env sm0
        let sm1 = if isConcr sm then shareModule sm else sm -- cannot expand Str
        cm  <- putPointE Verbose opts "  generating code... " $ generateModuleCode opts gfo sm1
@@ -201,7 +206,7 @@ compileSourceModule opts env@(k,gr,_) mo@(i,mi) = do
 generateModuleCode :: Options -> FilePath -> SourceModule -> IOE SourceModule
 generateModuleCode opts file minfo = do
   let minfo1 = subexpModule minfo
-      out    = prGrammar (MGrammar [minfo1])
+      out    = prGrammar (MGrammar [codeSourceModule encodeUTF8 minfo1])
   putPointE Normal opts ("  wrote file" +++ file) $ ioeIO $ writeFile file $ out
   return minfo1
 
diff --git a/src/GF/Compile/Export.hs b/src/GF/Compile/Export.hs
index 23b8198f8..21ecb3d15 100644
--- a/src/GF/Compile/Export.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Compile/Export.hs
@@ -58,5 +58,5 @@ outputConcr pgf = case cncnames pgf of
                     cnc:_  -> cnc
 
 printPGF :: PGF -> String
-printPGF = ---- encodeUTF8 .  -- out by AR26/6/2008: the PGF may already be UTF8 
+printPGF = -- encodeUTF8 . -- fromPGF does UTF8 encoding 
   printTree . fromPGF
diff --git a/src/GF/Compile/GrammarToGFCC.hs b/src/GF/Compile/GrammarToGFCC.hs
index e13c8edf2..2b4156bec 100644
--- a/src/GF/Compile/GrammarToGFCC.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Compile/GrammarToGFCC.hs
@@ -97,8 +97,10 @@ canon2gfcc opts pars cgr@(M.MGrammar ((a,M.ModMod abm):cms)) =
       js = tree2list (M.jments mo)
       flags   = Map.fromList [(mkCId f,x) | (f,x) <- moduleOptionsGFO (M.flags mo)]
       opers   = Map.fromAscList [] -- opers will be created as optimization
-      utf     = if moduleFlag optEncoding (moduleOptions (M.flags mo)) == UTF_8
-                  then D.convertStringsInTerm decodeUTF8 else id
+      utf     = id -- trace (show lang0 +++ show flags) $ 
+                -- if moduleFlag optEncoding (moduleOptions (M.flags mo)) == UTF_8
+                --  then id else id 
+                ---- then (trace "decode" D.convertStringsInTerm decodeUTF8) else id
       umkTerm = utf . mkTerm
       lins    = Map.fromAscList 
         [(i2i f, umkTerm tr)  | (f,CncFun _ (Yes tr) _) <- js]
diff --git a/src/GFI.hs b/src/GFI.hs
index 8bcc7df14..75ffa22d8 100644
--- a/src/GFI.hs
+++ b/src/GFI.hs
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import GF.Infra.UseIO
 import GF.Infra.Option
 import GF.System.Readline
 
+import GF.Text.UTF8 ----
+
 import PGF
 import PGF.Data
 import PGF.Macros
@@ -23,8 +25,8 @@ import qualified Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP as RP
 import System.Cmd
 import System.CPUTime
 import Control.Exception
-
 import Data.Version
+
 import Paths_gf
 
 mainGFI :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IO ()
@@ -39,13 +41,15 @@ loop opts gfenv0 = do
   let env = commandenv gfenv0
   let sgr = sourcegrammar gfenv0
   setCompletionFunction (Just (wordCompletion (commandenv gfenv0)))
-  s <- fetchCommand (prompt env)
-  let gfenv = gfenv0 {history = s : history gfenv0}
+  s0 <- fetchCommand (prompt env)
+  let gfenv = gfenv0 {history = s0 : history gfenv0}
   let loopNewCPU gfenv' = do 
         cpu' <- getCPUTime
         putStrLnFlush (show ((cpu' - cputime gfenv') `div` 1000000000) ++ " msec")
         loop opts $ gfenv' {cputime = cpu'}
   let 
+    enc = encode gfenv
+    s = decode gfenv s0
     pwords = case words s of
       w:ws -> getCommandOp w :ws
       ws -> ws
@@ -60,8 +64,8 @@ loop opts gfenv0 = do
            ('-':w):ws2 -> (pTermPrintStyle w, ws2)
            _ -> (TermPrintDefault, ws)
        case pTerm (unwords term) >>= checkTerm sgr >>= computeTerm sgr of   ---- pipe!
-         Ok  x -> putStrLn (showTerm style x)
-         Bad s -> putStrLn s
+         Ok  x -> putStrLn $ enc (showTerm style x)
+         Bad s -> putStrLn $ enc s
        loopNewCPU gfenv
     "i":args -> do
         gfenv' <- case parseOptions args of
@@ -93,12 +97,14 @@ loop opts gfenv0 = do
            }
          _ -> putStrLn "value definition not parsed" >> loopNewCPU gfenv
 
-    "ph":_ -> mapM_ putStrLn (reverse (history gfenv0)) >> loopNewCPU gfenv
+    "ph":_ -> mapM_ (putStrLn . enc) (reverse (history gfenv0)) >> loopNewCPU gfenv
+    "se":c -> loopNewCPU $ gfenv {coding = s}
+
     "q":_  -> putStrLn "See you." >> return gfenv
 
   -- ordinary commands, working on CommandEnv
     _ -> do
-      interpretCommandLine env s
+      interpretCommandLine enc env s
       loopNewCPU gfenv
 
 importInEnv :: GFEnv -> Options -> [FilePath] -> IO GFEnv
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ importInEnv gfenv opts files
                pgf0 = multigrammar (commandenv gfenv)
            pgf1 <- importGrammar pgf0 opts' files
            putStrLnFlush $ unwords $ "\nLanguages:" : languages pgf1
-           return $ gfenv { commandenv = mkCommandEnv pgf1 }
+           return $ gfenv { commandenv = mkCommandEnv (encode gfenv) pgf1 }
 
 welcome = unlines [
   "                              ",
@@ -139,11 +145,21 @@ data GFEnv = GFEnv {
   sourcegrammar :: Grammar, -- gfo grammar -retain
   commandenv :: CommandEnv,
   history    :: [String],
-  cputime    :: Integer
+  cputime    :: Integer,
+  coding     :: String
   }
 
 emptyGFEnv :: GFEnv
-emptyGFEnv = GFEnv emptyGrammar (mkCommandEnv emptyPGF) [] 0
+emptyGFEnv = GFEnv emptyGrammar (mkCommandEnv encodeUTF8 emptyPGF) [] 0 "utf8"
+
+encode env = case coding env of
+  "utf8" -> encodeUTF8
+  _ -> id
+
+decode env = case coding env of
+  "utf8" -> decodeUTF8
+  _ -> id
+
 
 
 wordCompletion cmdEnv line prefix p =