diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/Make.hs b/lib/resource-1.4/Make.hs
index a83e06ee0..e4202c226 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/Make.hs
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/Make.hs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ module Main where
 import System
 
 -- Make commands for compiling and testing resource grammars.
--- usage: runghc Make present? (lang | api | math | pgf | test | demo | clean)?
+-- usage: runghc Make present? (lang | api | math | pgf | test | demo | clean)? langs?
+-- where langs has the form e.g. langs=Eng,Fin,Rus
 -- With no argument, lang and api are done, in this order.
 -- See 'make' below for what is done by which command.
 
@@ -56,25 +57,28 @@ make xx = do
   let ifxx opt act = if            elem opt xx then act >> return () else return () 
   let pres = elem "present" xx
   let dir = if pres then "../present" else "../alltenses"
+   
+  let optl ls = maybe ls id $ getOptLangs xx
+
   ifx "lang" $ do
-    mapM_ (gfc pres [] . lang) langsLang
+    mapM_ (gfc pres [] . lang) (optl langsLang)
     system $ "cp */*.gfo " ++ dir
   ifx "api" $ do
-    mapM_ (gfc pres presApiPath . try) langsAPI
+    mapM_ (gfc pres presApiPath . try) (optl langsAPI)
     system $ "cp */*.gfo " ++ dir
   ifx "math" $ do
-    mapM_ (gfc False [] . math) langsMath
+    mapM_ (gfc False [] . math) (optl langsMath)
     system $ "cp mathematical/*.gfo ../mathematical"
-    mapM_ (gfc False [] . symbolic) langsMath
+    mapM_ (gfc False [] . symbolic) (optl langsMath)
     system $ "cp mathematical/Symbolic*.gfo ../mathematical"
   ifxx "pgf" $ do
     system $ "gfc -s --make --name=langs --parser=off --output-dir=" ++ dir ++ " " ++
-              unwords [dir ++ "/Lang" ++ la ++ ".gfo" | (_,la) <- langsPGF] ++
+              unwords [dir ++ "/Lang" ++ la ++ ".gfo" | (_,la) <- optl langsPGF] ++
               " +RTS -K100M"
   ifxx "test" $ do
-    gf treeb $ unwords [dir ++ "/Lang" ++ la ++ ".gfo" | (_,la) <- langsTest]
+    gf treeb $ unwords [dir ++ "/Lang" ++ la ++ ".gfo" | (_,la) <- optl langsTest]
   ifxx "demo" $ do
-    gf demos $ unwords ["demo/Demo" ++ la ++ ".gf" | (_,la) <- langsDemo]
+    gf demos $ unwords ["demo/Demo" ++ la ++ ".gf" | (_,la) <- optl langsDemo]
   ifxx "clean" $ do
     system "rm */*.gfo ../alltenses/*.gfo ../present/*.gfo"
   return ()
@@ -104,3 +108,9 @@ only   ls es = filter (flip elem es . snd) ls
 
 presApiPath = " -path=api:present "
 
+getOptLangs args = case [ls | a <- args, let (f,ls) = splitAt 6 a, f=="langs="] of
+  ls:_ -> return $ findLangs $ seps ls
+  _ -> Nothing
+ where
+  seps = words . map (\c -> if c==',' then ' ' else c)
+  findLangs ls = [lang | lang@(_,la) <- langs, elem la ls]
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/catalan/NumeralCat.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/catalan/NumeralCat.gf
index 5cbc15c02..fe824165e 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/catalan/NumeralCat.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/catalan/NumeralCat.gf
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ oper
 			Pl => case co of {
 				NCard Masc => "-cents" ;
 				NCard Fem => "-centes" ;
-				_ => "-cents" ; ---- variants {} } ; ---- AR 23/6/2008
+				_ => "-cents" ---- variants {} ---- AR 23/6/2008
+                                } ;
 			Sg => "cent" 
 		} ;
 	cardOrd1 : CardOrd -> (_,_,_:Str) -> Str  = \co,dos,dues,segon -> case co of {
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/demo/DemoRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/demo/DemoRus.gf
index e6f6596a6..0caccbb7b 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/demo/DemoRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/demo/DemoRus.gf
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ concrete DemoRus of Demo =
   LexiconRus
   ** {
 
-flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ;
+flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ; coding = utf8 ;
 
 } ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/LangRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/LangRus.gf
index 5beb1169a..c3126dcfe 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.4/russian/LangRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.4/russian/LangRus.gf
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ concrete LangRus of Lang =
   LexiconRus
   ** {
 
-flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ;
+flags startcat = Phr ; unlexer = text ; lexer = text ; coding=utf8 ;
 
 } ;
diff --git a/src-3.0/GF/Command/Commands.hs b/src-3.0/GF/Command/Commands.hs
index 5514a0596..68e2c5526 100644
--- a/src-3.0/GF/Command/Commands.hs
+++ b/src-3.0/GF/Command/Commands.hs
@@ -497,7 +497,11 @@ allCommands pgf = Map.fromList [
      (abstractName pgf ++ ": " ++ showTree t) :
      [lang ++ ": " ++ linear opts lang t | lang <- optLangs opts]
 
-   unlex opts lang = stringOps opts
+   unlex opts lang = stringOps (exceptUTF8 opts) where
+     exceptUTF8 = if isUTF8 then filter ((/="to_UTF8") . prOpt) else id
+     isUTF8 = case lookFlag pgf lang "coding" of
+       Just "utf8" -> True
+       _ -> False
 
    optRestricted opts = restrictPGF (hasLin pgf (mkCId (optLang opts))) pgf
 
@@ -570,3 +574,5 @@ morphologyQuiz pgf ig cat = do
 infinity :: Int
 infinity = 256
 
+lookFlag :: PGF -> String -> String -> Maybe String
+lookFlag pgf lang flag = lookConcrFlag pgf (mkCId lang) (mkCId flag)
diff --git a/src-3.0/GF/Grammar/AppPredefined.hs b/src-3.0/GF/Grammar/AppPredefined.hs
index 452050ac8..cfb6baf1d 100644
--- a/src-3.0/GF/Grammar/AppPredefined.hs
+++ b/src-3.0/GF/Grammar/AppPredefined.hs
@@ -106,10 +106,17 @@ appPredefined t = case t of
   _ -> retb t
                   ---- should really check the absence of arg variables
  where
-   retb t = return (t,True)  -- no further computing needed
-   retf t = return (t,False) -- must be computed further
+   retb t = return (retc t,True)  -- no further computing needed
+   retf t = return (retc t,False) -- must be computed further
+   retc t = case t of
+     K [] -> t
+     K s  -> foldr1 C (map K (words s))
+     _    -> t
    norm t = case t of
      Empty -> K []
+     C u v -> case (norm u,norm v) of
+       (K x,K y) -> K (x +++ y)
+       _ -> t
      _ -> t
    fi = fromInteger