diff --git a/grammars/resource/finnish/Finnish.gf b/grammars/resource/finnish/Finnish.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b756afe96 --- /dev/null +++ b/grammars/resource/finnish/Finnish.gf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +--# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude + +resource Finnish = reuse ResFin ; diff --git a/grammars/resource/finnish/ParadigmsFin.gf b/grammars/resource/finnish/ParadigmsFin.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44fd14329 --- /dev/null +++ b/grammars/resource/finnish/ParadigmsFin.gf @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +--1 Finnish Lexical Paradigms +-- +-- Aarne Ranta 2003 +-- +-- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar +-- for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming +-- expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs. +-- +-- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are +-- accessed through the resource syntax API, $resource.Abs.gf$. +-- +-- The main difference with $morpho.Fin.gf$ is that the types +-- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover +-- had the design principle of always having existing forms as string +-- arguments of the paradigms, not stems. +-- +-- This is the path to read the grammar from the same directory. +--# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude +-- +-- The following modules are presupposed: + +resource ParadigmsFin = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, SyntaxFin, Finnish in { + +--2 Parameters +-- +-- To abstract over gender, number, and (some) case names, +-- we define the following identifiers. + +oper + human : Gender ; + nonhuman : Gender ; + + -- singular : Number ; + -- singular : Number ; + + nominative : Case ; + genitive : Case ; + partitive : Case ; + inessive : Case ; + elative : Case ; + illative : Case ; + adessive : Case ; + ablative : Case ; + allative : Case ; + +--2 Nouns + +-- Worst case: give ten forms and the semantic gender. +-- In practice just a couple of forms are needed, to define the different +-- stems, vowel alternation, and vowel harmony. + +oper + mkN : (talo,talon,talona,taloa,taloon,taloina,taloissa,talojen,taloja,taloihin + : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- Nouns with partitive "a"/"ä" are a large group. +-- To determine for grade and vowel alternation, three forms are usually needed: +-- singular nominative and genitive, and plural partitive. +-- Examples: "talo", "kukko", "huippu", "koira", "kukka", "syylä", "särki"... + + nKukko : (kukko,kukon,kukkoja : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- A special case are nouns with no alternations: +-- the vowel harmony is inferred from the last letter, +-- which must be one of "o", "u", "ö", "y". + + nTalo : (talo : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- Foreign words ending in consonants are actually similar to words like +-- "malli"/"mallin"/"malleja", with the exception that the "i" is not attached +-- to the singular nominative. Examples: "linux", "savett", "screen". +-- The singular partitive form is used to get the vowel harmony. (N.B. more than +-- 1-syllabic words ending in "n" would have variant plural genitive and +-- partitive forms, like "sultanien"/"sultaneiden", which are not covered.) + + nLinux : (linuxia : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- Nouns of at least 3 syllables ending with "a" or "ä", like "peruna", "tavara", +-- "rytinä". + + nPeruna : (peruna : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- The following paradigm covers both nouns ending in an aspirated "e", such as +-- "rae", "perhe", "savuke", and also many ones ending in a consonant +-- ("rengas", "kätkyt"). The singular nominative and essive are given. + + nRae : (rae, rakeena : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- The following covers nouns with partitive "ta"/"tä", such as +-- "susi", "vesi", "pieni". To get all stems and the vowel harmony, it takes +-- the singular nominative, genitive, and essive. + + nSusi : (susi,suden,sutta : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- Nouns ending with a long vowel, such as "puu", "pää", "pii", "leikkuu", +-- are inflected according to the following. + + nPuu : (puu : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- One-syllable diphthong nouns, such as "suo", "tie", "työ", are inflected by +-- the following. + + nSuo : (suo : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- Many adjectives but also nouns have the nominative ending "nen" which in other +-- cases becomes "s": "nainen", "ihminen", "keltainen". +-- To capture the vowel harmony, we use the partitive form as the argument. + + nNainen : (naista : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- The following covers some nouns ending with a consonant, e.g. +-- "tilaus", "kaulin", "paimen", "laidun". + + nTilaus : (tilaus,tilauksena : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- The following covers nouns like "nauris" and adjectives like "kallis", "tyyris". +-- The partitive form is taken to get the vowel harmony. + + nNauris : (naurista : Str) -> Gender -> N ; + +-- Separately-written compound nouns, like "sambal oelek", "Urho Kekkonen", +-- have only their last part inflected. + + nComp : Str -> N -> N ; + +-- Nouns used as functions need a case, of which by far the commonest is +-- the genitive. + + mkFun : N -> Case -> Fun ; + fGen : N -> Fun ; + +-- Proper names can be formed by using declensions for nouns. + + mkPN : N -> PN ; + + +--2 Adjectives + +-- Non-comparison one-place adjectives are just like nouns. + + mkAdj1 : N -> Adj1 ; + +-- Two-place adjectives need a case for the second argument. + + mkAdj2 : N -> Case -> Adj2 ; + +-- Comparison adjectives have three forms. The comparative and the superlative +-- are always inflected in the same way, so the nominative of them is actually +-- enough (except for the superlative "paras" of "hyvä"). + + mkAdjDeg : (kiva : N) -> (kivempaa,kivinta : Str) -> AdjDeg ; + + +--2 Verbs +-- +-- The fragment only has present tense so far, but in all persons. +-- The worst case needs five forms, as shown in the following. + + mkV : (tulla,tulen,tulee,tulevat,tulkaa,tullaan : Str) -> V ; + +-- A simple special case is the one with just one stem and no grade alternation. +-- It covers e.g. "sanoa", "valua", "kysyä". + + vValua : (valua : Str) -> V ; + +-- With two forms, the following function covers a variety of verbs, such as +-- "ottaa", "käyttää", "löytää", "huoltaa", "hiihtää", "siirtää". + + vKattaa : (kattaa, katan : Str) -> V ; + +-- When grade alternation is not present, just a one-form special case is needed +-- ("poistaa", "ryystää"). + + vOstaa : (ostaa : Str) -> V ; + +-- The following covers +-- "juosta", "piestä", "nousta", "rangaista", "kävellä", "surra", "panna". + + vNousta : (nousta, nousen : Str) -> V ; + +-- This is for one-syllable diphthong verbs like "juoda", "syödä". + + vTuoda : (tuoda : Str) -> V ; + +-- The verbs "be" and the negative auxiliary are special. + + vOlla : V ; + vEi : V ; + +-- Two-place verbs need a case, and can have a pre- or postposition. +-- At least one of the latter is empty, $[]$. + + mkTV : V -> Case -> (prep,postp : Str) -> TV ; + +-- If both are empty, the following special function can be used. + + tvCase : V -> Case -> TV ; + +-- Verbs with a direct (accusative) object +-- are special, since their complement case is finally decided in syntax. + + tvDir : V -> TV ; + +-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are +-- hidden from the document. +--. + -- singular defined in types.Fin + -- plural defined in types.Fin + + human = Human ; + nonhuman = NonHuman ; + + nominative = Nom ; + genitive = Gen ; + partitive = Part ; + inessive = Iness ; + elative = Elat ; + illative = Illat ; + adessive = Adess ; + ablative = Ablat ; + allative = Allat ; + + mkN = \a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k -> mkNoun a b c d e f g h i j ** {g = k} ; + + nKukko = \a,b,c,g -> sKukko a b c ** {g = g} ; + nTalo = \a,g -> sTalo a ** {g = g} ; + nLinux = \a,g -> sLinux a ** {g = g} ; + nPeruna = \a,g -> sPeruna a ** {g = g} ; + nRae = \a,b,g -> sRae a b ** {g = g} ; + nSusi = \a,b,c,g -> sSusi a b c ** {g = g} ; + nPuu = \a,g -> sPuu a ** {g = g} ; + nSuo = \a,g -> sSuo a ** {g = g} ; + nNainen = \a,g -> sNainen a ** {g = g} ; + nTilaus = \a,b,g -> sTilaus a b ** {g = g} ; + nNauris = \a,g -> sNauris a ** {g = g} ; + + + nComp = \s,n -> {s = \\c => s ++ n.s ! c ; g = n.g} ; + mkFun = \n,c -> n2n n ** {c = NPCase c} ; + fGen = \n -> mkFun n genitive ; + mkPN = mkProperName ; + + mkAdj1 = \x -> {s = x.s} ; + mkAdj2 = \x,c -> mkAdj1 x ** {c = NPCase c} ; + mkAdjDeg = regAdjDegr ; + + mkV = mkVerb ; + vValua = vSanoa ; + vKattaa = vOttaa ; + vOstaa = vPoistaa ; + vNousta = vJuosta ; + vTuoda = vJuoda ; + vOlla = verbOlla ; + vEi = verbEi ; + + mkTV = \v,c,p,o -> v ** {s3 = p ; s4 = o ; c = c} ; + tvCase = \v,c -> mkTV v c [] [] ; + tvDir = mkTransVerbDir ; +} ;