diff --git a/lib/src/finnish/CatFin.gf b/lib/src/finnish/CatFin.gf
index 20ffd2fd3..9778ed3d9 100644
--- a/lib/src/finnish/CatFin.gf
+++ b/lib/src/finnish/CatFin.gf
@@ -97,4 +97,22 @@ concrete CatFin of Cat = CommonX ** open ResFin, StemFin, Prelude in {
     N3 = SNoun ** {c2,c3 : Compl ; isPre,isPre2 : Bool} ;
     PN = SPN ;
 
+  linref
+    SSlash = \ss -> ss.s ++ ss.c2.s  ;
+    ClSlash = \cls -> cls.s ! Pres ! Simul ! Pos ++ cls.c2.s ;
+
+    VP = vpRef ;
+    VPSlash = \vps -> vpRef vps ++ vps.c2.s ;
+
+    V, VS, VQ, VA = \v -> vpRef (predV v) ;
+    V2, V2A, V2Q, V2S = \v -> vpRef (predV v) ++ v.c2.s ;
+    V3 = \v -> vpRef (predV v) ++ v.c2.s ++ v.c3.s ;
+    VV = \v -> vpRef (predV v) ;
+    V2V = \v -> vpRef (predV v) ++ v.c2.s ;
+
+    Conj = \c -> c.s1 ++ c.s2 ;
+
+  oper
+   vpRef : StemFin.VP -> Str = \vp -> infVP (NPCase Nom) Pos (agrP3 Sg) vp Inf1 ;
+
 }
diff --git a/lib/src/finnish/ExtraFin.gf b/lib/src/finnish/ExtraFin.gf
index 10241550b..86035ce84 100644
--- a/lib/src/finnish/ExtraFin.gf
+++ b/lib/src/finnish/ExtraFin.gf
@@ -233,35 +233,26 @@ concrete ExtraFin of ExtraFinAbs = CatFin **
   kohan_Part = mkPart "kohan" "köhän" ;
   pahan_Part = mkPart "pahan" "pähän" ;
 
-  PassVPSlash vp = {
-      s = vp.s ; ---- TODO
+  PassVPSlash vp = passVP vp vp.c2.c ;
+
 {- -----
       s = \\vif,ant,pol,agr => case vif of {
         VIFin t  => vp.s ! VIPass t ! ant ! pol ! agr ;
         _ => vp.s ! vif ! ant ! pol ! agr 
         } ;
 -}
-      s2 = vp.s2 ;
-      adv = vp.adv ;
-      ext = vp.ext ;
-      h = vp.h ;
-      isNeg = vp.isNeg ;
-      sc = case vp.c2.c of {NPCase Nom => NPAcc ; c => c}
-      } ; 
 
 ---- uses inversion of active: Guernican maalasi Picasso. TODO: use the agent participle
 ---- TODO maybe squeeze s2 between the fin and inf (but this is subtle)
 ----   sinua olen rakastanut minä -> sinua olen minä rakastanus
+-- advantage though: works for all V2 verbs, need not be transitive
 
   PassAgentVPSlash vp np = {
-      s = vp.s ; ---- TODO
-----      s = \\vif,ant,pol,agr => vp.s ! vif ! ant ! pol ! np.a ;  -- only agr changes
+      s = {s = vp.s.s ; h = vp.s.h ; p = vp.s.p ; sc = vp.c2.c} ; 
       s2 = \\b,p,a => np.s ! NPCase Nom ++ vp.s2 ! b ! p ! a ;
       adv = vp.adv ;
       ext = vp.ext ;
-      h = vp.h ;
-      isNeg = vp.isNeg ;
-      sc = vp.c2.c  -- advantage: works for all V2 verbs, need not be transitive
+      vptyp = vp.vptyp ;
       } ; 
 
 
diff --git a/lib/src/finnish/IdiomFin.gf b/lib/src/finnish/IdiomFin.gf
index 70f10fc11..37e320411 100644
--- a/lib/src/finnish/IdiomFin.gf
+++ b/lib/src/finnish/IdiomFin.gf
@@ -37,23 +37,7 @@ concrete IdiomFin of Idiom = CatFin **
 
     ImpersCl vp = mkClause noSubj (agrP3 Sg) vp ;
 
----- TODO properlu
-    GenericCl vp = mkClause noSubj (agrP3 Sg) {
-{- ----
-      s = \\vif,ant,pol,agr => case vif of {
-        VIFin t  => vp.s ! VIPass t ! ant ! pol ! agr ;
-        _ => vp.s ! vif ! ant ! pol ! agr 
-        } ;
--}
-      s = vp.s ; ----
-
-      s2 = vp.s2 ;
-      adv = vp.adv ;
-      ext = vp.ext ;
-      sc = vp.sc ; 
-      h = vp.h ;
-      isNeg = vp.isNeg
-      } ;
+    GenericCl vp = mkClause noSubj (agrP3 Sg) (passVP vp (NPCase Nom)) ;
 
     ProgrVP vp = 
       let 
@@ -64,8 +48,7 @@ concrete IdiomFin of Idiom = CatFin **
         s2 = \\b,p,a => inf ++ vp.s2 ! b ! p ! a ;
         adv = vp.adv ;
         ext = vp.ext ;
-        sc = vp.sc ; 
-        h = vp.h ; isNeg = vp.isNeg
+        vptyp = vp.vptyp ;
         } ;
 
   ImpPl1 vp = 
diff --git a/lib/src/finnish/SentenceFin.gf b/lib/src/finnish/SentenceFin.gf
index bba4fc176..e6d2234eb 100644
--- a/lib/src/finnish/SentenceFin.gf
+++ b/lib/src/finnish/SentenceFin.gf
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ concrete SentenceFin of Sentence = CatFin ** open Prelude, ResFin, StemFin in {
 
   lin
 
-    PredVP np vp = mkClausePol (orB np.isNeg vp.isNeg) (subjForm np vp.s.sc) np.a vp ;
+    PredVP np vp = mkClausePol (orB np.isNeg vp.vptyp.isNeg) (subjForm np vp.s.sc) np.a vp ;
 
     PredSCVP sc vp = mkClause (\_ -> sc.s) (agrP3 Sg) vp ;
 
diff --git a/lib/src/finnish/StemFin.gf b/lib/src/finnish/StemFin.gf
index 6c5223958..44df30e41 100644
--- a/lib/src/finnish/StemFin.gf
+++ b/lib/src/finnish/StemFin.gf
@@ -177,8 +177,10 @@ oper
     s2  : Bool => Polarity => Agr => Str ; -- talo/talon/taloa
     adv : Polarity => Str ; -- ainakin/ainakaan
     ext : Str ;
-    isNeg : Bool ; -- True if some complement is negative
+    vptyp : {isNeg : Bool ; isPass : Bool} ;-- True if some complement is negative, and if the verb is rendered in the passive
     } ;
+
+  defaultVPTyp = {isNeg = False ; isPass = False} ;
     
   HVerb : Type = Verb ** {sc : NPForm ; h : Harmony ; p : Str} ;
  
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ oper
     s2 = \\_,_,_ => [] ;
     adv = \\_ => verb.p ; -- the particle of the verb
     ext = [] ;
-    isNeg = False 
+    vptyp = defaultVPTyp ;
     } ;
 
   old_VP = {
@@ -200,10 +202,11 @@ oper
     h   : Harmony
     } ;
 
-  vp2old_vp : VP -> old_VP = \vp -> let verb = vp.s in {
-    s = \\vi,ant,b,agr0 => 
+  vp2old_vp : VP -> old_VP = \vp -> 
+    let 
+     verb = vp.s ; 
+     sverb :  VIForm => Anteriority => Polarity => Agr => {fin, inf : Str} = \\vi,ant,b,agr0 => 
       let
-
         agr = verbAgr agr0 ;
         verbs = verb.s ;
         part  : Str = case vi of {
@@ -267,14 +270,21 @@ oper
         VIPass Fut     => mkvf (PassPresn passPol) ;  --# notpresent
         VIPass Pres    => mkvf (PassPresn passPol) ;  
         VIInf i    => mkvf (Inf i)
-        } ;
-
+        }
+    in {
+    s = case vp.vptyp.isPass of {
+          True => \\vif,ant,pol,agr => case vif of {
+            VIFin t  => sverb ! VIPass t ! ant ! pol ! agr ;
+           _ => sverb ! vif ! ant ! pol ! agr 
+           } ;
+          _ => sverb
+          } ;
     s2 = vp.s2 ;
     adv = vp.adv ; -- the particle of the verb
     ext = vp.ext ;
     sc = verb.sc ;
     h = verb.h ;
-    isNeg = vp.isNeg 
+    isNeg = vp.vptyp.isNeg 
     } ;
 
   insertObj : (Bool => Polarity => Agr => Str) -> VP -> VP = \obj,vp -> {
@@ -284,7 +294,7 @@ oper
     ext = vp.ext ;
     sc = vp.sc ; 
     h = vp.h ;
-    isNeg = vp.isNeg
+    vptyp = vp.vptyp
     } ;
 
   insertObjPre : Bool -> (Bool -> Polarity -> Agr -> Str) -> VP -> VP = \isNeg, obj,vp -> {
@@ -292,9 +302,7 @@ oper
     s2 = \\fin,b,a => obj fin b a ++ vp.s2 ! fin ! b ! a ;
     adv = vp.adv ;
     ext = vp.ext ;
-    sc = vp.sc ; 
-    h = vp.h ;
-    isNeg = orB vp.isNeg isNeg
+    vptyp = {isNeg = orB vp.vptyp.isNeg isNeg ; isPass = vp.vptyp.isPass} ;
     } ;
 
   insertAdv : (Polarity => Str) -> VP -> VP = \adv,vp -> {
@@ -304,7 +312,15 @@ oper
     adv = \\b => vp.adv ! b ++ adv ! b ;
     sc = vp.sc ; 
     h = vp.h ;
-    isNeg = vp.isNeg --- missään
+    vptyp = vp.vptyp --- missään
+    } ;
+
+  passVP : VP -> NPForm -> VP = \vp,sc -> {
+    s = {s = vp.s.s ; h = vp.s.h ; p = vp.s.p ; sc = sc} ; -- minusta pidetään ---- TODO minun päälleni katsotaan
+    s2 = vp.s2 ;
+    ext = vp.ext ;
+    adv = vp.adv ;
+    vptyp = {isNeg = vp.vptyp.isNeg ; isPass = True} ; 
     } ;
 
   insertExtrapos : Str -> VP -> VP = \obj,vp -> {
@@ -314,7 +330,7 @@ oper
     adv = vp.adv ;
     sc = vp.sc ; 
     h = vp.h ;
-    isNeg = vp.isNeg
+    vptyp = vp.vptyp
     } ;
 
   mkClausePol : Bool -> (Polarity -> Str) -> Agr -> VP -> Clause = 
diff --git a/lib/src/finnish/VerbFin.gf b/lib/src/finnish/VerbFin.gf
index 325c3c4a9..82e95289a 100644
--- a/lib/src/finnish/VerbFin.gf
+++ b/lib/src/finnish/VerbFin.gf
@@ -81,22 +81,16 @@ concrete VerbFin of Verb = CatFin ** open Prelude, ResFin, StemFin in {
 
     ReflVP v = insertObjPre False (\fin,b,agr -> appCompl fin b v.c2 (reflPron agr)) v ;
 
-    PassV2 v = let vp = predSV v in {
----- TODO
+    PassV2 v = passVP (predSV v) v.c2.c ;
+
 {- ----
       s = \\vif,ant,pol,agr => case vif of {
         VIFin t  => vp.s ! VIPass t ! ant ! pol ! agr ;
         _ => vp.s ! vif ! ant ! pol ! agr 
         } ;
--}
-      s = vp.s ;
-      s2 = \\_,_,_ => [] ;
-      adv = \\_ => [] ;
-      ext = [] ;
-      h = vp.h ;
-      isNeg = False ;
       sc = v.c2.c ; -- minut valitaan ; minua rakastetaan ; minulle kuiskataan 
       } ;           ---- talon valitaan: should be marked like inf.
+-}
 
     CompAP ap = {
       s = \\agr => 
diff --git a/lib/src/finnish/stemmed/StemFin.gf b/lib/src/finnish/stemmed/StemFin.gf
index f567ab653..bdc6d6102 100644
--- a/lib/src/finnish/stemmed/StemFin.gf
+++ b/lib/src/finnish/stemmed/StemFin.gf
@@ -418,8 +418,6 @@ oper
 
   predSV : SVerb1 -> VP = predV ; 
 
-----    \sv -> predV (sverb2verbSep sv ** {p = sv.p ; sc = sv.sc ; h = sv.h}) ;
-
 
 -- word formation functions
 
@@ -530,17 +528,17 @@ oper
     s2  : Bool => Polarity => Agr => Str ; -- talo/talon/taloa
     adv : Polarity => Str ; -- ainakin/ainakaan
     ext : Str ;
-    isNeg : Bool ; -- True if some complement is negative
+    vptyp : {isNeg : Bool ; isPass : Bool} ;-- True if some complement is negative, and if the verb is rendered in the passive
     } ;
-    
---  HVerb : Type = Verb ** {sc : NPForm ; h : Harmony ; p : Str} ;
+
+  defaultVPTyp = {isNeg = False ; isPass = False} ;
  
   predV : SVerb1 -> VP = \verb -> {
     s = verb ;
     s2 = \\_,_,_ => [] ;
     adv = \\_ => verb.p ; -- the particle of the verb
     ext = [] ;
-    isNeg = False 
+    vptyp = defaultVPTyp ;
     } ;
 
   old_VP = {
@@ -553,10 +551,11 @@ oper
     h   : Harmony
     } ;
 
-  vp2old_vp : VP -> old_VP = \vp -> let verb = sverb2verbSep vp.s in {
-    s = \\vi,ant,b,agr0 => 
+  vp2old_vp : VP -> old_VP = \vp -> 
+    let 
+     verb = sverb2verbSep vp.s ;
+     sverb :  VIForm => Anteriority => Polarity => Agr => {fin, inf : Str} = \\vi,ant,b,agr0 => 
       let
-
         agr = verbAgr agr0 ;
         verbs = verb.s ;
         part  : Str = case vi of {
@@ -620,16 +619,24 @@ oper
         VIPass Fut     => mkvf (PassPresn passPol) ;  --# notpresent
         VIPass Pres    => mkvf (PassPresn passPol) ;  
         VIInf i    => mkvf (Inf i)
-        } ;
-
+        }
+    in {
+    s = case vp.vptyp.isPass of {
+          True => \\vif,ant,pol,agr => case vif of {
+            VIFin t  => sverb ! VIPass t ! ant ! pol ! agr ;
+           _ => sverb ! vif ! ant ! pol ! agr 
+           } ;
+          _ => sverb
+          } ;
     s2 = vp.s2 ;
     adv = vp.adv ; -- the particle of the verb
     ext = vp.ext ;
     sc = vp.s.sc ;
     h = vp.s.h ;
-    isNeg = vp.isNeg 
+    isNeg = vp.vptyp.isNeg 
     } ;
 
+
   insertObj : (Bool => Polarity => Agr => Str) -> VP -> VP = \obj,vp -> {
     s = vp.s ;
     s2 = \\fin,b,a => vp.s2 ! fin ! b ! a  ++ obj ! fin ! b ! a ;
@@ -637,7 +644,7 @@ oper
     ext = vp.ext ;
     sc = vp.sc ; 
     h = vp.h ;
-    isNeg = vp.isNeg
+    vptyp = vp.vptyp
     } ;
 
   insertObjPre : Bool -> (Bool -> Polarity -> Agr -> Str) -> VP -> VP = \isNeg, obj,vp -> {
@@ -645,9 +652,7 @@ oper
     s2 = \\fin,b,a => obj fin b a ++ vp.s2 ! fin ! b ! a ;
     adv = vp.adv ;
     ext = vp.ext ;
-    sc = vp.sc ; 
-    h = vp.h ;
-    isNeg = orB vp.isNeg isNeg
+    vptyp = {isNeg = orB vp.vptyp.isNeg isNeg ; isPass = vp.vptyp.isPass} ;
     } ;
 
   insertAdv : (Polarity => Str) -> VP -> VP = \adv,vp -> {
@@ -657,7 +662,15 @@ oper
     adv = \\b => vp.adv ! b ++ adv ! b ;
     sc = vp.sc ; 
     h = vp.h ;
-    isNeg = vp.isNeg --- missään
+    vptyp = vp.vptyp --- missään
+    } ;
+
+  passVP : VP -> NPForm -> VP = \vp,sc -> {
+    s = {s = vp.s.s ; h = vp.s.h ; p = vp.s.p ; sc = sc} ; -- minusta pidetään ---- TODO minun päälleni katsotaan
+    s2 = vp.s2 ;
+    ext = vp.ext ;
+    adv = vp.adv ;
+    vptyp = {isNeg = vp.vptyp.isNeg ; isPass = True} ; 
     } ;
 
   insertExtrapos : Str -> VP -> VP = \obj,vp -> {
@@ -667,7 +680,7 @@ oper
     adv = vp.adv ;
     sc = vp.sc ; 
     h = vp.h ;
-    isNeg = vp.isNeg
+    vptyp = vp.vptyp
     } ;
 
   mkClausePol : Bool -> (Polarity -> Str) -> Agr -> VP -> Clause =