Founding the newly structured GF2.0 cvs archive.

grammars/resource/german/Paradigms.gf

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+--1 German Lexical Paradigms
+--
+-- Aarne Ranta 2003
+--
+-- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar 
+-- for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
+-- expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
+-- 
+-- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
+-- accessed through the resource syntax API, $resource.Abs.gf$. 
+--
+-- The main difference with $morpho.Deu.gf$ is that the types
+-- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
+-- had the design principle of always having existing forms as string
+-- arguments of the paradigms, not stems.
+--
+-- The following modules are presupposed:
+
+resource Paradigms = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, (Morpho=Morpho), Syntax, Deutsch in {
+
+
+--2 Parameters 
+--
+-- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
+
+oper
+  masculine : Gender ;
+  feminine  : Gender ;
+  neuter    : Gender ;
+
+-- To abstract over case names, we define the following.
+
+  nominative : Case ;
+  accusative : Case ;
+  dative     : Case ;
+  genitive   : Case ;
+
+-- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
+
+  singular : Number ;
+  plural   : Number ;
+
+
+--2 Nouns
+
+-- Worst case: give all four singular forms, two plural forms (others + dative),
+-- and the gender.
+
+  mkN  : (_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> N ; 
+                                 -- mann, mann, manne, mannes, männer, männern
+
+-- Often it is enough with singular and plural nominatives, and singular
+-- genitive. The plural dative
+-- is computed by the heuristic that it is the same as the nominative this
+-- ends with "n" or "s", otherwise "n" is added.
+
+  nGen : Str -> Str -> Str ->  Gender -> N ; -- punkt,punktes,punkt
+  
+-- Here are some common patterns. Singular nominative or two nominatives are needed.
+-- Two forms are needed in case of Umlaut, which would be complicated to define.
+-- For the same reason, we have separate patterns for multisyllable stems.
+-- 
+-- The weak masculine pattern $nSoldat$ avoids duplicating the final "e".
+
+  nRaum   : (_,_ : Str) -> N ;    -- Raum, (Raumes,) Räume (masc)
+  nTisch  : Str -> N ;            -- Tisch, (Tisches, Tische) (masc)
+  nVater  : (_,_ : Str) -> N ;    -- Vater, (Vaters,) Väter (masc)
+  nFehler : Str -> N ;            -- Fehler, (fehlers, Fehler) (masc)
+  nSoldat : Str -> N ;            -- Soldat (, Soldaten) ; Kunde (, Kunden) (masc)
+
+-- Neuter patterns. 
+
+  nBuch   : (_,_ : Str) -> N ;    -- Buch, (Buches, Bücher) (neut)
+  nMesser : Str -> N ;            -- Messer, (Messers, Messer) (neut)
+  nAuto   : Str -> N ;            -- Auto, (Autos, Autos) (neut)
+
+-- Feminine patterns. Duplicated "e" is avoided in $nFrau$.
+
+  nHand   : (_,_ : Str) -> N ;    -- Hand, Hände; Mutter, Mütter (fem)
+  nFrau   : Str -> N ;            -- Frau (, Frauen) ; Wiese (, Wiesen) (fem)
+
+
+-- Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is "von".
+
+  mkFun  : N -> Preposition -> Case -> Fun ;
+  funVon : N -> Fun ;
+
+-- Proper names, with their possibly
+-- irregular genitive. The regular genitive is  "s", omitted after "s".
+
+  mkPN  : (karolus, karoli : Str) -> PN ; -- karolus, karoli
+  pnReg : (Johann : Str) -> PN ;          -- Johann, Johanns ; Johannes, Johannes
+
+-- On the top level, it is maybe $CN$ that is used rather than $N$, and
+-- $NP$ rather than $PN$.
+
+  mkCN  : N -> CN ;
+  mkNP  : (karolus,karoli : Str) -> NP ;
+
+  npReg : Str -> NP ;   -- Johann, Johanns
+
+-- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a function.
+
+  mkFunCN  : CN -> Preposition -> Case -> Fun ;
+  funVonCN : CN -> Fun ;
+
+
+--2 Adjectives
+
+-- Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms in the worst case:
+-- the one in predication and the one before the ending "e".
+
+  mkAdj1 : (teuer,teur : Str) -> Adj1 ;
+
+-- Invariable adjective are a special case.
+
+  adjInvar : Str -> Adj1 ;          -- prima
+
+-- The following heuristic recognizes the the end of the word, and builds
+-- the second form depending on if it is "e", "er", or something else.
+-- N.B. a contraction is made with "er", which works for "teuer" but not
+-- for "bitter".
+
+  adjGen : Str -> Adj1 ;            -- gut; teuer; böse
+
+-- Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.
+
+  mkAdj2 : Adj1 -> Str -> Case -> Adj2 ;  -- teilbar, durch, acc
+
+-- Comparison adjectives may need three adjective, corresponding to the
+-- three comparison forms. 
+
+  mkAdjDeg : (gut,besser,best : Adj1) -> AdjDeg ;
+
+-- In many cases, each of these adjectives is itself regular. Then we only
+-- need three strings. Notice that contraction with "er" is not performed
+-- ("bessere", not "bessre").
+
+  aDeg3 : (gut,besser,best : Str) -> AdjDeg ;
+
+-- In the completely regular case, the comparison forms are constructed by
+-- the endings "er" and "st".
+
+  aReg : Str -> AdjDeg ;    -- billig, billiger, billigst
+
+-- The past participle of a verb can be used as an adjective.
+
+  aPastPart : V -> Adj1 ;   -- gefangen
+
+-- On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
+-- just to use a one-place adjective. The variation in $adjGen$ is taken
+-- into account.
+
+  apReg : Str -> AP ;
+
+
+--2 Verbs
+--
+-- The fragment only has present tense so far, but in all persons.
+-- It also has the infinitive and the past participles.
+-- The worst case macro needs four forms: : the infinitive and 
+-- the third person singular (where Umlaut may occur), the singular imperative,
+-- and the past participle.
+-- 
+-- The function recognizes if the stem ends with "s" or "t" and performs the
+-- appropriate contractions.
+
+  mkV : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> V ;   -- geben, gibt, gib, gegeben
+
+-- Regular verbs are those where no Umlaut occurs.
+
+  vReg  : Str -> V ;         -- kommen
+
+-- The verbs 'be' and 'have' are special.
+
+  vSein  : V ;
+  vHaben : V ;
+
+-- Verbs with a detachable particle, with regular ones as a special case.
+
+  vPart    :  (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> V ;     -- sehen, sieht, sieh, gesehen, aus
+  vPartReg :  (_,_     : Str) -> V ;       -- bringen, um
+
+-- Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that
+-- a particle can be included in a $V$.
+
+  mkTV     : V   -> Str -> Case -> TV ;  -- hören, zu, dative
+
+  tvReg    : Str -> Str -> Case -> TV ;  -- hören, zu, dative
+  tvDir    : V -> TV ;                   -- umbringen
+  tvDirReg : Str -> TV ;                 -- lieben
+
+--2 Adverbials
+--
+-- Adverbials for modifying verbs, adjectives, and sentences can be formed 
+-- from strings.
+
+  mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
+  mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
+  mkAdS : Str -> AdS ;
+
+-- Prepositional phrases are another productive form of adverbials.
+
+  mkPP : Case -> Str -> NP -> AdV ;
+
+-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
+-- hidden from the document.
+--.
+
+
+  masculine = Masc ;
+  feminine  = Fem ;
+  neuter = Neut ;
+  nominative = Nom ;
+  accusative = Acc ;
+  dative = Dat ;
+  genitive = Gen ;
+  -- singular defined in Types
+  -- plural defined in Types
+
+  mkN = mkNoun ;
+
+  nGen = \punkt, punktes, punkte, g -> let {
+      e   = Predef.dp 1 punkte ; 
+      eqy = ifTok (Gender -> N) e ;
+      noN = mkNoun4 punkt punktes punkte punkte
+    } in
+    eqy "n" noN (
+    eqy "s" noN (
+            mkNoun4 punkt punktes punkte (punkte+"n"))) g ;
+
+  nRaum = \raum, räume -> nGen raum (raum + "es") räume masculine ;
+  nTisch = \tisch -> 
+    mkNoun4 tisch (tisch + "es") (tisch + "e") (tisch +"en") masculine ;
+  nVater = \vater, väter -> nGen vater (vater + "s") väter masculine ;
+  nFehler = \fehler -> nVater fehler fehler ;
+
+  nSoldat = \soldat -> let {
+     e = Predef.dp 1 soldat ; 
+     soldaten = ifTok Tok e "e" (soldat + "n") (soldat + "en")
+    } in
+    mkN soldat soldaten soldaten soldaten soldaten soldaten masculine ;
+
+  nBuch = \buch, bücher -> nGen buch (buch + "es") bücher neuter ;
+  nMesser = \messer -> nGen messer (messer + "s") messer neuter ;
+  nAuto = \auto -> let {autos = auto + "s"} in 
+          mkNoun4 auto autos autos autos neuter ;
+
+  nHand = \hand, hände -> nGen hand hand hände feminine ;
+
+  nFrau = \frau -> let {
+     e = Predef.dp 1 frau ; 
+     frauen = ifTok Tok e "e" (frau + "n") (frau + "en")
+    } in
+    mkN frau frau frau frau frauen frauen feminine ;
+
+  mkFun = \n -> mkFunCN (n2n n) ;
+  funVon = \n -> funVonCN (n2n n) ;
+
+  mkPN = \karolus, karoli -> {s = table {Gen => karoli ; _ => karolus}} ;
+  pnReg = \horst -> 
+    mkPN horst (ifTok Tok (Predef.dp 1 horst) "s" horst (horst + "s")) ;
+
+  mkCN = UseN ;
+  mkNP = \x,y -> UsePN (mkPN x y) ;
+  npReg = \s -> UsePN (pnReg s) ;
+
+  mkFunCN = mkFunC ;
+  funVonCN = funVonC ;
+
+  mkAdj1 = mkAdjective ;
+  adjInvar = Morpho.adjInvar ;
+  adjGen = Morpho.adjGen ;
+  mkAdj2 = \a,p,c -> a ** {s2 = p ; c = c} ;
+
+  mkAdjDeg = mkAdjComp ;
+  aDeg3 = adjCompReg3 ;
+  aReg = adjCompReg ;
+  aPastPart = \v -> {s = table AForm {a => v.s ! VPart a}} ; 
+  apReg = \s -> AdjP1 (adjGen s) ;
+
+  mkV = \sehen, sieht, sieh, gesehen -> 
+    mkVerbSimple (mkVerbum sehen sieht sieh gesehen) ;
+  vReg = \s -> mkVerbSimple (regVerb s) ;
+  vSein = verbSein ;
+  vHaben = verbHaben ;
+  vPart = \sehen, sieht, sieh, gesehen, aus -> 
+    mkVerb (mkVerbum sehen sieht sieh gesehen) aus ;
+  vPartReg = \sehen, aus -> mkVerb (regVerb sehen) aus ;
+
+  mkTV = mkTransVerb ;
+  tvReg = \hören, zu, dat -> mkTV (vReg hören) zu dat ;
+  tvDir = \v -> mkTV v [] accusative ;
+  tvDirReg = \v -> tvReg v [] accusative ; 
+
+  mkAdV = ss ;
+  mkPP = prepPhrase ;
+  mkAdA = ss ;
+  mkAdS = ss ;
+} ;