diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/Combinators.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/Combinators.gf
index 23426df08..16e184fc1 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/Combinators.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/Combinators.gf
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 -- language-specific ``Paradigms`` modules are usually needed
 -- to construct arguments of these functions.
 
-incomplete resource Combinators = open Grammar in {
+incomplete resource Combinators = open Cat, Structural, Constructors in {
 
   oper
 
@@ -90,110 +90,104 @@ incomplete resource Combinators = open Grammar in {
 
     pred = overload {
       pred : V  -> NP -> Cl
-                                       = \v,np -> PredVP np (UseV v) ;
+           = \v,np -> mkCl np v ;
       pred : V2 -> NP -> NP -> Cl
-                                       = \v,np,ob -> PredVP np (ComplSlash (SlashV2a v) ob) ;
+           = \v,np,ob -> mkCl np v ob ;
       pred : V3 -> NP -> NP -> NP -> Cl 
-                                       = \v,np,ob,ob2 -> 
-                                          PredVP np (ComplSlash (Slash2V3 v ob) ob2) ;
+           = \v,np,ob,ob2 -> mkCl np v ob ob2 ;
       pred : V  -> NP -> NP -> Cl
-                                       = \v,x,y -> PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP x y)) (UseV v) ;
+           = \v,x,y -> mkCl (mkNP and_Conj x y) v ;
       pred : A  -> NP -> Cl 
-                                       = \a,np -> PredVP np (UseComp (CompAP (PositA a))) ;
+           = \a,np -> mkCl np a ;
       pred : A2 -> NP -> NP -> Cl
-                                       = \a,x,y -> PredVP x (UseComp (CompAP (ComplA2 a y))) ;
+           = \a,x,y -> mkCl x a y ;
       pred : A  -> NP -> NP -> Cl      
-                                       = \a,x,y -> PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP x y)) (UseComp (CompAP (PositA a))) ;
+           = \a,x,y -> mkCl (mkNP and_Conj x y) a ;
       pred : N -> NP -> Cl
-                                       = \n,x -> PredVP x (UseComp (CompNP (DetArtSg (IndefArt) (UseN n)))) ;
+           = \n,x -> mkCl x (mkNP a_Art n) ;
       pred : CN -> NP -> Cl
-                                       = \n,x -> PredVP x (UseComp (CompNP (DetArtSg (IndefArt) n))) ;
+           = \n,x -> mkCl x (mkNP a_Art n) ;
       pred : NP -> NP -> Cl
-                                       = \n,x -> PredVP x (UseComp (CompNP n)) ;      pred : N2 -> NP -> NP -> Cl 
-                                       = \n,x,y -> PredVP x (UseComp (CompNP (DetArtSg (IndefArt) (ComplN2 n y)))) ;
+           = \n,x -> mkCl x n ;
+      pred : N2 -> NP -> NP -> Cl 
+           = \n,x,y -> mkCl x (mkNP a_Art (mkCN n y)) ;
       pred : N -> NP -> NP -> Cl 
-                                       = \n,x,y -> PredVP (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP x y)) (UseComp (CompNP (DetArtPl (IndefArt) (UseN n)))) ;
+           = \n,x,y -> mkCl (mkNP and_Conj x y) (mkNP a_Art plNum n) ;
       pred : Adv -> NP -> Cl 
-                                       = \a,x -> PredVP x (UseComp (CompAdv a)) ;
+           = \a,x -> mkCl x a ;
       pred : Prep -> NP -> NP -> Cl        
-                                       = \p,x,y -> PredVP x (UseComp (CompAdv (PrepNP p y)))
-
+           = \p,x,y -> mkCl x (mkAdv p y) ;
       } ;
 
     app = overload {
       app : N  -> NP
-                                       = \n -> (DetArtSg (DefArt) (UseN n)) ;
+           = \n -> mkNP the_Art n ;
       app : N2 -> NP -> NP 
-                                       = \n,x -> (DetArtSg (DefArt) (ComplN2 n x)) ;
+           = \n,x -> mkNP the_Art (mkCN n x) ;
       app : N3 -> NP -> NP -> NP
-                                       = \n,x,y -> (DetArtSg (DefArt) (ComplN2 (ComplN3 n x) y)) ;
+           = \n,x,y -> mkNP the_Art (mkCN n x y) ;
       app : N2 -> NP -> NP -> NP
-                                       = \n,x,y -> (DetArtSg DefArt (ComplN2 n (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP x y)))) ;
+           = \n,x,y -> mkNP the_Art (mkCN n (mkNP and_Conj x y)) ;
       app : N2 -> N -> CN
-                                       = \f,n -> ComplN2 f (DetArtPl (IndefArt) (UseN n)) ;
-
-      app : N2 -> NP -> CN = ComplN2 ;
-      app : N3 -> NP -> NP -> CN = \n,x,y -> ComplN2 (ComplN3 n x) y ; 
-      app : N2 -> NP -> NP -> CN = \n,x,y -> 
-        ComplN2 n (ConjNP and_Conj (BaseNP x y)) ;
+           = \f,n -> mkCN f (mkNP a_Art plNum n) ;
+      app : N2 -> NP -> CN 
+           = mkCN ;
+      app : N3 -> NP -> NP -> CN 
+           = mkCN ;
+      app : N2 -> NP -> NP -> CN 
+           = \n,x,y -> mkCN n (mkNP and_Conj x y) ;
       } ;
 
     coord = overload {
       coord : Conj -> Adv -> Adv -> Adv
-                                        = \c,x,y -> ConjAdv c (BaseAdv x y) ;
+           = mkAdv ;
       coord : Conj -> AP -> AP -> AP
-                                        = \c,x,y -> ConjAP c (BaseAP x y) ;
+           = mkAP ;
       coord : Conj -> NP -> NP -> NP
-                                        = \c,x,y -> ConjNP c (BaseNP x y) ;
+           = mkNP ;
       coord : Conj -> S  -> S  -> S  
-                                        = \c,x,y -> ConjS c (BaseS x y) ;
+           = mkS ;
       coord : Conj -> ListAdv -> Adv
-                                        = \c,xy -> ConjAdv c xy ;
+           = mkAdv ;
       coord : Conj -> ListAP -> AP
-                                        = \c,xy -> ConjAP c xy ; 
+           = mkAP ;
       coord : Conj -> ListNP -> NP
-                                        = \c,xy -> ConjNP c xy ;
+           = mkNP ;
       coord : Conj -> ListS  -> S  
-                                        = \c,xy -> ConjS c xy
+           = mkS ;
       } ;
 
     mod = overload {
       mod : A -> N -> CN
-                                  = \a,n -> AdjCN (PositA a) (UseN n) ;
+           = mkCN ;
       mod : AP -> CN -> CN
-                                  = \a,n -> AdjCN a n ;
+           = mkCN ;
       mod : AdA -> A -> AP
-                                  = \m,a -> AdAP m (PositA a) ;
-
+           = mkAP ;
       mod : Det -> N -> NP 
-	                          = \d,n -> DetCN d (UseN n) ;
+	   = mkNP ;
       mod : Det -> CN -> NP 
-	                          = \d,n -> DetCN d n ;
+	   = mkNP ;
       mod : Quant -> N -> NP
-                                  = \q,n -> DetCN (DetQuant (q) NumSg) (UseN n) ;
+           = mkNP ;
       mod : Quant -> CN -> NP
-                                  = \q,n -> DetCN (DetQuant (q) NumSg) n ;
+           = mkNP ;
       mod : Predet -> N -> NP 
-                                  = \q,n -> PredetNP q (DetArtPl (IndefArt)  (UseN n)) ;
+           = \p,n -> mkNP p (mkNP a_Art n) ;
       mod : Numeral -> N -> NP
-                                  = \nu,n -> DetCN (DetArtCard (IndefArt) (NumNumeral nu)) (UseN n)
-
+           = mkNP ;
       } ;
 
     neg = overload {
       neg : Imp -> Utt 
-	                 = UttImpSg PNeg ;
+	   = mkUtt negativePol ;
       neg : Cl -> S 
-	                 = UseCl TPres ASimul PNeg;
+	   = mkS negativePol ;
       neg : QCl -> QS 
-	                 = UseQCl TPres ASimul PNeg;
+           = mkQS negativePol ;
       neg : RCl -> RS 
-	                 = UseRCl TPres ASimul PNeg
+           = mkRS negativePol ;
     };
 
--- This is not in ground API, because it would destroy parsing.
-
-    appendText : Text -> Text -> Text 
-                = \x,y -> {s = x.s ++ y.s ; lock_Text = <>} ;
 
 }
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsAra.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsAra.gf
index 707b6be7d..2b5e97067 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsAra.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsAra.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsAra = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarAra) ;
+resource CombinatorsAra = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatAra),
+  (Structural = StructuralAra),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsAra) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsBul.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsBul.gf
index 882a7c875..e6dda549f 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsBul.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsBul.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsBul = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarBul) ;
+resource CombinatorsBul = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatBul),
+  (Structural = StructuralBul),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsBul) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsCat.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsCat.gf
index af78ebfda..91b9d6beb 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsCat.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsCat.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsCat = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarCat) ;
+resource CombinatorsCat = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatCat),
+  (Structural = StructuralCat),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsCat) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsDan.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsDan.gf
index dff911eba..0ed29d000 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsDan.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsDan.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsDan = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarDan) ;
+resource CombinatorsDan = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatDan),
+  (Structural = StructuralDan),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsDan) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsEng.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsEng.gf
index df539e513..a4acf8dd1 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsEng.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsEng.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsEng = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarEng) ;
+resource CombinatorsEng = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatEng),
+  (Structural = StructuralEng),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsEng) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsFin.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsFin.gf
index e5da96407..4c5ab7747 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsFin.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsFin.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsFin = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarFin) ;
+resource CombinatorsFin = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatFin),
+  (Structural = StructuralFin),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsFin) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsFre.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsFre.gf
index 48d2166e4..d335875bd 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsFre.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsFre.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsFre = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarFre) ;
+resource CombinatorsFre = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatFre),
+  (Structural = StructuralFre),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsFre) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsGer.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsGer.gf
index e209fa136..82809cec3 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsGer.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsGer.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsGer = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarGer) ;
+resource CombinatorsGer = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatGer),
+  (Structural = StructuralGer),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsGer) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsHin.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsHin.gf
index e75f470c2..1c00ae98e 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsHin.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsHin.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsHin = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarHin) ;
+resource CombinatorsHin = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatHin),
+  (Structural = StructuralHin),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsHin) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsIna.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsIna.gf
index 43db76efb..2f5980ebd 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsIna.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsIna.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsIna = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarIna) ;
+resource CombinatorsIna = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatIna),
+  (Structural = StructuralIna),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsIna) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsIta.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsIta.gf
index 40c8ec880..a16f634dc 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsIta.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsIta.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsIta = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarIta) ;
+resource CombinatorsIta = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatIta),
+  (Structural = StructuralIta),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsIta) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsNor.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsNor.gf
index 780c88ab7..7f4865597 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsNor.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsNor.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsNor = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarNor) ;
+resource CombinatorsNor = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatNor),
+  (Structural = StructuralNor),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsNor) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsRus.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsRus.gf
index b99b55551..134103981 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsRus.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsRus.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsRus = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarRus) ;
+resource CombinatorsRus = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatRus),
+  (Structural = StructuralRus),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsRus) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsSpa.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsSpa.gf
index 43b881b50..ece2b7b79 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsSpa.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsSpa.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsSpa = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarSpa) ;
+resource CombinatorsSpa = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatSpa),
+  (Structural = StructuralSpa),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsSpa) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsSwe.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsSwe.gf
index c3b9a0350..5cdd1a2a6 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsSwe.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsSwe.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsSwe = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarSwe) ;
+resource CombinatorsSwe = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatSwe),
+  (Structural = StructuralSwe),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsSwe) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsTha.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsTha.gf
index 5c77348b3..ab9dddb09 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsTha.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/CombinatorsTha.gf
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 --# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
 
-resource CombinatorsTha = Combinators with (Grammar = GrammarTha) ;
+resource CombinatorsTha = Combinators with 
+  (Cat = CatTha),
+  (Structural = StructuralTha),
+  (Constructors = ConstructorsTha) ;
diff --git a/lib/next-resource/api/Constructors.gf b/lib/next-resource/api/Constructors.gf
index 3cc6f95f4..db86dfb1f 100644
--- a/lib/next-resource/api/Constructors.gf
+++ b/lib/next-resource/api/Constructors.gf
@@ -1666,6 +1666,13 @@ incomplete resource Constructors = open Grammar in {
       those_QuantPl : QuantPl ; -- 5. those
 -}
 
+-- export needed, since not in Cat
+
+  ListAdv : Type = Grammar.ListAdv ;
+  ListAP : Type = Grammar.ListAP ;
+  ListNP : Type = Grammar.ListNP ;
+  ListS : Type = Grammar.ListS ;
+
 -- bw to 1.4
 
     Art : Type = Quant ;