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lib/resource-0.6/doc/ParadigmsEng.html
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lib/resource-0.6/doc/ParadigmsEng.html
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<html>
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<body>
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<i> Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</i>
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<p>
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<h1></h1>
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# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
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<h1> English Lexical Paradigms</h1>
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<p>
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Aarne Ranta 2003
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<p>
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This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
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expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <tt>Structural.gf</tt>.
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<p>
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The main difference with <tt>MorphoEng.gf</tt> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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than stems, as string
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arguments of the paradigms.
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<p>
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The following modules are presupposed:
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<pre>
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resource ParadigmsEng = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, SyntaxEng, ResourceEng in {
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</pre>
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<h2> Parameters </h2>
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<p>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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<pre>
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oper
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human : Gender ;
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nonhuman : Gender ;
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</pre>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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<pre>
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</pre>
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To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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<pre>
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nominative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Nouns</h2>
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Worst case: give all four forms and the semantic gender.
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In practice the worst case is just: give singular and plural nominative.
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<pre>
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oper
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mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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nMan : (man,men : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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</pre>
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Regular nouns, nouns ending with <i>s</i>, <i>y</i>, or <i>o</i>, and nouns with the same
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plural form as the singular.
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<pre>
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nReg : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- dog, dogs
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nKiss : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- kiss, kisses
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nFly : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- fly, flies
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nHero : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- hero, heroes (= nKiss !)
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nSheep : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- sheep, sheep
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</pre>
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These use general heuristics, that recognizes the last letter. <b>N.B</b> it
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does not get right with <i>boy</i>, <i>rush</i>, since it only looks at one letter.
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<pre>
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nHuman : Str -> N ; -- gambler/actress/nanny
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nNonhuman : Str -> N ; -- dog/kiss/fly
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</pre>
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Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is <i>of</i>.
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<pre>
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mkFun : N -> Preposition -> Fun ;
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funHuman : Str -> Fun ; -- the father/mistress/daddy of
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funNonhuman : Str -> Fun ; -- the successor/address/copy of
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</pre>
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Proper names, with their regular genitive.
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<pre>
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pnReg : (John : Str) -> PN ; -- John, John's
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</pre>
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The most common cases on the higher-level category <tt>CN</tt> have shortcuts.
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The regular <i>y</i>/<i>s</i> variation is taken into account.
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<pre>
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cnNonhuman : Str -> CN ;
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cnHuman : Str -> CN ;
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npReg : Str -> NP ;
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</pre>
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In some cases, you may want to make a complex <tt>CN</tt> into a function.
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<pre>
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mkFunCN : CN -> Preposition -> Fun ;
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funOfCN : CN -> Fun ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Adjectives</h2>
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Non-comparison one-place adjectives just have one form.
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<pre>
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mkAdj1 : (even : Str) -> Adj1 ;
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</pre>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition as second argument.
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<pre>
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mkAdj2 : (divisible, by : Str) -> Adj2 ;
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</pre>
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Comparison adjectives have three forms. The common irregular
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cases are ones ending with <i>y</i> and a consonant that is duplicated;
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the <i>y</i> ending is recognized by the function <tt>aReg</tt>.
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<pre>
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mkAdjDeg : (good,better,best : Str) -> AdjDeg ;
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aReg : (long : Str) -> AdjDeg ; -- long, longer, longest
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aFat : (fat : Str) -> AdjDeg ; -- fat, fatter, fattest
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aRidiculous : (ridiculous : Str) -> AdjDeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
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</pre>
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On higher level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
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just to use a one-place adjective.
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<pre>
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apReg : Str -> AP ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Adverbs</h2>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position not
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before the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. <i>always</i>).
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<pre>
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mkAdv : Str -> AdV ;
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mkAdvPre : Str -> AdV ;
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</pre>
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Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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<pre>
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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mkAdS : Str -> AdS ;
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</pre>
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Prepositional phrases are another productive form of adverbials.
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<pre>
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mkPP : Str -> NP -> AdV ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Verbs</h2>
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<p>
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The fragment now has all verb forms, except the gerund/present participle.
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Except for <i>be</i>, the worst case needs four forms: the infinitive and
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the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the past participle.
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<pre>
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mkV : (go, goes, went, gone : Str) -> V ;
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vReg : (walk : Str) -> V ; -- walk, walks
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vKiss : (kiss : Str) -> V ; -- kiss, kisses
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vFly : (fly : Str) -> V ; -- fly, flies
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vGo : (go : Str) -> V ; -- go, goes (= vKiss !)
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</pre>
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This generic function recognizes the special cases where the last
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character is <i>y</i>, <i>s</i>, or <i>z</i>. It is not right for <i>finish</i> and <i>convey</i>.
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<pre>
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vGen : Str -> V ; -- walk/kiss/fly
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</pre>
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The verbs <i>be</i> and <i>have</i> are special.
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<pre>
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vBe : V ;
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vHave : V ;
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</pre>
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Verbs with a particle.
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<pre>
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vPart : (go, goes, went, gone, up : Str) -> V ;
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vPartReg : (get, up : Str) -> V ;
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</pre>
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Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object.
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Notice that a particle can already be included in <tt>V</tt>.
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<pre>
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mkTV : V -> Str -> TV ; -- look for, kill
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tvGen : (look, for : Str) -> TV ; -- look for, talk about
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tvDir : V -> TV ; -- switch off
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tvGenDir : (kill : Str) -> TV ; -- kill
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</pre>
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Regular two-place verbs with a particle.
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<pre>
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tvPartReg : Str -> Str -> Str -> TV ; -- get, along, with
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</pre>
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Ditransitive verbs.
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<pre>
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mkV3 : V -> Str -> Str -> V3 ; -- speak, with, about
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v3Dir : V -> Str -> V3 ; -- give,_,to
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v3DirDir : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_
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</pre>
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The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
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hidden from the document.
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</body>
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</html>
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