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lib/resource-0.6/doc/ParadigmsRus.html
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lib/resource-0.6/doc/ParadigmsRus.html
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<html>
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<body>
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<i> Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</i>
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<p>
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<h1></h1>
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# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
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<h1> Russian Lexical Paradigms
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</h1>
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Aarne Ranta, Janna Khegai 2003
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This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
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expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <tt>resource.Abs.gf</tt>.
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The following files are presupposed:
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<pre>
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resource ParadigmsRus = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, SyntaxRus, ResourceRus in {
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flags coding=utf8 ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Parameters
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</h2>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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<pre>
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oper
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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neuter : Gender ;
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</pre>
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To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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<pre>
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nominative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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dative : Case ;
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accusative : Case ;
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instructive : Case ;
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prepositional : Case ;
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</pre>
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In some (written in English) textbooks accusative case
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is put on the second place. However, we follow the case order
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standard for Russian textbooks.
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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<pre>
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Nouns
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</h2>
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Best case: indeclinabe nouns: <i>кофе</i>, <i>пальто</i>, <i>ВУЗ</i>.
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<pre>
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mkIndeclinableNoun: Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ;
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</pre>
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Worst case - give six singular forms:
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Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative, Instructive and Prepositional;
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corresponding six plural forms and the gender.
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May be the number of forms needed can be reduced,
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but this requires a separate investigation.
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Animacy parameter (determining whether the Accusative form is equal
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to the Nominative or the Genetive one) is actually of no help,
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since there are a lot of exceptions and the gain is just one form less.
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<pre>
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mkN : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ;
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-- мужчина, мужчины, мужчине, мужчину, мужчиной, мужчине
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-- мужчины, мужчин, мужчинам, мужчин, мужчинами, мужчинах
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</pre>
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Here are some common patterns. The list is far from complete.
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Feminine patterns.
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<pre>
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nMashina : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"машин-ой"
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nEdinica : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"единиц-ей"
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nZhenchina : Str -> N ; -- feminine, animate, ending with "-a"
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nNoga : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "г_к_х-a"
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nMalyariya : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ия"
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nTetya : Str -> N ; -- feminine, animate, ending with "-я"
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nBol : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ь"(soft sign)
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</pre>
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Neuter patterns.
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<pre>
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nObezbolivauchee : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-ee"
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nProizvedenie : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-e"
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nChislo : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-o"
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</pre>
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Masculine patterns.
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<pre>
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nStomatolog : Str -> N ; -- masculine, animate, ending with consonant
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-- the next two differ only in
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-- plural nominative (= accusative) form(s) :
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nAdres : Str -> N ; -- адрес-а
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nTelefon : Str -> N ; -- телефон-ы
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-- masculine, inanimate, ending with consonant
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nNol : Str -> N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ь" (soft sign)
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nUroven : Str -> N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ень"
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</pre>
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Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is with Genitive.
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<pre>
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mkFun : N -> Preposition -> Case -> Fun ;
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funGen : N -> Fun ;
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</pre>
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Proper names.
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<pre>
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mkPN : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> PN ; -- "Иван", "Маша"
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</pre>
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On the top level, it is maybe <tt>CN</tt> that is used rather than <tt>N</tt>, and
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<tt>NP</tt> rather than <tt>PN</tt>.
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<pre>
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mkCN : N -> CN ;
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mkNP : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> NP ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Adjectives
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</h2>
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Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 (4 by 7)
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forms in the worst case:
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Masculine | Feminine | Neutral | Plural
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Nominative
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Genitive
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Dative
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Accusative Inanimate
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Accusative Animate
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Instructive
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Prepositional
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Notice that 4 short forms, which exist for some adjectives are not included
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in the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for
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positive degree.
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mkAdj1 : ( : Str) -> Adj1 ;
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Invariable adjective is a special case.
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<pre>
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adjInvar : Str -> Adj1 ; -- khaki, mini, hindi, netto
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</pre>
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Some regular patterns depending on the ending.
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<pre>
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adj1Staruyj : Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ый"
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adj1Malenkij : Str -> Adj1 ; -- endign with "-ий"
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adj1Molodoj : Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ой",
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-- plural - молод-ые"
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adj1Kakoj_Nibud : Str -> Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ой",
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-- plural - "как-ие"
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</pre>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.
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<pre>
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mkAdj2 : Adj1 -> Str -> Case -> Adj2 ; -- "делим на"
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</pre>
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Comparison adjectives need a positive adjective
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(28 forms without short forms).
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Taking only one comparative form (non-syntaxic) and
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only one superlative form (syntaxic) we can produce the
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comparison adjective with only one extra argument -
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non-syntaxic comparative form.
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Syntaxic forms are based on the positive forms.
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<pre>
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mkAdjDeg : Adj1 -> Str -> AdjDeg ;
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</pre>
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On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
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just to use a one-place adjective.
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<pre>
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ap : Adj1 -> IsPostfixAdj -> AP ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Verbs
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</h2>
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In our lexicon description (<i>Verbum</i>) there are 62 forms:
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2 (Voice) by { 1 (infinitive) + [2(number) by 3 (person)](imperative) +
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[ [2(Number) by 3(Person)](present) + [2(Number) by 3(Person)](future) +
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4(GenNum)(past) ](indicative)+ 4 (GenNum) (subjunctive) }
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Participles (Present and Past) and Gerund forms are not included,
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since they fuction more like Adjectives and Adverbs correspondingly
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rather than verbs. Aspect regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb.
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Notice, that some forms are never used for some verbs. Actually,
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the majority of verbs do not have many of the forms.
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The worst case need 6 forms of the present tense in indicative mood
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(<i>я бегу</i>, <i>ты бежишь</i>, <i>он бежит</i>, <i>мы бежим</i>, <i>вы бежите</i>, <i>они бегут</i>),
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a past form (singular, masculine: <i>я бежал</i>), an imperative form
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(singular, second person: <i>беги</i>), an infinitive (<i>бежать</i>).
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Inherent aspect should also be specified.
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<pre>
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mkVerbum : Aspect -> (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verbum ;
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</pre>
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Common conjugation patterns are two conjugations:
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first - verbs ending with <i>-ать/-ять</i> and second - <i>-ить/-еть</i>.
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Instead of 6 present forms of the worst case, we only need
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a present stem and one ending (singular, first person):
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<i>я люб-лю</i>, <i>я жд-у</i>, etc. To determine where the border
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between stem and ending lies it is sufficient to compare
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first person from with second person form:
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<i>я люб-лю</i>, <i>ты люб-ишь</i>. Stems shoud be the same.
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So the definition for verb <i>любить</i> looks like:
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mkRegVerb Imperfective Second <i>люб</i> <i>лю</i> <i>любил</i> <i>люби</i> <i>любить</i>;
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<pre>
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mkRegVerb :Aspect -> Conjugation -> (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verbum ;
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</pre>
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For writing an application grammar one usualy doesn't need
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the whole inflection table, since each verb is used in
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a particular context that determines some of the parameters
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(Tense and Voice while Aspect is fixed from the beginning) for certain usage.
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The <i>V</i> type, that have these parameters fixed.
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We can extract the <i>V</i> from the lexicon.
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<pre>
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mkV: Verbum -> Voice -> Tense -> V ;
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mkPresentV: Verbum -> Voice -> V ;
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</pre>
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Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that
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a particle can be included in a <tt>V</tt>.
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<pre>
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mkTV : V -> Str -> Case -> TV ; -- "войти в дом"; "в", accusative
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tvDir : V -> TV ; -- "видеть", "любить"
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</pre>
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