Maltese RG: big improvements with clitics in VPs

lib/src/maltese/AdverbMlt.gf

@@ -8,40 +8,66 @@ concrete AdverbMlt of Adverb = CatMlt ** open ResMlt, Prelude in {
 
   lin
 
-    -- A -> Adv ;                 -- warmly
+    -- A -> Adv
+    -- warmly
     PositAdvAdj a = {
-      s = "b'mod" ++ a.s ! APosit (GSg Masc)
+      s = "b'mod" ++ a.s ! APosit (GSg Masc) ;
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      a = agrP3 Sg Masc ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
       } ;
 
-    -- CAdv -> A -> NP -> Adv ; -- more warmly than John
+    -- CAdv -> A -> NP -> Adv
+    -- more warmly than John
     ComparAdvAdj cadv a np = {
-      s = cadv.s ++ a.s ! APosit (GSg Masc) ++ cadv.p ++ np.s ! npNom
+      s = cadv.s ++ a.s ! APosit (GSg Masc) ++ cadv.p ++ np.s ! npNom ;
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      a = np.a ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
       } ;
 
-    -- CAdv -> A -> S  -> Adv ; -- more warmly than he runs
+    -- CAdv -> A -> S  -> Adv
+    -- more warmly than he runs
     ComparAdvAdjS cadv a s = {
-      s = cadv.s ++ a.s ! APosit (GSg Masc) ++ cadv.p ++ s.s
+      s = cadv.s ++ a.s ! APosit (GSg Masc) ++ cadv.p ++ s.s ;
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      a = agrP3 Sg Masc ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
       } ;
 
-    -- Prep -> NP -> Adv ;        -- in the house
+    -- Prep -> NP -> Adv
+    -- in the house
     PrepNP prep np = {
-      s = prepNP prep np
+      s = prepNP prep np ;
+      joinsVerb = prep.joinsVerb ;
+      a = np.a ;
       };
 
-    -- AdA -> Adv -> Adv ;             -- very quickly
+    -- AdA -> Adv -> Adv
-    AdAdv = cc2 ;
+    -- very quickly
-
+    AdAdv a b = cc2 a b ** {
-    -- A -> AdA ;                 -- extremely
+      joinsVerb = False ;
-    PositAdAAdj a = {
+      a = agrP3 Sg Masc ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
-      s = a.s ! APosit (GSg Masc) ++ "ħafna" ;
       } ;
 
-    -- Subj -> S -> Adv ;              -- when she sleeps
+    -- A -> AdA
-    SubjS = cc2 ;
+    -- extremely
+    PositAdAAdj a = {
+      s = a.s ! APosit (GSg Masc) ++ "ħafna" ;
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      a = agrP3 Sg Masc ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
+      } ;
 
-    -- CAdv -> AdN ;                  -- less (than five)
+    -- Subj -> S -> Adv
+    -- when she sleeps
+    SubjS s r = cc2 s r ** {
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      a = agrP3 Sg Masc ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
+      } ;
+
+    -- CAdv -> AdN
+    -- less (than five)
     AdnCAdv cadv = {
-      s = cadv.s ++ cadv.p
+      s = cadv.s ++ cadv.p ;
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      a = agrP3 Sg Masc ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
       } ;
 
 }

lib/src/maltese/CatMlt.gf

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 -- Angelo Zammit 2012
 -- Licensed under LGPL
 
-concrete CatMlt of Cat = CommonX ** open ResMlt, Prelude in {
+concrete CatMlt of Cat = CommonX - [Adv] ** open ResMlt, Prelude in {
 
   flags
     optimize=all_subs ;
@@ -120,4 +120,12 @@ concrete CatMlt of Cat = CommonX ** open ResMlt, Prelude in {
     N3 = Noun ** {c2, c3 : Compl} ;
     PN = ProperNoun ;
 
+-- Overridden from CommonX
+
+    Adv = {
+      s : Str ;
+      joinsVerb : Bool ; -- Adv "for us" completely integrates into verb at VP level
+      a : Agr ; -- when joinsVerb, this is important
+      } ;
+
 }

lib/src/maltese/ConjunctionMlt.gf

@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ concrete ConjunctionMlt of Conjunction =
     ConjS = conjunctDistrSS ;
 
     -- Conj -> [Adv] -> Adv   -- "here or there"
-    ConjAdv = conjunctDistrSS ;
+    ConjAdv c l = conjunctDistrSS c l ** {
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      a = agrP3 Sg Masc ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
+      } ;
 
     -- Conj -> [IAdv] -> IAdv -- "where and with whom"
     ConjIAdv = conjunctDistrSS ;

lib/src/maltese/DictMlt.gf

@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
       ;
     kamrad_KMRD_1_7014_V      = mkV "kamrad" (mkRoot "k-m-r-d") ;
     kanga_KNGJ_1_7015_V       = mkV "kanġa" (mkRoot "k-n-ġ-j") ;
-    kanta_KNTJ_1_7016_V       = mkV "kanta" (mkRoot "k-n-t-j") ;
+    kanta_KNTJ_1_7016_V       = mkV "kanta" "kanta" (mkRoot "k-n-t-j") ;
     tkanta_KNTJ_2_7017_V      = mkV_II "tkanta" (mkRoot "k-n-t-j") ;
     kopra_KPRJ_1_7018_V       = mkV "kopra" (mkRoot "k-p-r-j") ;
     tkopra_KPRJ_2_7019_V      = mkV_II "tkopra" (mkRoot "k-p-r-j") ;
@@ -428,13 +428,13 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     tmandar_MNDR_2_7086_V     = mkV_II "tmandar" (mkRoot "m-n-d-r") ;
     menghel_MNGHL_1_7087_V    = mkV "mengħel" (mkRoot "m-n-għ-l") ;
     mantna_MNTNJ_1_7088_V     = mkV quadWeak form1 (mkRoot "m-n-tn-j") (mkPattern "a" "a")
-      "mantnejt" "mantnejt" "mantna" "mantniet" "mantnejna" "mantnejtu" "mantnew" 
+      "mantnejt" "mantnejt" "mantna" "mantniet" "mantnejna" "mantnejtu" "mantnew"
-      "nmantna" "tmantna" "jmantna" "tmantna" "nmantnu" "tmantnu" "jmantnu" 
+      "nmantna" "tmantna" "jmantna" "tmantna" "nmantnu" "tmantnu" "jmantnu"
       "mantna" "mantnu"
       ;
     tmantna_MNTNJ_2_7089_V    = mkV quadWeak form2 (mkRoot "m-n-tn-j") (mkPattern "a" "a")
-      "tmantnejt" "tmantnejt" "tmantna" "tmantniet" "tmantnejna" "tmantnejtu" "tmantnew" 
+      "tmantnejt" "tmantnejt" "tmantna" "tmantniet" "tmantnejna" "tmantnejtu" "tmantnew"
-      "nitmantna" "titmantna" "jitmantna" "titmantna" "nitmantnu" "titmantnu" "jitmantnu" 
+      "nitmantna" "titmantna" "jitmantna" "titmantna" "nitmantnu" "titmantnu" "jitmantnu"
       "tmantna" "tmantnu"
       ;
     mantar_MNTR_1_7090_V      = mkV "mantar" (mkRoot "m-n-t-r") ;
@@ -1484,8 +1484,8 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     gezzez_GZZ_2_8121_V       = mkV_II "ġeżżeż" (mkRoot "ġ-ż-ż") ;
     ngezz_GZZ_7_8122_V        = mkV_VII "ġeżż" "nġeżż" (mkRoot "ġ-ż-ż") ;
     gie_GJ'_1_8123_V          = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "ġ-j-'") (mkPattern "ie" [])
-      "ġejt" "ġejt" "ġie" "ġiet" "ġejna" "ġejtu" "ġew" 
+      "ġejt" "ġejt" "ġie" "ġiet" "ġejna" "ġejtu" "ġew"
-      "niġi" "tiġi" "jiġi" "tiġi" "niġu" "tiġu" "jiġu" 
+      "niġi" "tiġi" "jiġi" "tiġi" "niġu" "tiġu" "jiġu"
       "ejja" "ejjew"
       ;
     gab_GJB_1_8124_V          = mkV "ġab" (mkRoot "ġ-j-b") ;
@@ -2035,8 +2035,8 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     kejjel_KJL_2_8670_V       = mkV_II "kejjel" (mkRoot "k-j-l") ;
     tkejjel_KJL_5_8671_V      = mkV_V "tkejjel" (mkRoot "k-j-l") ;
     kiel_KJL_1_8672_V         = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "k-j-l") (mkPattern "ie" [])
-      "kilt" "kilt" "kiel" "kielet" "kilna" "kiltu" "kielu" 
+      "kilt" "kilt" "kiel" "kielet" "kilna" "kiltu" "kielu"
-      "niekol" "tiekol" "jiekol" "tiekol" "nieklu" "tieklu" "jieklu" 
+      "niekol" "tiekol" "jiekol" "tiekol" "nieklu" "tieklu" "jieklu"
       ("kul"|"iekol") ("kulu"|"ieklu")
       ;
     wikkel_KJL_2_8673_V       = mkV_II "wikkel" (mkRoot "k-j-l") ;
@@ -2062,8 +2062,8 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     tkiewa_KWJ_6_8693_V       = mkV_VI "tkiewa" (mkRoot "k-w-j") ;
     nkewa_KWJ_7_8694_V        = mkV_VII "kewa" "nkewa" (mkRoot "k-w-j") ;
     kien_KWN_1_8695_V         = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "k-w-n") (mkPattern "ie" [])
-      "kont" "kont" "kien" "kienet" "konna" "kontu" "kienu" 
+      "kont" "kont" "kien" "kienet" "konna" "kontu" "kienu"
-      "nkun" "tkun" "jkun" "tkun" "nkunu" "tkunu" "jkunu" 
+      "nkun" "tkun" "jkun" "tkun" "nkunu" "tkunu" "jkunu"
       "kun" "kunu"
       ;
     kewwen_KWN_2_8696_V       = mkV_II "kewwen" (mkRoot "k-w-n") ;
@@ -2289,8 +2289,8 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     mewweg_MWG_2_8916_V       = mkV_II "mewweġ" (mkRoot "m-w-ġ") ;
     tmewweg_MWG_5_8917_V      = mkV_V "tmewweġ" (mkRoot "m-w-ġ") ;
     mar_MWR_1_8918_V          = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "m-w-r") (mkPattern "a" [])
-      "mort" "mort" "mar" "marret" "morna" "mortu" "marru" 
+      "mort" "mort" "mar" "marret" "morna" "mortu" "marru"
-      "mmur" "tmur" "jmur" "tmur" "mmorru" "tmorru" "jmorru" 
+      "mmur" "tmur" "jmur" "tmur" "mmorru" "tmorru" "jmorru"
       "mur" "morru"
       ;
     mawwar_MWR_2_8919_V       = mkV_II "mawwar" (mkRoot "m-w-r") ;
@@ -2730,8 +2730,8 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     qawwa_QWJ_2_9355_V        = mkV_II "qawwa" (mkRoot "q-w-j") ;
     tqawwa_QWJ_5_9356_V       = mkV_V "tqawwa" (mkRoot "q-w-j") ;
     qal_QWL_1_9357_V          = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "q-w-l") (mkPattern "a" [])
-      "għedt" "għedt" "qal" "qalet" "għedna" "għedtu" "qalu" 
+      "għedt" "għedt" "qal" "qalet" "għedna" "għedtu" "qalu"
-      "ngħid" "tgħid" "jgħid" "tgħid" "ngħidu" "tgħidu" "jgħidu" 
+      "ngħid" "tgħid" "jgħid" "tgħid" "ngħidu" "tgħidu" "jgħidu"
       "għid" "għidu"
       ; -- say/speak (note: GĦAD is also a separate verb)
     qawwel_QWL_2_9358_V       = mkV_II "qawwel" (mkRoot "q-w-l") ;
@@ -2890,8 +2890,8 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     razzan_RZN_2_9511_V       = mkV_II "rażżan" (mkRoot "r-ż-n") ;
     trazzan_RZN_5_9512_V      = mkV_V "trażżan" (mkRoot "r-ż-n") ;
     ra_R'J_1_9513_V           = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "r-'-j") (mkPattern "a" [])
-      "rajt" "rajt" "ra" "rat" "rajna" "rajtu" "raw" 
+      "rajt" "rajt" "ra" "rat" "rajna" "rajtu" "raw"
-      "nara" "tara" "jara" "tara" "naraw" "taraw" "jaraw" 
+      "nara" "tara" "jara" "tara" "naraw" "taraw" "jaraw"
       "ara" "araw"
       ;
     ntwera_R'J_7_9514_V       = irregularV form7 (mkRoot "r-'-j") (mkPattern "e" "e")
@@ -3458,15 +3458,15 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     twelled_WLD_5_10060_V     = mkV_V "twelled" (mkRoot "w-l-d") ;
     twieled_WLD_6_10061_V     = mkV_VI "twieled" (mkRoot "w-l-d") ;
     emmen_WMN_1_10062_V       = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "w-m-n") (mkPattern "e" "e")
-      "emmint" "emmint" "emmen" "emmnet" "emminna" "emmintu" "emmnu" 
+      "emmint" "emmint" "emmen" "emmnet" "emminna" "emmintu" "emmnu"
-      "nemmen" "temmen" "jemmen" "temmen" "nemmnu" "temmnu" "jemmnu" 
+      "nemmen" "temmen" "jemmen" "temmen" "nemmnu" "temmnu" "jemmnu"
       "emmen" "emmnu"
       ;
     wemmen_WMN_2_10063_V      = mkV_II "wemmen" (mkRoot "w-m-n") ;
     twemmen_WMN_5_10064_V     = mkV_V "twemmen" (mkRoot "w-m-n") ;
     wennes_WNS_2_10065_V      = mkV_II "wennes" (mkRoot "w-n-s") ;
     twennes_WNS_5_10066_V     = mkV_V "twennes" (mkRoot "w-n-s") ;
-    waqaf_WQF_1_10067_V       = mkV "waqaf" (mkRoot "w-q-f") ;
+    waqaf_WQF_1_10067_V       = mkV "waqaf" "ieqaf" (mkRoot "w-q-f") ;
     waqqaf_WQF_2_10068_V      = mkV_II "waqqaf" (mkRoot "w-q-f") ;
     twaqqaf_WQF_5_10069_V     = mkV_V "twaqqaf" (mkRoot "w-q-f") ;
     waqa'_WQGH_1_10070_V      = mkV "waqa'" (mkRoot "w-q-għ") ;
@@ -4167,14 +4167,14 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     hassel_HSL_2_10765_V      = mkV_II "ħassel" (mkRoot "ħ-s-l") ;
     thassel_HSL_5_10766_V     = mkV_V "tħassel" (mkRoot "ħ-s-l") ;
     ta_GHTJ_1_10767_V         = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "għ-t-j") (mkPattern "a" [])
-      "tajt" "tajt" "ta" "tat" "tajna" "tajtu" "taw" 
+      "tajt" "tajt" "ta" "tat" "tajna" "tajtu" "taw"
-      "nagħti" "tagħti" "jagħti" "tagħti" "nagħtu" "tagħtu" "jagħtu" 
+      "nagħti" "tagħti" "jagħti" "tagħti" "nagħtu" "tagħtu" "jagħtu"
       "agħti" "agħtu"
       ;
     nghata_GHTJ_7_10768_V     = mkV_VII "għata" "ngħata" (mkRoot "għ-t-j") ;
     idda_'DJ_8_10771_V        = irregularV form8 (mkRoot "'-d-j") (mkPattern "i" "e")
-      "iddejt" "iddejt" "idda" "iddiet" "iddejna" "iddejtu" "iddew" 
+      "iddejt" "iddejt" "idda" "iddiet" "iddejna" "iddejtu" "iddew"
-      "niddi" "tiddi" "jiddi" "tiddi" "niddu" "tiddu" "jiddu" 
+      "niddi" "tiddi" "jiddi" "tiddi" "niddu" "tiddu" "jiddu"
       "iddi" "iddu"
       ;
     idden_'DN_2_10772_V       = irregularV form2 (mkRoot "'-d-n") (mkPattern "i" "e")
@@ -4184,12 +4184,12 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
       ;
     stieden_'DN_10_10773_V    = irregularV form10 (mkRoot "'-d-n") (mkPattern "ie" "e")
       "stedint" "stedint" "stieden" "stiednet" "stedinna" "stedintu" "stiednu"
-      "nistieden" "tistieden" "jistieden" "tistieden" "nistiednu" "tistiednu" "jistiednu" 
+      "nistieden" "tistieden" "jistieden" "tistieden" "nistiednu" "tistiednu" "jistiednu"
       "stieden" "stiednu"
       ;
     af_''F_1_10774_V          = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "'-'-f") (mkPattern "a" [])
       "kont naf" "kont taf" "kien jaf" "kienet taf" "konna nafu" "kontu tafu" "kienu jafu" --- will fail for negative
-      "naf" "taf" "jaf" "taf" "nafu" "tafu" "jafu" 
+      "naf" "taf" "jaf" "taf" "nafu" "tafu" "jafu"
       "kun af" "kunu afu"
       ;
     ntaf_''F_7_10775_V        = irregularV form2 (mkRoot "'-'-f") (mkPattern "a" [])
@@ -4198,17 +4198,17 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
       "ntaf" "ntafu"
       ;
     ha_'HD_1_10776_V          = irregularV form1 (mkRoot "'-ħ-d") (mkPattern "a" [])
-      "ħadt" "ħadt" "ħa" "ħadet" "ħadna" "ħadtu" "ħadu" 
+      "ħadt" "ħadt" "ħa" "ħadet" "ħadna" "ħadtu" "ħadu"
-      "nieħu" "tieħu" "jieħu" "tieħu" "nieħdu" "tieħdu" "jieħdu" 
+      "nieħu" "tieħu" "jieħu" "tieħu" "nieħdu" "tieħdu" "jieħdu"
       "ħu" "ħudu"
       ;
     ttiehed_'HD_6_10777_V     = irregularV form6 (mkRoot "'-ħ-d") (mkPattern "ie" "e")
-      "ttieħedt" "ttieħedt" "ttieħed" "ttieħdet" "ttieħedna" "ttieħedtu" "ttieħdu" 
+      "ttieħedt" "ttieħedt" "ttieħed" "ttieħdet" "ttieħedna" "ttieħedtu" "ttieħdu"
       "nittieħed" "tittieħed" "jittieħed" "tittieħed" "nittieħdu" "tittieħdu" "jittieħdu"
       "ttieħed" "ttieħdu"
       ;
     staha_'HJ_10_10778_V      = irregularV form10 (mkRoot "'-ħ-j") (mkPattern "a" "a")
-      "stħajt" "stħajt" "staħa" "stħiet" "stħajna" "stħajtu" "stħew" 
+      "stħajt" "stħajt" "staħa" "stħiet" "stħajna" "stħajtu" "stħew"
       "nistħi" "tistħi" "jistħi" "tistħi" "nistħu" "tistħu" "jistħu"
       "istħi" "istħu"
       ;
@@ -4223,7 +4223,7 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
       "amba" "ambaw"
       ;
     stenna_'NJ_10_10781_V     = irregularV form10 (mkRoot "'-n-j") (mkPattern "e" "a")
-      "stennejt" "stennejt" "stenna" "stenniet" "stennejna" "stennejtu" "stennew" 
+      "stennejt" "stennejt" "stenna" "stenniet" "stennejna" "stennejtu" "stennew"
       "nistenna" "tistenna" "jistenna" "tistenna" "nistennew" "tistennew" "jistennew"
       "stenna" "stennew"
       ;
@@ -4273,8 +4273,8 @@ concrete DictMlt of DictMltAbs = CatMlt ** open ParadigmsMlt in {
     penpen_PNPN_1_10813_V     = mkV "penpen" (mkRoot "p-n-p-n") ;
     hezzez_HZZ_2_10814_V      = mkV_II "heżżeż" (mkRoot "h-ż-ż") ;
     wera_R'J_1_10815_V        = irregularV form4 (mkRoot "r-'-j") (mkPattern "e" "a")
-      "urejt" "urejt" "wera" "uriet" "urejna" "urejtu" "urejna" 
+      "urejt" "urejt" "wera" "uriet" "urejna" "urejtu" "urejna"
-      "nuri" "turi" "juri" "turi" "nuru" "turu" "juru" 
+      "nuri" "turi" "juri" "turi" "nuru" "turu" "juru"
       "uri" "uru"
       ;
     ntara_R'J_7_10816_V       = irregularV form7 (mkRoot "r-'-j") (mkPattern "a" "a")

lib/src/maltese/GrammarMlt.gf

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ concrete GrammarMlt of Grammar =
   RelativeMlt,
   ConjunctionMlt,
   PhraseMlt,
-  TextX,
+  TextX - [Adv],
   StructuralMlt,
   IdiomMlt,
-  TenseX
+  TenseX - [Adv]
   ** {
 
   flags coding=utf8 ;

lib/src/maltese/IdiomMlt.gf

@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ concrete IdiomMlt of Idiom = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
         }
       where {
         kont : Str = case t of {
-          Pres => copula_kien.s ! VImpf (toVAgr np.a) ;
+          Pres => copula_kien.s ! VImpf (toVAgr np.a) ! Pos ;
-          Past => copula_kien.s ! VPerf (toVAgr np.a) ;
+          Past => copula_kien.s ! VPerf (toVAgr np.a) ! Pos ;
-          Fut  => "ser" ++ copula_kien.s ! VImpf (toVAgr np.a) ;
+          Fut  => "ser" ++ copula_kien.s ! VImpf (toVAgr np.a) ! Pos ;
-          Cond => "kieku" ++ copula_kien.s ! VPerf (toVAgr np.a)
+          Cond => "kieku" ++ copula_kien.s ! VPerf (toVAgr np.a) ! Pos
           } ;
         }
       } ;
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ concrete IdiomMlt of Idiom = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
       } ;
 
     -- VP -> VP ;        -- be sleeping
-    ProgrVP vp = predV copula_kien ** {
+    ProgrVP vp = CopulaVP ** {
-      s2 = \\agr => joinVParts (vp.s ! VPIndicat Pres agr ! Simul ! Pos)
+      s2 = \\agr => joinVP vp (VPIndicat Pres agr) Simul Pos
       } ;
 
     -- VP -> Utt ;       -- let's go

lib/src/maltese/LexiconMlt.gf

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ concrete LexiconMlt of Lexicon = CatMlt **
     correct_A      = regA "korrett" ;
     count_V2       = dirV2 (ghadd_GHDD_1_10460_V) ;
     country_N      = possN (mkN "pajjiż") ;
-    cousin_N       = possN (genderedN "kuġin" "kuġini") ;
+    cousin_N       = genderedN "kuġin" "kuġini" ;
     cow_N          = mkN "baqra" "baqar" "baqartejn" [] [] ;
     cut_V2         = dirV2 (qata'_QTGH_1_9305_V) ;
     day_N          = mkN "ġurnata" "ġranet" ;
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ concrete LexiconMlt of Lexicon = CatMlt **
     fall_V         = waqa'_WQGH_1_10070_V ;
     far_Adv        = mkAdv "il-bogħod" ; -- use glue?
     fat_N          = mkNColl "xaħam" ;
-    father_N2      = mkN2 (possN (mkN "missier" "missierijiet")) ;
+    father_N2      = mkN2 (possN (mkN "missier" "missirijiet")) ;
     fear_V2        = prepV2 (beza'_BZGH_1_7541_V) minnP ;
     fear_VS        = beza'_BZGH_1_7541_V;
     feather_N      = mkNColl "rix" ;
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ concrete LexiconMlt of Lexicon = CatMlt **
     uncertain_A    = regA "inċert" ;
     understand_V2  = lilV2 (fehem_FHM_1_10830_V) ;
     university_N   = mkN "università" "universitàjiet" ;
-    village_N      = possN (mkN "raħal" "rħula") ; -- VILLAĠĠ
+    village_N      = mkN "raħal" "rħula" ; -- VILLAĠĠ
     vomit_V        = qala'_QLGH_1_9223_V ;
     wait_V2        = lilV2 (stenna_'NJ_10_10781_V) ;
     walk_V         = mexa_MXJ_1_8926_V ;

lib/src/maltese/Maybe.gf

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{-
+  Maybe type, modelled on Haskell
+  John J. Camilleri
+-}
+resource Maybe = open Prelude, Predef in {
+
+  oper
+
+    -- Constructors
+    Maybe   : (t : Type) -> Type = \t -> {
+      inner : t ;
+      exists : Bool
+      } ;
+    Just    : (T : Type) -> T -> Maybe T = \_,t -> {
+      inner = t ;
+      exists = True
+      } ;
+    -- Nothing : (T : Type) -> Maybe T = \_ -> {
+    --   inner = variants {} ;
+    --   exists = False
+    --   } ;
+    Nothing : (T : Type) -> T -> Maybe T = \_,t -> {
+      inner = t ;
+      exists = False
+      } ;
+
+    -- Functions
+    exists   : (T : Type) -> Maybe T -> Bool = \_,m -> m.exists ;
+    fromJust : (T : Type) -> Maybe T -> T = \_,m -> case m.exists of {
+      True  => m.inner ;
+      False => Predef.error "Called fromJust with Nothing"
+      } ;
+    fromMaybe : (T : Type) -> T -> Maybe T -> T = \_,n,m -> case m.exists of {
+      True  => m.inner ;
+      False => n
+      } ;
+
+    -- Instance with Str, since it's common
+    MaybeS   = Maybe Str ;
+    JustS    : Str -> Maybe Str = \r -> Just Str r ;
+    -- NothingS : Maybe Str        =       Nothing Str ;
+    NothingS : Maybe Str        =       Nothing Str "" ;
+
+    existsS   : Maybe Str -> Bool = exists Str ;
+    fromJustS : Maybe Str -> Str  = fromJust Str ;
+    fromMaybeS : Str -> Maybe Str -> Str = fromMaybe Str ;
+
+    -- Example
+    -- j : MaybeS = JustS "hello" ;
+    -- n : MaybeS = NothingS ;
+    -- s : Str = fromJustS j;
+    -- b : Bool = existsS j ;
+    -- r : Str = if_then_Str (existsS j) ("present") ("not present") ;
+
+}

lib/src/maltese/NounMlt.gf

@@ -150,24 +150,16 @@ concrete NounMlt of Noun = CatMlt ** open ResMlt, Prelude in {
       } ;
 
     -- Predet -> NP -> NP
-    PredetNP pred np = np ** {
+    PredetNP pred np = overwriteNPs np (\\c => pred.s ++ np.s ! c) ;
-      s = \\c => pred.s ++ np.s ! c ;
-      } ;
 
     -- NP -> V2 -> NP
-    PPartNP np v2 = np ** {
+    PPartNP np v2 = overwriteNPs np (\\c => np.s ! c ++ stem1 (v2.s ! VActivePart (toGenNum np.a))) ;
-      s = \\c => np.s ! c ++ v2.s ! VImpf (toVAgr np.a) ; --- TODO: VPresPart
-      } ;
 
     -- NP -> RS -> NP
-    RelNP np rs = np ** {
+    RelNP np rs = overwriteNPs np (\\c => np.s ! c ++ "," ++ rs.s ! np.a ) ;
-      s = \\c => np.s ! c ++ "," ++ rs.s ! np.a ;
-      } ;
 
     -- NP -> Adv -> NP
-    AdvNP np adv = np ** {
+    AdvNP np adv = overwriteNPs np (\\c => np.s ! c ++ adv.s) ;
-      s = \\c => np.s ! c ++ adv.s ;
-      } ;
 
     -- Num
     NumSg = {s = \\c => []; n = NumX Sg ; hasCard = False} ;
@@ -241,35 +233,23 @@ concrete NounMlt of Noun = CatMlt ** open ResMlt, Prelude in {
       } ;
 
     -- AP -> CN -> CN
-    AdjCN ap cn = cn ** {
+    AdjCN ap cn = overwriteCNs cn (\\num => preOrPost ap.isPre (ap.s ! mkGenNum num cn.g) (cn.s ! num)) ;
-      s = \\num => preOrPost ap.isPre (ap.s ! mkGenNum num cn.g) (cn.s ! num) ;
-      } ;
 
     -- CN -> RS -> CN
-    RelCN cn rs = cn ** {
+    RelCN cn rs = overwriteCNs cn (\\num => cn.s ! num ++ rs.s ! agrP3 (nounnum2num num) cn.g) ;
-      s = \\num => cn.s ! num ++ rs.s ! mkGenNum num cn.g ;
-      } ;
 
     -- CN -> Adv -> CN
-    AdvCN cn adv = cn ** {
+    AdvCN cn adv = overwriteCNs cn (\\num => cn.s ! num ++ adv.s) ;
-      s = \\num => cn.s ! num ++ adv.s
-      } ;
 
     -- CN -> SC -> CN
-    SentCN cn sc = cn ** {
+    SentCN cn sc = overwriteCNs cn (\\num => cn.s ! num ++ sc.s) ;
-      s = \\num => cn.s ! num ++ sc.s
-      } ;
 
     -- CN -> NP -> CN
-    ApposCN cn np = cn ** {
+    ApposCN cn np = overwriteCNs cn (\\num => cn.s ! num ++ np.s ! NPNom) ;
-      s = \\num => cn.s ! num ++ np.s ! NPNom
+
-      } ;
+    PossNP cn np = overwriteCNs cn (\\num => cn.s ! num ++ prepNP prep_ta np) ;
-    PossNP cn np = cn ** {
+
-      s = \\num => cn.s ! num ++ prepNP (mkPrep "ta'") np
+    PartNP cn np = overwriteCNs cn (\\num => cn.s ! num ++ prepNP prep_ta np) ;
-      } ;
-    PartNP cn np = cn ** {
-      s = \\num => cn.s ! num ++ prepNP (mkPrep "ta'") np
-      } ;
 
     -- Det -> NP -> NP
     CountNP det np = {
@@ -281,9 +261,46 @@ concrete NounMlt of Noun = CatMlt ** open ResMlt, Prelude in {
 
   oper
     -- Copied from ParadigmsMlt (didn't want to change import structure)
-    mkPrep : Str -> Prep = \fuq -> lin Prep {
+    -- mkPrep : Str -> Prep = \fuq -> lin Prep {
-      s = \\defn => fuq ;
+    --   s = \\defn => fuq ;
-      takesDet = False
+    --   takesDet = False
+    --   } ;
+    prep_ta = lin Prep {
+      s = table {
+        Indefinite => "ta'" ;
+        Definite => makePreFull "tal-" "ta" "t'"
+      } ;
+      enclitic : Agr => Str = \\agr => case toVAgr agr of {
+        AgP1 Sg     => "tiegħi" ;
+        AgP2 Sg     => "tiegħek" ;
+        AgP3Sg Masc => "tiegħu" ;
+        AgP3Sg Fem  => "tagħha" ;
+        AgP1 Pl     => "tagħna" ;
+        AgP2 Pl     => "tagħkom" ;
+        AgP2Pl      => "tagħhom"
+        } ;
+      takesDet = True ;
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      } ;
+
+  oper
+    -- Overwrite the s field in an NP
+    -- Use this instead of np ** { s = ... }
+    overwriteNPs : NounPhrase -> (NPCase => Str) -> NounPhrase = \np,tbl -> {
+      s = tbl ;
+      a = np.a ;
+      isPron = np.isPron ;
+      isDefn = np.isDefn ;
+      } ;
+
+    -- Overwrite the s field in a Noun
+    -- Use this instead of n ** { s = ... }
+    overwriteCNs : Noun -> (Noun_Number => Str) -> Noun = \n,tbl -> {
+      s = tbl ;
+      g = n.g ;
+      hasColl = n.hasColl ;
+      hasDual = n.hasDual ;
+      takesPron = n.takesPron ;
       } ;
 
 }

lib/src/maltese/ParadigmsMlt.gf

@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
     } ;
 
     prepN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
-    prepN2 = \n,p -> lin N2 (n ** {c2 = p}) ;
+    prepN2 = \n,p -> lin N2 (n ** {c2 = hasCompl p}) ;
 
     mkN3 : Noun -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
-    mkN3 = \n,p,q -> lin N3 (n ** {c2 = p ; c3 = q}) ;
+    mkN3 = \n,p,q -> lin N3 (n ** {c2 = hasCompl p ; c3 = hasCompl q}) ;
 
     -- Mark a noun as taking possessive enclitic pronouns
     possN : N -> N ;
@@ -245,7 +245,25 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
       -- Same in all cases, e.g. FUQ
       mkPrep : Str -> Prep = \fuq -> lin Prep {
         s = \\defn => fuq ;
-        takesDet = False
+        enclitic = prepClitics fuq ;
+        takesDet = False ;
+        joinsVerb = False ;
+        } ;
+
+      -- Same in non-clitic cases, but given all clitic cases e.g. QABEL
+      mkPrep : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Prep = \qabel, qabli, qablek, qablu, qabilha, qabilna, qabilkom, qabilhom -> lin Prep {
+        s = \\defn => qabel ;
+        enclitic = \\agr => case toVAgr agr of {
+          AgP1 Sg     => qabli ;
+          AgP2 Sg     => qablek ;
+          AgP3Sg Masc => qablu ;
+          AgP3Sg Fem  => qabilha ;
+          AgP1 Pl     => qabilna ;
+          AgP2 Pl     => qabilkom ;
+          AgP2Pl      => qabilhom
+          } ;
+        takesDet = False ;
+        joinsVerb = False ;
         } ;
 
       -- Forms:
@@ -257,10 +275,12 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           Indefinite => ghal ;
           Definite   => makePreFull ghall (dropSfx 2 ghat) ghall
           } ;
-        takesDet = True
+        enclitic = prepClitics ghal ;
+        takesDet = True ;
+        joinsVerb = False ;
         } ;
 
-      -- All forms:
+      -- All forms, but assumed enclitic forms
       --   BI ktieb/triq
       --   B'ajruplan
       --   BIL-ktieb
@@ -271,12 +291,86 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           Indefinite => makePreVowel bi b' ;
           Definite   => makePreFull  bil (dropSfx 2 bit) bl
           } ;
-        takesDet = True
+        enclitic = prepClitics bi ;
+        takesDet = True ;
+        joinsVerb = False ;
         } ;
-      } ;
 
-    noPrep : Prep ;  -- no preposition
+      -- All forms:
-    noPrep = mkPrep [] ;
+      --   BI ktieb/triq
+      --   B'ajruplan
+      --   BIL-ktieb
+      --   BIT-triq
+      --   BL-ajruplan
+      --   BIJA
+      --   BIK
+      --   BIH
+      --   BIHA
+      --   BINA
+      --   BIKOM
+      --   BIHOM
+      mkPrep : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Bool -> Prep = \bi,b',bil,bit,bl,bija,bik,bih,biha,bina,bikom,bihom,joinsV -> lin Prep {
+        s = table {
+          Indefinite => makePreVowel bi b' ;
+          Definite   => makePreFull  bil (dropSfx 2 bit) bl
+          } ;
+        enclitic = \\agr => case toVAgr agr of {
+          AgP1 Sg     => bija ;
+          AgP2 Sg     => bik ;
+          AgP3Sg Masc => bih ;
+          AgP3Sg Fem  => biha ;
+          AgP1 Pl     => bina ;
+          AgP2 Pl     => bikom ;
+          AgP2Pl      => bihom
+          } ;
+        takesDet = True ;
+        joinsVerb = joinsV ;
+        } ;
+    } ;
+
+    prepClitics : Str -> (Agr => Str) = \taht -> \\agr =>
+      case taht of {
+
+        war+"a" => case toVAgr agr of {
+          AgP1 Sg     => war+"ajja" ;
+          AgP2 Sg     => war+"ajk" ;
+          AgP3Sg Masc => war+"ajh" ;
+          AgP3Sg Fem  => war+"ajha" ;
+          AgP1 Pl     => war+"ajna" ;
+          AgP2 Pl     => war+"ajkom" ;
+          AgP2Pl      => war+"ajhom"
+          } ;
+
+        f+"i" => case toVAgr agr of {
+          AgP1 Sg     => f+"ija" ;
+          AgP2 Sg     => f+"ik" ;
+          AgP3Sg Masc => f+"ih" ;
+          AgP3Sg Fem  => f+"iha" ;
+          AgP1 Pl     => f+"ina" ;
+          AgP2 Pl     => f+"ikom" ;
+          AgP2Pl      => f+"ihom"
+          } ;
+
+        t+"a'" => case toVAgr agr of {
+          AgP1 Sg     => t+"iegħi" ;
+          AgP2 Sg     => t+"iegħek" ;
+          AgP3Sg Masc => t+"iegħu" ;
+          AgP3Sg Fem  => t+"agħha" ;
+          AgP1 Pl     => t+"agħna" ;
+          AgP2 Pl     => t+"agħkom" ;
+          AgP2Pl      => t+"agħhom"
+          } ;
+
+        _ => case toVAgr agr of {
+          AgP1 Sg     => taht+"i" ;
+          AgP2 Sg     => taht+"ek" ;
+          AgP3Sg Masc => taht+"u" ;
+          AgP3Sg Fem  => taht + "ha" ;
+          AgP1 Pl     => case taht of {bej+"n" => bej+"na"; _ => taht+"na"} ;
+          AgP2 Pl     => taht + "kom" ;
+          AgP2Pl      => taht + "hom"
+          }
+      } ;
 
     {- Verb --------------------------------------------------------------- -}
 
@@ -402,7 +496,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
             } ;
           info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class form root patt impSg ;
         in lin V  {
-          s = tbl ;
+          s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
           i = info ;
         } ;
 
@@ -449,7 +543,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         newinfo : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class FormII root patt imp ;
       in lin V {
-        s = conjFormII newinfo ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl (conjFormII newinfo) ;
         i = newinfo ;
       } ;
 
@@ -462,7 +556,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           imp : Str = mammaII ; --- assumption: mamma II is also imperative
           newinfo : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class FormII root patt imp ;
         in lin V {
-          s = conjFormII_quad newinfo ;
+          s = stemVariantsTbl (conjFormII_quad newinfo) ;
           i = newinfo ;
         } ;
       derivedV_QuadII : Str -> Str -> Root -> V = \mammaII, imp, root ->
@@ -471,7 +565,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           patt : Pattern = extractPattern mammaII ;
           newinfo : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class FormII root patt imp ;
         in lin V {
-          s = conjFormII_quad newinfo ;
+          s = stemVariantsTbl (conjFormII_quad newinfo) ;
           i = newinfo ;
         } ;
       } ;
@@ -485,7 +579,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
         class : VClass = classifyRoot root ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class FormIII root vowels vowels2 mammaIII ; --- assumption: mamma III is also imperative
       in lin V {
-        s = conjFormIII info ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl (conjFormIII info) ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -500,20 +594,22 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
         mammaII : Str = dropPfx 1 mammaV ; -- WAQQAF
         vII : V = derivedV_II mammaII root ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo vII.i.class FormV vII.i.root vII.i.patt mammaV ;
-      in lin V {
+        get : VForm -> Str = \vf -> stem1 (vII.s ! vf) ;
-        s = table {
+        tbl : VForm => Str = table {
-          VPerf agr           => pfx_T (vII.s ! VPerf agr) ;
+          VPerf agr           => pfx_T (get (VPerf agr)) ;
-          VImpf (AgP1 Sg)     => pfx "ni" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vII.s ! VImpf (AgP1 Sg)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP1 Sg)     => pfx "ni" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP1 Sg))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP2 Sg)     => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vII.s ! VImpf (AgP2 Sg)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP2 Sg)     => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP2 Sg))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc) => pfx "ji" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vII.s ! VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc) => pfx "ji" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem)  => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vII.s ! VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem)  => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP1 Pl)     => pfx "ni" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vII.s ! VImpf (AgP1 Pl)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP1 Pl)     => pfx "ni" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP1 Pl))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP2 Pl)     => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vII.s ! VImpf (AgP2 Pl)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP2 Pl)     => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP2 Pl))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP3Pl)      => pfx "ji" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vII.s ! VImpf (AgP3Pl)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP3Pl)      => pfx "ji" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP3Pl))))) ;
-          VImp num            => pfx_T (vII.s ! VImp num) ;
+          VImp num            => pfx_T (get (VImp num)) ;
           VActivePart  _      => "" ; --- TODO
           VPassivePart _      => ""   --- TODO
           } ;
+      in lin V {
+        s = stemVariantsTbl (tbl) ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -525,20 +621,22 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
         mammaIII : Str = dropPfx 1 mammaVI ; -- QIEGĦED
         vIII : V = derivedV_III mammaIII root ;
         info : VerbInfo = updateVerbInfo vIII.i FormVI mammaVI ;
-      in lin V {
+        get : VForm -> Str = \vf -> stem1 (vIII.s ! vf) ;
-        s = table {
+        tbl : VForm => Str = table {
-          VPerf agr           => pfx_T (vIII.s ! VPerf agr) ;
+          VPerf agr           => pfx_T (get (VPerf agr)) ;
-          VImpf (AgP1 Sg)     => pfx "ni" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vIII.s ! VImpf (AgP1 Sg)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP1 Sg)     => pfx "ni" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP1 Sg))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP2 Sg)     => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vIII.s ! VImpf (AgP2 Sg)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP2 Sg)     => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP2 Sg))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc) => pfx "ji" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vIII.s ! VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc) => pfx "ji" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem)  => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vIII.s ! VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem)  => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP1 Pl)     => pfx "ni" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vIII.s ! VImpf (AgP1 Pl)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP1 Pl)     => pfx "ni" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP1 Pl))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP2 Pl)     => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vIII.s ! VImpf (AgP2 Pl)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP2 Pl)     => pfx "ti" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP2 Pl))))) ;
-          VImpf (AgP3Pl)      => pfx "ji" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (vIII.s ! VImpf (AgP3Pl)))) ;
+          VImpf (AgP3Pl)      => pfx "ji" (pfx_T (dropPfx 1 (get (VImpf (AgP3Pl))))) ;
-          VImp num            => pfx_T (vIII.s ! VImp num) ;
+          VImp num            => pfx_T (get (VImp num)) ;
           VActivePart  _      => "" ; --- TODO
           VPassivePart _      => ""   --- TODO
           } ;
+      in lin V {
+        s = stemVariantsTbl (tbl) ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -558,7 +656,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class FormVII root vowels mammaVII ;
       in lin V {
-        s = conjFormVII info c1 ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl (conjFormVII info c1) ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -572,7 +670,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class FormVIII root vowels mammaVIII ;
         c1 : Str = root.C1+"t";
       in lin V {
-        s = conjFormVII info c1 ; -- note we use conjFormVII !
+        s = stemVariantsTbl (conjFormVII info c1) ; -- note we use conjFormVII !
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -587,7 +685,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
             class : VClass = classifyRoot root ;
             info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class FormIX root patt mammaIX ;
           in lin V {
-            s = conjFormIX info ;
+            s = stemVariantsTbl (conjFormIX info) ;
             i = info ;
           } ;
         _ => Predef.error("I don't know how to make a Form IX verb out of" ++ mammaIX)
@@ -602,7 +700,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
         patt2 : Pattern = vowelChangesIE root patt ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo class FormX root patt patt2 mammaX ;
       in lin V {
-        s = conjFormX info ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl (conjFormX info) ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -639,7 +737,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Strong Regular) (FormI) root patt (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -681,7 +779,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Strong LiquidMedial) (FormI) root patt (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -718,7 +816,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Strong Geminated) (FormI) root patt (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -759,7 +857,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Weak Assimilative) (FormI) root patt patt2 (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -800,7 +898,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Weak Hollow) (FormI) root patt patt2 (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -841,7 +939,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Weak Lacking) (FormI) root patt (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -878,7 +976,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Weak Defective) (FormI) root patt (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -915,7 +1013,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Quad QStrong) (FormI) root patt (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -955,7 +1053,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Quad QWeak) (FormI) root patt (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
@@ -980,29 +1078,35 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
           } ;
         info : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Loan) (FormI) (imp ! Sg) ;
       in lin V {
-        s = tbl ;
+        s = stemVariantsTbl tbl ;
         i = info ;
       } ;
 
     {- Verb --------------------------------------------------------------- -}
 
+    hasCompl : Prep -> Compl = \p -> p ** { isPresent = True } ;
+    noCompl : Compl = noPrep ** { isPresent = False } where { noPrep : Prep = mkPrep [] };
+
     mkVS : V -> VS ; -- sentence-compl
     mkVS v = lin VS v ;
 
     prepV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
-    prepV2 v p = lin V2 ( v ** { c2 = p } ) ;
+    prepV2 v p = lin V2 ( v ** { c2 = hasCompl p } ) ;
 
     dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
-    dirV2 v = prepV2 v noPrep ;
+    -- dirV2 v = prepV2 v noPrep ;
+    dirV2 v = lin V2 ( v ** { c2 = noCompl } ) ;
 
     prepPrepV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ;
-    prepPrepV3 v p t = lin V3 (v ** { c2 = p ; c3 = t }) ;
+    prepPrepV3 v p t = lin V3 (v ** { c2 = hasCompl p ; c3 = hasCompl t }) ;
 
     dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ;
-    dirV3 v p = prepPrepV3 v noPrep p ;
+    -- dirV3 v p = prepPrepV3 v noPrep p ;
+    dirV3      v   t = lin V3 (v ** { c2 = noCompl ; c3 = hasCompl t }) ;
 
     dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ;
-    dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v noPrep ;
+    -- dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v noPrep ;
+    dirdirV3   v     = lin V3 (v ** { c2 = noCompl ; c3 = noCompl }) ;
 
     mkV3 : overload {
       mkV3  : V -> V3 ;                   -- ditransitive, e.g. give,_,_
@@ -1022,7 +1126,7 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
       } ;
 
     mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;  -- e.g. want (noPrep NP) (to VP)
-    mkV2V v p t = lin V2V (v ** { c2 = p ; c3 = t }) ;
+    mkV2V v p t = lin V2V (v ** { c2 = hasCompl p ; c3 = hasCompl t }) ;
 
     {- Conjunction -------------------------------------------------------- -}
 
@@ -1126,10 +1230,11 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
       } ;
 
     prepA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
-    prepA2 a p = lin A2 (a ** {c2 = p}) ;
+    prepA2 a p = lin A2 (a ** {c2 = hasCompl p}) ;
 
     dirA2 : A -> A2 ;
-    dirA2 a = prepA2 a noPrep ;
+    -- dirA2 a = prepA2 a noPrep ;
+    dirA2 a = lin A2 (a ** {c2 = noCompl}) ;
 
     mkA2 : overload {
       mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
@@ -1154,7 +1259,10 @@ resource ParadigmsMlt = open
     mkAdA : Str -> AdA ; -- adverb modifying adjective, e.g. PJUTTOST
     mkAdN : Str -> AdN ; -- adverb modifying numeral, e.g. MADWAR
 
-    mkAdv x = lin Adv (ss x) ;
+    mkAdv x = lin Adv (ss x) ** {
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      a = agrP3 Sg Masc ; -- ignored when joinsVerb = False
+      } ;
     mkAdV x = lin AdV (ss x) ;
     mkAdA x = lin AdA (ss x) ;
     mkAdN x = lin AdN (ss x) ;

lib/src/maltese/QuestionMlt.gf

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ concrete QuestionMlt of Question = CatMlt ** open ResMlt, ParamX, Prelude in {
     -- IComp -> NP -> QCl
     -- where is John
     QuestIComp icomp np =
-      mkQuestion icomp (mkClause (np.s ! npNom) np.a (predV copula_kien)) ;
+      mkQuestion icomp (mkClause (np.s ! npNom) np.a CopulaVP) ;
 
     -- Prep -> IP -> IAdv
     -- with whom

lib/src/maltese/ResMlt.gf

@@ -7,17 +7,10 @@
 
 --# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../prelude
 
-resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
+resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef, Maybe in {
 
   flags coding=utf8 ;
 
-  {- Maybe type------------------------------------------------------------ -}
-
-  -- oper
-  --   Maybe   : Type t = t ** {exists : Bool} ;
-  --   Just    : t -> Maybe t = \s -> s ** {exists = True} ;
-  --   Nothing : t -> Maybe t = \s -> s ** {exists = False} ;
-
   {- General -------------------------------------------------------------- -}
 
   param
@@ -52,7 +45,7 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
         } ;
       toAgr : VAgr -> Agr = \vagr ->
         case vagr of {
-          AgP1 num   => mkAgr num P1 Masc ; --- sorry ladies
+          AgP1 num   => mkAgr num P1 Masc ;
           AgP2 num   => mkAgr num P2 Masc ;
           AgP3Sg gen => mkAgr Pl  P3 gen ;
           AgP3Pl     => mkAgr Pl  P3 Masc
@@ -71,6 +64,11 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
           Sg => GSg g ;
           Pl => GPl
         } ;
+      mkGenNum : Noun_Number -> Gender -> GenNum = \n,g ->
+        case nounnum2num n of {
+          Sg => GSg g ;
+          Pl => GPl
+        } ;
       } ;
 
     -- Convert to GenNum from another type
@@ -96,10 +94,7 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
         } ;
       } ;
 
-    -- agrP3 : Agr = overload {
+    agrP3 : Number -> Gender -> Agr = \n,g -> mkAgr n P3 g;
-      agrP3 : Number -> Gender -> Agr = \n,g -> mkAgr n P3 g;
-      -- agrP3 : Number           -> Agr = \n   -> mkAgr n P3 Masc;
-      -- } ;
 
     conjAgr : Agr -> Agr -> Agr = \a,b -> {
       n = (conjNumber a.n b.n) ;
@@ -123,7 +118,8 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
     NPCase =
         NPNom
       | NPAcc     -- I have a feeling we'll this need eventually
-      | NPCPrep ; -- [AZ]
+      | NPCPrep   -- [AZ]
+      ;
 
   oper
     npNom = NPNom ;
@@ -151,7 +147,7 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
           --   _ => VPres
           --   } ;
           vpform : VPForm = VPIndicat t (toVAgr agr) ;
-          verb   : Str    = joinVParts (vp.s ! vpform ! a ! p) ;
+          verb   : Str    = joinVP vp vpform a p ;
           compl  : Str    = vp.s2 ! agr ;
         in
         case o of {
@@ -214,6 +210,14 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
         Pl  => Plural
       } ;
 
+    nounnum2num : Noun_Number -> Number = \n ->
+      case n of {
+        Singulative => Sg ;
+        Collective  => Sg ;
+        Dual        => Pl ;
+        Plural      => Pl
+      } ;
+
     numform2nounnum : NumForm -> Noun_Number = \n ->
       case n of {
         NumX Sg  => Singulative ;
@@ -279,7 +283,6 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
       hasColl : Bool ; -- has a collective form? e.g. BAQAR
       hasDual : Bool ; -- has a dual form? e.g. SAGĦTEJN
       takesPron : Bool ; -- takes enclitic pronon? e.g. MISSIERI
-      --      anim : Animacy ; -- is the noun animate? e.g. TABIB
       } ;
 
     ProperNoun : Type = {
@@ -323,7 +326,6 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
       takesPron = False ;
       hasDual = notB (isNil dual) ;
       hasColl = notB (isNil coll) ;
-      -- anim = Inanimate ;
       } ;
 
     -- Noun phrase
@@ -335,33 +337,45 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
       };
 
     regNP : Str -> NounPhrase = \kulhadd ->
-      mkNP kulhadd Sg P3 Masc ; -- KULĦADD KUNTENT (not KULĦADD KUNTENTA)
+      mkNP kulhadd Sg P3 Masc ; -- kulħadd kuntent
 
     -- Join a preposition and NP to a string
     prepNP : Preposition -> NounPhrase -> Str ;
-    prepNP prep np = case <np.isDefn,prep.takesDet> of {
+    prepNP prep np = case np.isPron of {
-        <True,True>  => prep.s ! Definite ++ np.s ! NPCPrep ; -- FIT-TRIQ
+      True  => prep.enclitic ! np.a ; -- magħha
-        <True,False> => prep.s ! Definite ++ np.s ! NPNom ;   -- FUQ IT-TRIQ
+      False => case <np.isDefn, prep.takesDet> of {
-        <False,_>    => prep.s ! Indefinite ++ np.s ! NPNom   -- FI TRIQ
+        <True,True>  => prep.s ! Definite ++ np.s ! NPCPrep ; -- fit-triq
+        <True,False> => prep.s ! Definite ++ np.s ! NPNom ;   -- fuq it-triq
+        <False,_>    => prep.s ! Indefinite ++ np.s ! NPNom   -- fi triq
+        }
       } ;
 
-    Compl = Preposition ;
+    Compl : Type = Preposition ** {isPresent : Bool} ;
     -- Compl : Type = {
     --   s : Str ;
     --   -- c : NPForm ;
     --   -- isPre : Bool
     --   } ;
 
+    noCompl : Compl = {
+      s = \\_ => [] ;
+      enclitic = \\_ => [] ;
+      takesDet = False ;
+      joinsVerb = False ;
+      isPresent = False ;
+      } ;
+
     Preposition = {
       s : Definiteness => Str ;
-      takesDet : Bool
+      enclitic : Agr => Str ; -- when suffixed by pronouns; magħ-ha
+      takesDet : Bool ; -- True: fil- / False: fuq il-
+      joinsVerb : Bool ; -- True for for_Prep (I.O. suffix)
       } ;
 
   {- Pronoun -------------------------------------------------------------- -}
 
   oper
     Pronoun = {
-      -- s : PronForm => {c1, c2: Str} ;
       s : PronForm => Str ; -- cases like omm-i / hi-ja are handled elsewhere
       a : Agr ;
       } ;
@@ -390,8 +404,58 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
   {- Verb ----------------------------------------------------------------- -}
 
   oper
+    Variants3 : Type = {s1, s2, s3 : Str} ;
+
+    -- Shortcut functions for accessing stems
+    stem1 : Variants3 -> Str = \stems -> stems.s1 ;
+    stem2 : Variants3 -> Str = \stems -> stems.s2 ;
+    stem3 : Variants3 -> Str = \stems -> stems.s3 ;
+
+    mkVariants3 : Variants3 = overload {
+      mkVariants3 : (s1 : Str) -> Variants3 = \a -> { s1 = a ; s2 = a ; s3 = a } ;
+      mkVariants3 : (s1, s2, s3 : Str) -> Variants3 = \a,b,c -> { s1 = a ; s2 = b ; s3 = c } ;
+      } ;
+
+    mkMaybeVariants3 : Str -> Maybe Variants3 = \s -> Just Variants3 (mkVariants3 s) ;
+
+    NullVariants3 : Maybe Variants3 = Nothing Variants3 { s1 = [] ; s2 = [] ; s3 = [] } ;
+
+    -- Produce stem variants as needed (only call on compile-time strings!)
+    -- Refer to doc/stems.org
+    stemVariantsPerf : Str -> Variants3 = \s ->
+      let
+        ftahna  : Str = s ;
+        ftahnie : Str = case s of {
+          ftahn + "a" => ftahn + "ie" ;
+          fet + h@#Cns + "et" => fet + h + "it" ;
+          _ => s
+          } ;
+        ftahni  : Str = case s of {
+          ftahn + "a" => ftahn + "i" ;
+          _ => ftahnie
+          } ;
+      in
+      { s1 = ftahna ; s2 = ftahnie ; s3 = ftahni } ;
+    stemVariantsImpf : Str -> Variants3 = \s ->
+      let
+        ftahna  : Str = s ;
+        ftahnie : Str = case s of {
+          nift + "aħ" => nift + "ħ" ;
+          _ => s
+          } ;
+      in
+      { s1 = ftahna ; s2 = ftahnie ; s3 = ftahna } ;
+
+    -- Convert old verb form table into one with stem variants
+    stemVariantsTbl : (VForm => Str) -> (VForm => Variants3) = \tbl ->
+      \\vf => case vf of {
+        VPerf _ => stemVariantsPerf (tbl ! vf) ;
+        VImpf _ => stemVariantsImpf (tbl ! vf) ;
+        _  => mkVariants3 (tbl ! vf)
+      } ;
+
     Verb : Type = {
-      s : VForm => Str ;
+      s : VForm => Variants3 ; --- need to store different "stems" already at verb level (ġera/ġerie/ġeri)
       i : VerbInfo ;
       } ;
 
@@ -460,22 +524,99 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
       | OQuest  -- JIEKOL ĦUT ĠANNI [?]
       ;
 
+
+  {- Verb Phrase ---------------------------------------------------------- -}
+
   oper
 
-    -- Verb stem and suffixes for dir/ind objects, polarity
+    joinVariants3 : Variants3 -> Polarity -> Str = \stems,pol ->
-    VerbParts : Type = { stem, dir, ind, pol : Str } ;
+      case <pol> of {
-    mkVParts = overload {
+        <Pos> => stem1 stems ;
-      mkVParts : Str -> Str -> VerbParts = \a,d -> {stem=a; dir=[]; ind=[]; pol=d} ;
+        <Neg> => stem2 stems ++ BIND ++ "x"
-      mkVParts : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> VerbParts = \a,b,c,d -> {stem=a; dir=b; ind=c; pol=d} ;
+      } ;
+
+    joinVP : VerbPhrase -> VPForm -> Anteriority -> Polarity -> Str = \vp,form,ant,pol ->
+      let
+        stems = (vp.s ! form ! ant ! pol).main ;
+        aux   = (vp.s ! form ! ant ! pol).aux ;
+        x : Str = "x" ;
+      in
+        case takesAux form ant of {
+
+          -- aux is already negated for us
+          True => aux ++ case <exists Variants3 vp.dir, exists Variants3 vp.ind> of {
+
+            -- konna ftaħna / ma konniex ftaħna
+            <False,False> => stems.s1 ;
+
+            -- konna ftaħnie-ha / ma konniex ftaħni-ha
+            <True ,False> => stems.s2 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.dir).s1 ;
+
+            -- konna ftaħnie-lha / ma konniex ftaħni-lha
+            <False,True > => stems.s2 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.ind).s1 ;
+
+            -- konna ftaħni-hie-lha / ma konniex ftaħni-hi-lha
+            <True, True > => stems.s3 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.dir).s2 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.ind).s1
+
+            } ;
+
+          -- No aux part to handle
+          False => aux ++ case <exists Variants3 vp.dir, exists Variants3 vp.ind, pol> of {
+
+            -- ftaħna / ftaħnie-x
+            <False,False,Pos> => stems.s1 ;
+            <False,False,Neg> => stems.s2 ++ BIND ++ x ;
+
+            -- ftaħnie-ha / ftaħni-hie-x
+            <True ,False,Pos> => stems.s2 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.dir).s1 ;
+            <True ,False,Neg> => stems.s3 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.dir).s2 ++ BIND ++ x ;
+
+            -- ftaħnie-lha / ftaħni-lhie-x
+            <False,True ,Pos> => stems.s2 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.ind).s1 ;
+            <False,True ,Neg> => stems.s3 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.ind).s2 ++ BIND ++ x ;
+
+            -- ftaħni-hie-lha / ftaħni-hi-lhie-x
+            <True, True ,Pos> => stems.s3 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.dir).s2 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.ind).s1 ;
+            <True, True ,Neg> => stems.s3 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.dir).s3 ++ BIND ++ (fromJust Variants3 vp.ind).s2 ++ BIND ++ x
+
+            }
+      } ;
+
+    -- Does a tense + ant take an auxiliary verb?
+    -- This affects where (if) the negation is applied
+    -- This is a workaround to avoid having a bool param in VerbParts
+    -- Must match with the logic in predV
+    takesAux : VPForm -> Anteriority -> Bool = \vpf,ant ->
+      case <vpf,ant> of {
+        <VPIndicat Pres _, Simul> => False ;
+        <VPIndicat Past _, Simul> => False ;
+        <VPIndicat Fut  _, Simul> => True ;
+        <VPIndicat Cond _, Simul> => True ;
+        <VPIndicat Pres _, Anter> => False ;
+        <VPIndicat Past _, Anter> => True ;
+        <VPIndicat Fut  _, Anter> => True ;
+        <VPIndicat Cond _, Anter> => True ;
+        <VPImperat _, _> => False
+      } ;
+
+    VerbParts : Type = {
+      aux : Str ;        -- when present, negation is applied here
+      main : Variants3 ; -- enclitics always applied here
+      } ;
+
+    mkVerbParts = overload {
+      mkVerbParts : Variants3 -> VerbParts = \vs -> { aux = [] ; main = vs } ;
+      mkVerbParts : Str -> VerbParts = \m -> { aux = [] ; main = mkVariants3 m } ;
+      mkVerbParts : Str -> Variants3 -> VerbParts = \a,vs -> { aux = a ; main = vs } ;
+      mkVerbParts : Str -> Str -> VerbParts = \a,m -> { aux = a ; main = mkVariants3 m } ;
       } ;
-    joinVParts : VerbParts -> Str = \vb -> vb.stem ++ vb.dir ++ vb.ind ++ vb.pol ;
 
     -- [AZ]
     VerbPhrase : Type = {
-      s : VPForm => Anteriority => Polarity => VerbParts ; -- verb
+      s : VPForm => Anteriority => Polarity => VerbParts ;
       s2 : Agr => Str ; -- complement
-      -- a1 : Str ;
+      dir : Maybe Variants3 ; -- direct object clitic
-      -- a2 : Str ;
+      ind : Maybe Variants3 ; -- indirect object clitic
       } ;
 
     SlashVerbPhrase : Type = VerbPhrase ** {c2 : Compl} ;
@@ -492,99 +633,144 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
     insertObj : (Agr => Str) -> VerbPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \obj,vp -> {
       s = vp.s ;
       s2 = \\agr => vp.s2 ! agr ++ obj ! agr ;
+      dir = vp.dir ;
+      ind = vp.ind ;
       } ;
 
     insertObjPre : (Agr => Str) -> VerbPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \obj,vp -> {
       s = vp.s ;
       s2 = \\agr => obj ! agr ++ vp.s2 ! agr ;
+      dir = vp.dir ;
+      ind = vp.ind ;
       } ;
 
     insertObjc : (Agr => Str) -> SlashVerbPhrase -> SlashVerbPhrase = \obj,vp ->
       insertObj obj vp ** {c2 = vp.c2} ;
 
+    insertIndObj : Str -> VerbPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \ind,vp -> {
+      s = vp.s ;
+      s2 = vp.s2 ;
+      dir = vp.dir ;
+      ind = mkMaybeVariants3 ind ;
+      };
+
     insertAdV : Str -> VerbPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \adv,vp -> {
       s = vp.s ;
       s2 = \\agr => vp.s2 ! agr ++ adv ;
+      dir = vp.dir ;
+      ind = vp.ind ;
       } ;
 
     predVc : (Verb ** {c2 : Compl}) -> SlashVerbPhrase = \verb ->
       predV verb ** {c2 = verb.c2} ;
 
-    copula_kien : Verb = {
+    copula_kien : {s : VForm => Polarity => Str} = {
-      s : (VForm => Str) = table {
+      s = \\vform,pol => case <vform,pol> of {
-        VPerf (AgP1 Sg)     => "kont" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP1 Sg), Pos>     => "kont" ;
-        VPerf (AgP2 Sg)     => "kont" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP2 Sg), Pos>     => "kont" ;
-        VPerf (AgP3Sg Masc) => "kien" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP3Sg Masc), Pos> => "kien" ;
-        VPerf (AgP3Sg Fem)  => "kienet" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP3Sg Fem), Pos>  => "kienet" ;
-        VPerf (AgP1 Pl)     => "konna" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP1 Pl), Pos>     => "konna" ;
-        VPerf (AgP2 Pl)     => "kontu" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP2 Pl), Pos>     => "kontu" ;
-        VPerf (AgP3Pl)      => "kienu" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP3Pl), Pos>      => "kienu" ;
-        VImpf (AgP1 Sg)     => "nkun" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP1 Sg), Pos>     => "nkun" ;
-        VImpf (AgP2 Sg)     => "tkun" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP2 Sg), Pos>     => "tkun" ;
-        VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc) => "jkun" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc), Pos> => "jkun" ;
-        VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem)  => "tkun" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem), Pos>  => "tkun" ;
-        VImpf (AgP1 Pl)     => "nkunu" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP1 Pl), Pos>     => "nkunu" ;
-        VImpf (AgP2 Pl)     => "tkunu" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP2 Pl), Pos>     => "tkunu" ;
-        VImpf (AgP3Pl)      => "jkunu" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP3Pl), Pos>      => "jkunu" ;
-        VImp (Pl)           => "kun" ;
+        <VImp (Pl), Pos>           => "kun" ;
-        VImp (Sg)           => "kunu" ;
+        <VImp (Sg), Pos>           => "kunu" ;
-        VActivePart gn      => "" ;
+
-        VPassivePart gn     => ""
+        <VPerf (AgP1 Sg), Neg>     => "kontx" ;
-        } ;
+        <VPerf (AgP2 Sg), Neg>     => "kontx" ;
-      i : VerbInfo = mkVerbInfo (Irregular) (FormI) (mkRoot "k-w-n") (mkPattern "ie") ;
+        <VPerf (AgP3Sg Masc), Neg> => "kienx" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP3Sg Fem), Neg>  => "kinitx" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP1 Pl), Neg>     => "konniex" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP2 Pl), Neg>     => "kontux" ;
+        <VPerf (AgP3Pl), Neg>      => "kienux" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP1 Sg), Neg>     => "nkunx" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP2 Sg), Neg>     => "tkunx" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP3Sg Masc), Neg> => "jkunx" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP3Sg Fem), Neg>  => "tkunx" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP1 Pl), Neg>     => "nkunux" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP2 Pl), Neg>     => "tkunux" ;
+        <VImpf (AgP3Pl), Neg>      => "jkunux" ;
+        <VImp (Pl), Neg>           => "kunx" ;
+        <VImp (Sg), Neg>           => "kunux" ;
+        <VActivePart gn, _>      => "" ;
+        <VPassivePart gn, _>     => ""
+        }
       } ;
 
     -- Adapted from [AZ]
     CopulaVP : VerbPhrase = {
       s = \\vpf,ant,pol =>
-        case <vpf> of {
+        --- We are ignoring the anteriority
-          <VPIndicat Past vagr> => polarise (copula_kien.s ! VPerf vagr) pol ;
+        case <vpf, pol> of {
-          <VPIndicat Pres vagr> => polarise (copula_kien.s ! VImpf vagr) pol ;
+          --- Here we are bypassing VerbParts by putting negatives in the stem
-          <VPImperat num> => polarise (copula_kien.s ! VImp num) pol ;
+          <VPIndicat Past vagr, Pos> => mkVerbParts (copula_kien.s ! VPerf vagr ! Pos) [] ; -- kien
-          _ => Predef.error "tense not implemented"
+          <VPIndicat Pres vagr, Pos> => mkVerbParts (copula_kien.s ! VImpf vagr ! Pos) [] ; -- jkun
+          <VPIndicat Fut  vagr, Pos> => mkVerbParts ("se" ++ copula_kien.s ! VImpf vagr ! Pos) [] ; -- se jkun
+          <VPIndicat Cond vagr, Pos> => mkVerbParts ("kieku" ++ copula_kien.s ! VPerf vagr ! Pos) [] ; -- kieku kien
+          <VPImperat num, Pos>       => mkVerbParts (copula_kien.s ! VImp num ! Pos) [] ; -- kun
+          <VPIndicat Past vagr, Neg> => mkVerbParts (copula_kien.s ! VPerf vagr ! Neg) [] ; -- ma kienx
+          <VPIndicat Pres vagr, Neg> => mkVerbParts (copula_kien.s ! VImpf vagr ! Neg) [] ; -- ma jkunx
+          <VPIndicat Fut  vagr, Neg> => mkVerbParts (mhux ! vagr ++ "se" ++ copula_kien.s ! VImpf vagr ! Pos) [] ; -- mhux se jkun
+          <VPIndicat Cond vagr, Neg> => mkVerbParts ("kieku" ++ "ma" ++ copula_kien.s ! VPerf vagr ! Neg) [] ; -- kieku ma kienx
+          <VPImperat num, Neg>       => mkVerbParts (copula_kien.s ! VImp num ! Neg) [] -- kunx
         } ;
       s2 = \\agr => [] ;
-      } where {
+      dir = NullVariants3 ;
-        polarise : Str -> Polarity -> VerbParts = \s,pol ->
+      ind = NullVariants3 ;
-          mkVParts s (case pol of { Neg => BIND ++ "x" ; _ => [] }) ;
       } ;
 
     -- [AZ]
     predV : Verb -> VerbPhrase = \verb -> {
       s = \\vpf,ant,pol =>
         let
-          ma = "ma" ;
+          ma = makePreVowel "ma" "m'" ;
-          mhux = "mhux" ;
+          b1 : Variants3 -> VerbParts = \vs -> mkVerbParts vs ;
-          b1 : Str -> VerbParts = \s -> mkVParts s [] ;
+          b2 : Str -> Variants3 -> VerbParts = \s,vs -> mkVerbParts s vs ;
-          b2 : Str -> VerbParts = \s -> mkVParts s (BIND ++ "x") ;
         in
         case vpf of {
           VPIndicat tense vagr =>
             let
-              kien  = joinVParts (CopulaVP.s ! VPIndicat Past vagr ! Simul ! pol) ;
+              -- kien  = joinVP CopulaVP (VPIndicat Past vagr) Simul Pos ;
-              kienx = joinVParts (CopulaVP.s ! VPIndicat Past vagr ! Simul ! Neg) ;
+              -- kienx = joinVP CopulaVP (VPIndicat Past vagr) Simul Neg ;
+              kien  = copula_kien.s ! (VPerf vagr) ! Pos ;
+              kienx = copula_kien.s ! (VPerf vagr) ! Neg ;
+              nkun  = copula_kien.s ! (VImpf vagr) ! Pos ;
             in
             case <tense,ant,pol> of {
               <Pres,Simul,Pos> => b1 (verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- norqod
-              <Pres,Anter,Pos> => b1 (kien ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- kont norqod
+              <Pres,Simul,Neg> => b2 ma (verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- ma norqodx
+
               <Past,Simul,Pos> => b1 (verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- rqadt
-              <Past,Anter,Pos> => b1 (kien ++ verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- kont rqadt
+              <Past,Simul,Neg> => b2 ma (verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- ma rqadtx
-              <Fut, Simul,Pos> => b1 ("se" ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- se norqod
-              <Fut, Anter,Pos> => b1 (kien ++ "se" ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- kont se norqod
 
-              <Pres,Simul,Neg> => b2 (ma ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- ma norqodx
+              <Fut, Simul,Pos> => b2 "se" (verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- se norqod
-              <Pres,Anter,Neg> => b1 (ma ++ kienx ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- ma kontx norqod
+              <Fut, Simul,Neg> => b2 (mhux ! vagr ++ "se") (verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- m'iniex se norqod
-              <Past,Simul,Neg> => b2 (ma ++ verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- ma rqadtx
-              <Past,Anter,Neg> => b1 (ma ++ kienx ++ verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- ma kontx rqadt
-              <Fut, Simul,Neg> => b1 (mhux ++ "se" ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- mhux se norqod
-              <Fut, Anter,Neg> => b1 (ma ++ kienx ++ "se" ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- ma kontx se norqod
 
-              <Cond,_,Pos> => b1 (kien ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- kont norqod
+              <Cond, _   ,Pos> => b2 kien (verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- kont norqod
-              <Cond,_,Neg> => b1 (ma ++ kienx ++ verb.s ! VImpf vagr) -- ma kontx norqod
+              <Cond, _   ,Neg> => b2 (ma ++ kienx) (verb.s ! VImpf vagr) ; -- ma kontx norqod
+
+              -- Same as Past Simul
+              <Pres,Anter,Pos> => b1 (verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- rqadt
+              <Pres,Anter,Neg> => b2 ma (verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- ma rqadtx
+
+              <Past,Anter,Pos> => b2 kien (verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- kont rqadt
+              <Past,Anter,Neg> => b2 (ma ++ kienx) (verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- ma kontx rqadt
+
+              <Fut, Anter,Pos> => b2 ("se" ++ nkun) (verb.s ! VPerf vagr) ; -- se nkun rqadt
+              <Fut, Anter,Neg> => b2 (mhux ! vagr ++ "se" ++ nkun) (verb.s ! VPerf vagr) -- m'iniex se nkun rqadt
             } ;
-          VPImperat num => b2 (verb.s ! VImp num) -- torqodx
+          VPImperat num => b1 (verb.s ! VImp num) -- torqodx
         };
       s2 = \\agr => [] ;
+      dir = NullVariants3 ;
+      ind = NullVariants3 ;
       -- a1 = [] ;
       -- n2 = \\_ => [] ;
       -- a2 = [] ;
@@ -595,7 +781,7 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
       let
         vpform : VPForm = VPIndicat Past (toVAgr agr) ;
       in
-        joinVParts (vp.s ! vpform ! ant ! pol) ++ vp.s2 ! agr ;
+        joinVP vp vpform ant pol ++ vp.s2 ! agr ;
 
     Aux = {
       s : Tense => Polarity => Str ;
@@ -623,6 +809,16 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
       AgP3Pl       => "lilhom infushom"
       } ;
 
+    mhux : VAgr => Str = table {
+      AgP1 Sg      => "m'iniex" ;
+      AgP2 Sg      => "m'intix" ;
+      AgP3Sg Masc  => "m'hux" ;
+      AgP3Sg Fem   => "m'hix" ;
+      AgP1 Pl      => "m'aħniex" ;
+      AgP2 Pl      => "m'intomx" ;
+      AgP3Pl       => "m'humiex"
+      } ;
+
     conjLi : Str = "li" ;
     conjThat = conjLi ;
 
@@ -768,19 +964,11 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
 
     {- ~~~ Useful helper functions ~~~ -}
 
-    -- Non-existant form
-    noexist : Str = "NOEXIST" ;
-
     -- New names for the drop/take operations
-    --- dependent on defn of ResMlt.noexist
+    takePfx = Predef.take ;
-    takePfx : Int -> Str -> Str = \n,s -> case s of { "NOEXIST" => noexist ; _ => Predef.take n s } ;
+    dropPfx = Predef.drop ;
-    dropPfx : Int -> Str -> Str = \n,s -> case s of { "NOEXIST" => noexist ; _ => Predef.drop n s } ;
+    takeSfx = Predef.dp ;
-    takeSfx : Int -> Str -> Str = \n,s -> case s of { "NOEXIST" => noexist ; _ => Predef.dp n s } ;
+    dropSfx = Predef.tk ;
-    dropSfx : Int -> Str -> Str = \n,s -> case s of { "NOEXIST" => noexist ; _ => Predef.tk n s } ;
-    -- takePfx = Predef.take ;
-    -- dropPfx = Predef.drop ;
-    -- takeSfx = Predef.dp ;
-    -- dropSfx = Predef.tk ;
 
     -- Get the character at the specific index (0-based).
     -- Negative indices behave as 0 (first character). Out of range indexes return the empty string.
@@ -803,13 +991,11 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
     -- Prefix with a 'n'/'t' or double initial consonant, as necessary. See {OM pg 90}
     pfx_N : Str -> Str = \s -> case s of {
       "" => [] ;
-      "NOEXIST" => noexist ; --- dependent on defn of ResMlt.noexist
       m@#DoublingConsN + _ => m + s ;
       _ => "n" + s
       } ;
     pfx_T : Str -> Str = \s -> case s of {
       "" => [] ;
-      "NOEXIST" => noexist ; --- dependent on defn of ResMlt.noexist
       d@#DoublingConsT + _ => d + s ;
       _ => "t" + s
       } ;
@@ -819,8 +1005,6 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
     pfx : Str -> Str -> Str = \p,s -> case <p,s> of {
       <_, ""> => [] ;
       <"", str> => str ;
-      <_, "NOEXIST"> => noexist ; --- dependent on defn of ResMlt.noexist
-      <"NOEXIST", str> => str ; --- dependent on defn of ResMlt.noexist
       <px, str> => px + str
       } ;
 
@@ -830,7 +1014,6 @@ resource ResMlt = ParamX ** open Prelude, Predef in {
     sfx : Str -> Str -> Str = \a,b ->
       case <a,takePfx 1 b> of {
         <"",_> => [] ;
-        <"NOEXIST",_> => noexist ; --- dependent on defn of ResMlt.noexist
         <ke+"nn","n"> => ke+"n"+b ;
         <ha+"kk","k"> => ha+"k"+b ;
         <ho+"ll","l"> => ho+"l"+b ;

lib/src/maltese/SentenceMlt.gf

@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@
 concrete SentenceMlt of Sentence = CatMlt ** open
   Prelude,
   ResMlt,
-  ParamX,
+  ParamX in {
-  CommonX in {
 
   flags optimize=all_subs ;
 
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ concrete SentenceMlt of Sentence = CatMlt ** open
             True => [] ; -- omit subject pronouns
             False => np.s ! NPNom
             } ;
-          v : Str = joinVParts (vp.s ! VPIndicat tense (toVAgr np.a) ! ant ! pol) ;
+          v : Str = joinVP vp (VPIndicat tense (toVAgr np.a)) ant pol ;
           o : Str = vp.s2 ! np.a ;
         } ;
       } ;
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ concrete SentenceMlt of Sentence = CatMlt ** open
 
     -- VP -> Imp
     ImpVP vp = {
-      s = \\pol,n => joinVParts (vp.s ! VPImperat n ! Simul ! pol)
+      s = \\pol,n => joinVP vp (VPImperat n) Simul pol
     } ;
 
     -- NP -> VPSlash -> ClSlash
@@ -57,7 +56,15 @@ concrete SentenceMlt of Sentence = CatMlt ** open
 
     -- Cl -> Prep -> ClSlash
     -- (with whom) he  walks
-    SlashPrep cl prep = cl ** {c2 = prep} ;
+    -- SlashPrep cl prep = cl ** {c2 = prep} ;
+    SlashPrep cl prep = cl ** {c2 = {
+                                 s = prep.s ;
+                                 enclitic = prep.enclitic ;
+                                 takesDet = prep.takesDet ;
+                                 joinsVerb = prep.joinsVerb ;
+                                 isPresent = True ;
+                                 }
+      } ;
 
     -- NP -> VS -> SSlash -> ClSlash
     -- (whom) she says that he loves

lib/src/maltese/StructuralMlt.gf

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ concrete StructuralMlt of Structural = CatMlt **
 
     i_Pron      = mkPron "jien"  "i"   "ni" "li"  singular P1 masculine ; --- also JIENA
     youSg_Pron  = mkPron "int"   "ek"  "ek" "lek" singular P2 masculine ; --- also INTI
-    he_Pron     = mkPron "hu"    "u"   "u"  "lu"  singular P3 masculine ; --- also HUWA
+    he_Pron     = mkPron "hu"    "u"   "hu" "lu"  singular P3 masculine ; --- also HUWA
     she_Pron    = mkPron "hi"    "ha"             singular P3 feminine  ; --- also HIJA
     we_Pron     = mkPron "aħna"  "na"             plural   P1 masculine ;
     youPl_Pron  = mkPron "intom" "kom"            plural   P2 masculine ;
@@ -72,25 +72,30 @@ concrete StructuralMlt of Structural = CatMlt **
 
     above_Prep    = mkPrep "fuq" ;
     after_Prep    = mkPrep "wara" ;
-    before_Prep   = mkPrep "qabel" ;
+    before_Prep   = mkPrep "qabel"
-    behind_Prep   = mkPrep "wara" ;
+                           "qabli" "qablek" "qablu" "qabilha" "qabilna" "qabilkom" "qabilhom" ;
+    behind_Prep   = after_Prep ;
     between_Prep  = mkPrep "bejn" ;
     by8agent_Prep = mkPrep "minn" "mill-" "mit-" ;
     by8means_Prep = mkPrep "bi" "b'" "bil-" "bit-" "bl-" ;
     during_Prep   = mkPrep "waqt" ;
-    for_Prep      = mkPrep "għal" "għall-" "għat-" ;
+    for_Prep      = mkPrep "għal" "għall-" "għall-" "għat-" "għall-"
-    from_Prep     = mkPrep "minn" "mill-" "mit-" ;
+                           "għalija" "għalik" "għalih" "għaliha" "għalina" "għalikom" "għalihom"
+                           True ;
+    from_Prep     = mkPrep "mingħand" ;
     in8front_Prep = mkPrep "quddiem" ;
     in_Prep       = mkPrep "fi" "f'" "fil-" "fit-" "fl-" ;
     on_Prep       = mkPrep "fuq" ;
-    part_Prep     = mkPrep "ta'" "t'" "tal-" "tat-" "tal-" ;
+    part_Prep     = possess_Prep ;
     possess_Prep  = mkPrep "ta'" "t'" "tal-" "tat-" "tal-" ;
-    through_Prep  = mkPrep "ġo" "ġol-" "ġot-" ;
+    through_Prep  = mkPrep "minn ġo" "minn ġol-" "minn ġol-" "minn ġot-" "minn ġol-"
+                           "minn ġo fija" "minn ġo fik" "minn ġo fih" "minn ġo fiha" "minn ġo fina" "minn ġo fikom" "minn ġo fihom"
+                           False ;
     to_Prep       = mkPrep "lil" "lill-" "lit-" ;
     under_Prep    = mkPrep "taħt" ;
     without_Prep  = mkPrep "mingħajr" ;
     with_Prep     = mkPrep "ma'" "m'" "mal-" "mat-" "mal-" ;
-    except_Prep   = mkPrep "apparti" ;
+    except_Prep   = mkPrep "apparti" ; --- special case..
 
     {- Noun phrase ---------------------------------------------------------- -}
 

lib/src/maltese/TextMlt.gf

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
--- TextMlt.gf: many-phrase texts
---
--- Maltese GF Resource Grammar
--- John J. Camilleri 2011 -- 2013
--- Licensed under LGPL
-
-concrete IdiomMlt of Idiom = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
-
--- Text
-
-}
-

lib/src/maltese/VerbMlt.gf

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ concrete VerbMlt of Verb = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
     -- V2 -> VPSlash
     -- love (it)
     SlashV2a = predVc ;
+    -- SlashV2a v2 = (predV v2) ** { c2 = noCompl } ; -- gets rid of the V2's prep
 
     -- V3 -> NP -> VPSlash
     -- give it (to her)
@@ -61,17 +62,38 @@ concrete VerbMlt of Verb = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
     -- VPSlash -> NP -> VP
     -- love it
     ComplSlash vp np =
-      case np.isPron of {
+      case <np.isPron, vp.c2.isPresent> of {
-        -- Join pron to verb
+
-        True => {
+        -- Get enclitic version of c2
-            s = \\vpf,ant,pol =>
+        <True,True> => {
-              let bits = vp.s ! vpf ! ant ! pol in
+            s = vp.s ;
-              mkVParts (glue bits.stem (np.s ! NPCPrep)) bits.pol ;
+            s2 = \\agr => vp.s2 ! agr ++ vp.c2.enclitic ! np.a ;
-            s2 = \\agr => [] ;
+            dir = NullVariants3 ;
+            ind = NullVariants3 ;
           } ;
 
+        -- Join pron to verb
+        <True,False> => {
+            s = vp.s ;
+            s2 = \\agr => [] ;
+            dir = mkMaybeVariants3 (np.s ! NPCPrep) ; --- we'll need to get all the variants direct from the NP
+            ind = NullVariants3 ;
+          } ;
+
+        -- <False,False> => {
+        --     s = vp.s ;
+        --     s2 = \\agr => vp.c2.enclitic ! agr ;
+        --     dir = NullVariants3 ;
+        --     ind = NullVariants3 ;
+        --   } ;
+
         -- Insert obj to VP
-        _ => insertObj (\\agr => np.s ! NPCPrep) vp
+        -- _ => insertObj (\\agr => vp.c2.s ! bool2definiteness np.isDefn ++ np.s ! NPNom) vp
+        _ => insertObj (\\agr => case <vp.c2.isPresent,np.isDefn> of {
+                          <True,True>  => vp.c2.s ! Definite ++ np.s ! NPCPrep ; -- mal-qattus
+                          <True,False> => vp.c2.s ! Indefinite ++ np.s ! NPNom ; -- ma' qattus
+                          _            => np.s ! NPNom                           -- il-qattus
+                          }) vp
       } ;
 
     -- VV -> VPSlash -> VPSlash
@@ -89,11 +111,14 @@ concrete VerbMlt of Verb = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
 
     -- Comp -> VP
     -- be warm
-    UseComp comp = insertObj comp.s (predV copula_kien) ;
+    UseComp comp = insertObj comp.s CopulaVP ;
 
     -- VP -> Adv -> VP
     -- sleep here
-    AdvVP vp adv = insertObj (\\_ => adv.s) vp ;
+    AdvVP vp adv = case adv.joinsVerb of {
+      True  => insertIndObj (indObjSuffix adv.a) vp ;
+      False => insertObj (\\_ => adv.s) vp
+      } ;
 
     -- AdV -> VP -> VP
     -- always sleep
@@ -101,7 +126,31 @@ concrete VerbMlt of Verb = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
 
     -- VPSlash -> Adv -> VPSlash
     -- use (it) here
-    AdvVPSlash vp adv = insertObj (\\_ => adv.s) vp ** {c2 = vp.c2} ;
+    AdvVPSlash vp adv = case adv.joinsVerb of {
+      True  => insertIndObj (indObjSuffix adv.a) vp ;
+      False => insertObj (\\_ => adv.s) vp
+      }  ** {c2 = vp.c2} ;
+
+  oper
+
+    -- Only for_Prep causes these to be used, thus it doesn't make sense to store this
+    -- information in Prep.
+    indObjSuffix : Agr -> Str = \agr ->
+      case (toVAgr agr) of {
+        AgP1 Sg      => "li" ;
+        AgP2 Sg      => "lek" ;
+        AgP3Sg Masc  => "lu" ;
+        -- AgP3Sg Fem   => "ilha" ;
+        -- AgP1 Pl      => "ilna" ;
+        -- AgP2 Pl      => "ilkom" ;
+        -- AgP3Pl       => "ilhom"   --- need to introduce variants here too
+        AgP3Sg Fem   => "lha" ;
+        AgP1 Pl      => "lna" ;
+        AgP2 Pl      => "lkom" ;
+        AgP3Pl       => "lhom"
+      } ;
+
+  lin
 
     -- AdV -> VPSlash -> VPSlash
     -- always use (it)
@@ -113,24 +162,24 @@ concrete VerbMlt of Verb = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
 
     -- V2 -> VP
     -- be loved
-    PassV2 v2 = insertObj (\\agr => v2.s ! VPassivePart (toGenNum agr) ++ v2.c2.s ! Definite) (predV copula_kien) ;
+    PassV2 v2 = insertObj (\\agr => stem1 (v2.s ! VPassivePart (toGenNum agr)) ++ v2.c2.s ! Definite) CopulaVP ;
 
     -- AP -> Comp
     -- (be) small
     CompAP ap = {
-      s = \\agr => ap.s ! toGenNum agr
+      s = \\agr => ap.s ! toGenNum agr ;
       } ;
 
     -- NP -> Comp
     -- (be) the man
     CompNP np = {
-      s = \\_ => np.s ! NPAcc
+      s = \\_ => np.s ! NPAcc ;
       } ;
 
     -- Adv -> Comp
     -- (be) here
     CompAdv adv = {
-      s = \\_ => adv.s
+      s = \\_ => adv.s ;
       } ;
 
     -- CN -> Comp
@@ -139,17 +188,24 @@ concrete VerbMlt of Verb = CatMlt ** open Prelude, ResMlt in {
       s = \\agr => case agr.n of {
         Sg => artIndef ++ cn.s ! Singulative ;
         Pl => cn.s ! Plural
-        }
+        } ;
     } ;
 
     -- VP
     -- be
-    UseCopula = predV copula_kien ;
+    UseCopula = CopulaVP ;
 
     -- VP -> Prep -> VPSlash
     -- live in (it)
     VPSlashPrep vp p = vp ** {
-      c2 = p
+      -- c2 = lin Compl (p ** {isPresent = True}) ;
+      c2 = {
+        s = p.s ;
+        enclitic = p.enclitic ;
+        takesDet = p.takesDet ;
+        joinsVerb = p.joinsVerb ;
+        isPresent = True ;
+        } ;
       } ;
 
 }