diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Cat.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Cat.gf
index c8431a7bc..85e81e97d 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Cat.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Cat.gf
@@ -6,15 +6,6 @@ abstract Cat = Common ** {
 
   cat
 
---2 Top-level units
-
--- Constructed in [Text Text.html]: $Text$.
-
--- Constructed in [Phrase Phrase.html]: $Phr$ and
-
-    Utt ;   -- sentence, question, word...         e.g. "be quiet"
-    Voc ;   -- vocative or "please"                e.g. "my darling"
-
 --2 Sentences and clauses
 
 -- Constructed in [Sentence Sentence.html], and also in
@@ -26,7 +17,6 @@ abstract Cat = Common ** {
     Cl ;    -- declarative clause, with all tenses e.g. "she looks at this"
     Slash ; -- clause missing NP (S/NP in GPSG)    e.g. "she looks at"
     Imp ;   -- imperative                          e.g. "look at this"
-    SC ;    -- embedded sentence or question       e.g. "that it rains"
 
 --2 Questions and interrogatives
 
@@ -100,8 +90,6 @@ abstract Cat = Common ** {
 
     Conj ;  -- conjunction,                        e.g. "and"
     DConj ; -- distributed conj.                   e.g. "both - and"
-    PConj ; -- phrase-beginning conj.              e.g. "therefore"
-    CAdv ;  -- comparative adverb                  e.g. "more"
     Subj ;  -- subjunction,                        e.g. "if"
     Prep ;  -- preposition, or just case           e.g. "in"
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Common.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Common.gf
index 003174ef6..aed4fe355 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Common.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/abstract/Common.gf
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 --1 Infrastructure with common implementations.
 
--- This module defines the abstract parameters of tense, polarity, and
+-- This module defines the categories that uniformly have the linearization
+-- ${s : Str}$ in all languages. They are given lock fields that guarantee
+-- grammatical correctness via type checking.
+
+-- Moreover, this module defines the abstract parameters of tense, polarity, and
 -- anteriority, which are used in [Phrase Phrase.html] to generate different
 -- forms of sentences. Together they give 2 x 4 x 4 = 16 sentence forms.
 
@@ -11,9 +15,41 @@
 abstract Common = {
 
   cat
+
+--2 Top-level units
+
+-- Constructed in [Text Text.html]: $Text$.
+
     Text ;   -- text consisting of several phrases
     Phr ;    -- phrase in a text                    e.g. "But come here my darling."
 
+-- Constructed in [Phrase Phrase.html]: $Phr$ and
+
+    Utt ;   -- sentence, question, word...         e.g. "be quiet"
+    Voc ;   -- vocative or "please"                e.g. "my darling"
+    PConj ; -- phrase-beginning conj.              e.g. "therefore"
+
+    SC ;    -- embedded sentence or question       e.g. "that it rains"
+
+    SC ;
+    Adv ; 
+    AdV ; 
+    AdA ; 
+    AdS ; 
+    AdN ;
+
+--2 Adverbs
+
+-- Constructed in [Adverb Adverb.html].  
+-- Many adverbs are constructed in [Structural Structural.html].
+
+    Adv ;   -- verb-phrase-modifying adverb,       e.g. "in the house"
+    AdV ;   -- adverb directly attached to verb    e.g. "always"
+    AdA ;   -- adjective-modifying adverb,         e.g. "very"
+    AdN ;   -- numeral-modifying adverb,           e.g. "more than"
+    IAdv ;  -- interrogative adverb                e.g. "why"
+    CAdv ;  -- comparative adverb                  e.g. "more"
+
     Pol ;
     Tense ;
     Ant ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/common/CommonX.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/common/CommonX.gf
index d37136231..27781459b 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/common/CommonX.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/common/CommonX.gf
@@ -2,6 +2,17 @@ concrete CommonX of Common = open (R = ParamX) in {
 
   lincat
     Text, Phr = {s : Str} ;
+    Utt = {s : Str} ;
+    Voc = {s : Str} ;
+    SC  = {s : Str} ;
+    Adv = {s : Str} ; 
+    AdV = {s : Str} ; 
+    AdA = {s : Str} ; 
+    AdS = {s : Str} ; 
+    AdN = {s : Str} ;
+    IAdv = {s : Str} ;
+    CAdv = {s : Str} ;
+    PConj = {s : Str} ;
 
     Tense = {s : Str ; t : R.Tense} ;
     Ant   = {s : Str ; a : R.Anteriority} ;
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/english/CatEng.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/english/CatEng.gf
index 370f7c1b7..52e7a0b4e 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/english/CatEng.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/english/CatEng.gf
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ concrete CatEng of Cat = CommonX ** open ResEng, Prelude in {
 
   lincat
 
--- Phrase
-
-    Utt, Voc = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Tensed/Untensed
 
     S  = {s : Str} ;
@@ -24,7 +20,7 @@ concrete CatEng of Cat = CommonX ** open ResEng, Prelude in {
 
     QCl = {s : Tense => Anteriority => Polarity => QForm => Str} ;
     IP = {s : Case => Str ; n : Number} ;
-    IAdv, IComp = {s : Str} ;    
+    IComp = {s : Str} ;    
     IDet = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
 
 -- Relative
@@ -43,7 +39,6 @@ concrete CatEng of Cat = CommonX ** open ResEng, Prelude in {
       } ;
 
     Comp = {s : Agr => Str} ; 
-    SC = {s : Str} ;
 
 -- Adjective
 
@@ -57,10 +52,6 @@ concrete CatEng of Cat = CommonX ** open ResEng, Prelude in {
     Predet, QuantSg, QuantPl, Num, Ord = {s : Str} ;
     Quant = {s : Number => Str} ;
 
--- Adverb
-
-    Adv, AdV, AdA, AdS, AdN = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Numeral
 
     Numeral = {s : CardOrd => Str ; n : Number} ;
@@ -69,8 +60,6 @@ concrete CatEng of Cat = CommonX ** open ResEng, Prelude in {
 
     Conj = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
     DConj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ;
-    PConj = {s : Str} ;    
-    CAdv = {s : Str} ;    
     Subj = {s : Str} ;
     Prep = {s : Str} ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/finnish/CatFin.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/finnish/CatFin.gf
index ebf04a1f8..b40ebe702 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/finnish/CatFin.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/finnish/CatFin.gf
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ concrete CatFin of Cat = CommonX ** open ResFin, Prelude in {
 
   lincat
 
--- Phrase
-
-    Utt, Voc = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Tensed/Untensed
 
     S  = {s : Str} ;
@@ -24,7 +20,6 @@ concrete CatFin of Cat = CommonX ** open ResFin, Prelude in {
 
     QCl   = {s : Tense => Anteriority => Polarity => Str} ;
     IP    = {s : NPForm => Str ; n : Number} ;
-    IAdv  = {s : Str} ;    
     IComp = {s : Agr => Str} ; 
     IDet  = {s : Case => Str ; n : Number} ;
 
@@ -37,7 +32,6 @@ concrete CatFin of Cat = CommonX ** open ResFin, Prelude in {
 
     VP   = ResFin.VP ;
     Comp = {s : Agr => Str} ; 
-    SC   = {s : Str} ;
 
 -- Adjective
 
@@ -66,10 +60,6 @@ concrete CatFin of Cat = CommonX ** open ResFin, Prelude in {
     Quant = {s1 : Number => Case => Str ; s2 : Str ; isPoss, isDef : Bool} ;
     Num = {s : Number => Case => Str ; isNum : Bool} ;
 
--- Adverb
-
-    Adv, AdV, AdA, AdS, AdN = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Numeral
 
     Numeral = {s : CardOrd => Str ; n : Number} ;
@@ -78,8 +68,6 @@ concrete CatFin of Cat = CommonX ** open ResFin, Prelude in {
 
     Conj = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
     DConj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ;
-    PConj = {s : Str} ;    
-    CAdv = {s : Str} ;    
     Subj = {s : Str} ;
     Prep = Compl ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/german/CatGer.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/german/CatGer.gf
index 659a62185..168192806 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/german/CatGer.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/german/CatGer.gf
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat = CommonX ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
 
   lincat
 
--- Phrase
-
-    Utt, Voc = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Tensed/Untensed
 
     S  = {s : Order => Str} ;
@@ -25,7 +21,6 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat = CommonX ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
 
     QCl = {s : Tense => Anteriority => Polarity => QForm => Str} ;
     IP = {s : Case => Str ; n : Number} ;
-    IAdv = {s : Str} ;
     IComp = {s : Agr => Str} ; 
     IDet = {s : Gender => Case => Str ; n : Number} ;
 
@@ -38,7 +33,6 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat = CommonX ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
 
     VP = ResGer.VP ;
     Comp = {s : Agr => Str} ; 
-    SC = {s : Str} ;
 
 -- Adjective
 
@@ -56,10 +50,6 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat = CommonX ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
     Num = {s : Str} ;
     Ord = {s : AForm => Str} ;
 
--- Adverb
-
-    Adv, AdV, AdA, AdS, AdN = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Numeral
 
     Numeral = {s : CardOrd => Str} ;
@@ -68,8 +58,6 @@ concrete CatGer of Cat = CommonX ** open ResGer, Prelude in {
 
     Conj = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
     DConj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ;
-    PConj = {s : Str} ;    
-    CAdv = {s : Str} ;    
     Subj = {s : Str} ;
     Prep = {s : Str ; c : Case} ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/romance/CatRomance.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/romance/CatRomance.gf
index 4fb240e2f..32433410e 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/romance/CatRomance.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/romance/CatRomance.gf
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatRomance of Cat =
 
   lincat
 
--- Phrase
-
-    Utt, Voc = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Tensed/Untensed
 
     S  = {s : Mood => Str} ;
@@ -25,7 +21,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatRomance of Cat =
 
     QCl   = {s : Tense => Anteriority => Polarity => QForm => Str} ;
     IP    = {s : Case => Str ; a : AAgr} ;
-    IAdv  = {s : Str} ;
     IComp = {s : AAgr => Str} ;     
     IDet  = {s : Gender => Case => Str ; n : Number} ;
 
@@ -38,7 +33,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatRomance of Cat =
 
     VP = CommonRomance.VP ;
     Comp = {s : Agr => Str} ; 
-    SC = {s : Str} ;
 
 -- Adjective
 
@@ -56,10 +50,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatRomance of Cat =
     Num     = {s : Gender => Str ; isNum : Bool} ;
     Ord     = {s : AAgr   => Str} ;
 
--- Adverb
-
-    Adv, AdV, AdA, AdS, AdN = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Numeral
 
     Numeral = {s : CardOrd => Str} ;
@@ -68,8 +58,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatRomance of Cat =
 
     Conj  = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
     DConj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ;
-    PConj = {s : Str} ;    
-    CAdv  = {s : Str} ;    
     Subj  = {s : Str ; m : Mood} ;
     Prep  = {s : Str ; c : Case} ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/russian/CatRus.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/russian/CatRus.gf
index 4c6b8bcbd..f23d8625b 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/russian/CatRus.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/russian/CatRus.gf
@@ -6,14 +6,9 @@ concrete CatRus of Cat = CommonX ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
 
   lincat
 
--- Phrase
-
-    Utt, Voc = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Tensed/Untensed
 
    S  = {s : Str} ;
-   SC  = {s : Str} ;
    QS = {s :                 QForm => Str} ;
    RS = {s :                   GenNum => Case => Animacy => Str} ;
 
@@ -28,7 +23,7 @@ concrete CatRus of Cat = CommonX ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
     QCl = {s :Polarity => ClForm => QForm => Str};  
     IP = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; p : Person ;
            g: PronGen ; anim : Animacy ;  pron: Bool} ;     
-    IAdv, IComp = {s : Str} ;    
+    IComp = {s : Str} ;    
     IDet = Adjective ** {n: Number; g: PronGen; c: Case} ; 
 
 -- Relative
@@ -65,10 +60,6 @@ concrete CatRus of Cat = CommonX ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
     QuantSg, QuantPl , Det = {s : AdjForm => Str; n: Number; g: PronGen; c: Case} ; 
     Predet, Quant= {s : AdjForm => Str; g: PronGen; c: Case} ; 
 
--- Adverb
-
-    Adv, AdV, AdA, AdS, AdN = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Numeral
 
     Num, Numeral = {s : Case => Gender => Str} ;
@@ -80,8 +71,6 @@ concrete CatRus of Cat = CommonX ** open ResRus, Prelude in {
 
     Conj = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;  
     DConj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ; 
-    PConj = {s : Str} ;    
-    CAdv = {s : Str} ;    
     Subj = {s : Str} ;
     Prep = {s : Str ; c: Case } ;
 
diff --git a/lib/resource-1.0/scandinavian/CatScand.gf b/lib/resource-1.0/scandinavian/CatScand.gf
index e395bc7f7..2608d60a7 100644
--- a/lib/resource-1.0/scandinavian/CatScand.gf
+++ b/lib/resource-1.0/scandinavian/CatScand.gf
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatScand of Cat =
 
   lincat
 
--- Phrase
-
-    Utt, Voc = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Tensed/Untensed
 
     S  = {s : Order => Str} ;
@@ -25,7 +21,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatScand of Cat =
 
     QCl = {s : Tense => Anteriority => Polarity => QForm => Str} ;
     IP = {s : NPForm => Str ; gn : GenNum} ;
-    IAdv = {s : Str} ;
     IComp = {s : AFormPos => Str} ; 
     IDet = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number ; det : DetSpecies} ;
 
@@ -48,7 +43,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatScand of Cat =
       en2,ea2,eext : Bool    -- indicate if the field exists
       } ;
     Comp = {s : AFormPos => Str} ; 
-    SC = {s : Str} ; -- always Sub
 
 
 -- Adjective
@@ -72,10 +66,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatScand of Cat =
     Num = {s : Gender => Str ; isDet : Bool} ;
     Ord = {s : Str ; isDet : Bool} ;
 
--- Adverb
-
-    Adv, AdV, AdA, AdS, AdN = {s : Str} ;
-
 -- Numeral
 
     Numeral = {s : CardOrd => Str ; n : Number} ;
@@ -84,8 +74,6 @@ incomplete concrete CatScand of Cat =
 
     Conj = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;
     DConj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ;
-    PConj = {s : Str} ;    
-    CAdv = {s : Str} ;    
     Subj = {s : Str} ;
     Prep = {s : Str} ;
 
diff --git a/src/GF/Grammar/Lookup.hs b/src/GF/Grammar/Lookup.hs
index a80217cd6..eaa44c1c9 100644
--- a/src/GF/Grammar/Lookup.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Grammar/Lookup.hs
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ lookupResDef gr m c = look True m c where
           ResOper _ Nope    -> return (Q m c) ---- if isTop then lookExt m c 
                                  ---- else prtBad "cannot find in exts" c 
 
-          CncCat (Yes ty) _ _ -> lockRecType c $ ty
-          CncCat _ _ _        -> lockRecType c $ defLinType
-          CncFun _ (Yes tr) _ -> unlockRecord c tr
+          CncCat (Yes ty) _ _ -> return ty ---- lockRecType c $ ty
+          CncCat _ _ _        -> return defLinType ---- lockRecType c $ defLinType
+          CncFun _ (Yes tr) _ -> return tr ---- unlockRecord c tr
 
           AnyInd _ n        -> look False n c
           ResParam _        -> return $ QC m c
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ lookupResType gr m c = do
         -- used in reused concrete
         CncCat _ _ _ -> return typeType
         CncFun (Just (cat,(cont,val))) _ _ -> do
-          val' <- lockRecType cat val 
+          val' <- return val ---- lockRecType cat val 
           return $ mkProd (cont, val', [])
         CncFun _ _ _ -> do
           a  <- abstractOfConcrete gr m