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doc for next-lib; adjustments in summerschool-flyer
This commit is contained in:
aarne
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@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@
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\pagestyle{empty}
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\pagestyle{empty}
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\usepackage[urlcolor=blue,colorlinks=true]{hyperref}
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\usepackage[urlcolor=blue,colorlinks=true]{hyperref}
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\setlength{\textheight}{240mm}
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\setlength{\textwidth}{158mm}
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\setlength{\textwidth}{158mm}
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@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ Gothenburg, 17-28 August 2009
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\newpage
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\newpage
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\begin{itemize}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Do you like programming?
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\item Do you like programming challenges?
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||||||
\item Are you interested in how your language really works?
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\item Are you interested in how your language really works?
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||||||
\item Would you like to try and build a computational grammar for your language,
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\item Would you like to try and build a computational grammar for your language,
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and make it available as a part of an international open-source
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and make it available as a part of an international open-source
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@@ -42,44 +45,51 @@ Gothenburg, 17-28 August 2009
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Then you should consider attending the GF Resource Grammar Summer School
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Then you should consider attending the GF Resource Grammar Summer School
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in Gothenburg on 17-28 August 2009.
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in Gothenburg on 17-28 August 2009.
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|
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The GF Resource Grammar Library is an open-source computational grammar resource
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The GF Resource Grammar Library is an open-source computational grammar
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that currently covers 12 languages. The Summer School is a part of a
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resource that currently covers 12 languages. It has been created in
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collaborative effort to extend the library to all of the 23 official
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a collaborative effort using the GF (Grammatical Framework) grammar formalism.
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EU languages. Also other languages chosen by the participants are welcome.
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The Summer School aims to boost the extension of the library to new languages.
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|
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The missing EU languages are:
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Particularly in focus are the missing 12 of the 23 official languages of the
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Czech, Dutch, Estonian, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian,
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European Union: \textit{Czech, Dutch,
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Maltese, Portuguese, Slovak, and Slovenian. There is also more work to
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Estonian, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian,
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|
Maltese, Portuguese, Slovak, and Slovenian}. There is also more work to
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be done on Polish and Romanian.
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be done on Polish and Romanian.
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|
Any other languages chosen by the participants are also welcome.
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|
Good knowledge of the language is essential, but you don't need to be a
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|
native speaker.
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|
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The linguistic coverage of the library includes the inflectional morphology
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The linguistic coverage of the library includes the inflectional morphology
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and basic syntax of each language. It can be used in GF applications
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and basic syntax of each language. It can be used for parsing,
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and also ported to other formats. It can also be used for building other
|
generation, translation, multilingual web pages,
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linguistic resources, such as morphological lexica and parsers.
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speech recognition, dialogue systems, language teaching, morphological
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|
analysis, software localization, and lots of other things.
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Grammars written in GF can be converted to many different formats.
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The library is licensed under LGPL.
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The library is licensed under LGPL.
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|
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In the summer school, each language will be implemented by one or two students
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In the summer school, each language will be implemented by one or two students
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working together. A morphology implementation will be credited
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working together. A morphology implementation will be credited
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as a Chalmers course worth 7.5 ETCS points; adding a syntax implementation
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as a Chalmers University
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|
course worth 7.5 ETCS points; adding a syntax implementation
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will be worth more. The estimated total work load is 1-2 months for the
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will be worth more. The estimated total work load is 1-2 months for the
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morphology, and 3-6 months for the whole grammar.
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morphology, and 3-6 months for the whole grammar.
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|
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Participation in the summer school is free.
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Participation in the summer school is free.
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Registration is done via the courses's Google group,
|
Registration is via the courses's Google group,
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|
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\begin{verbatim}
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\begin{verbatim}
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http://groups.google.com/group/gf-resource-school-2009/
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http://groups.google.com/group/gf-resource-school-2009/
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\end{verbatim}
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\end{verbatim}
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The registration deadline is 15 June 2009.
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The registration deadline is 15 June 2009. An on-line course on GF (recommended,
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but not compulsory) starts on 20 April.
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|
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Some travel grants will be available. They are distributed on the basis of a
|
Some travel grants will be available. They are distributed on the basis of a
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GF programming contest in April and May.
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GF programming contest in May.
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|
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For more information, see the Google Group above, as well as the
|
For more information, see the Google Group and the Summer School web page,
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Summer School web page,
|
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|
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\begin{verbatim}
|
\begin{verbatim}
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http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/doc/gf-summerschool.html
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http://digitalgrammars.com/gf/summerschool.html
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\end{verbatim}
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\end{verbatim}
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% LaTeX2e code generated by txt2tags 2.4 (http://txt2tags.sf.net)
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% LaTeX2e code generated by txt2tags 2.4 (http://txt2tags.sf.net)
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107
next-lib/doc/German.dot
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107
next-lib/doc/German.dot
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@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
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digraph {
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size = "12,12" ;
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|
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||||||
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LangGer [style = "dashed", shape = "box", URL = "LangGer.gf"];
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|
LangGer -> NounGer [style = "solid"];
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|
LangGer -> VerbGer [style = "solid"];
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|
LangGer -> ConjunctionGer [style = "solid"];
|
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|
LangGer -> StructuralGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
LangGer -> LexiconGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
LangGer -> Lang [arrowhead = "empty", style = "dashed"];
|
||||||
|
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||||||
|
Lang [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lang.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Noun [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Verb [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Conjunction [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Structural [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Lexicon [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
NounGer [style = "dashed", shape = "box", URL = "NounGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
NounGer -> CatGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
NounGer -> ResGer [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
NounGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
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|
NounGer -> Noun [arrowhead = "empty", style = "dashed"];
|
||||||
|
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||||||
|
Noun [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Noun.gf"];
|
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|
Noun -> Cat [style = "solid"];
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|
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||||||
|
VerbGer [style = "dashed", shape = "box", URL = "VerbGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
VerbGer -> CatGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
VerbGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
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||||||
|
VerbGer -> ResGer [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
VerbGer -> Verb [arrowhead = "empty", style = "dashed"];
|
||||||
|
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||||||
|
Verb [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Verb.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Verb -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ConjunctionGer [style = "dashed", shape = "box", URL = "ConjunctionGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
ConjunctionGer -> CatGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
ConjunctionGer -> ResGer [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
ConjunctionGer -> Coordination [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
ConjunctionGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
ConjunctionGer -> Conjunction [arrowhead = "empty", style = "dashed"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Conjunction [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Conjunction.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Conjunction -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
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||||||
|
Coordination [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Coordination.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Coordination -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
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||||||
|
StructuralGer [style = "dashed", shape = "box", URL = "StructuralGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
StructuralGer -> CatGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
StructuralGer -> MorphoGer [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
StructuralGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
StructuralGer -> Structural [arrowhead = "empty", style = "dashed"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Structural [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Structural.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Structural -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
LexiconGer [style = "dashed", shape = "box", URL = "LexiconGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
LexiconGer -> CatGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
LexiconGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
LexiconGer -> ParadigmsGer [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
LexiconGer -> Lexicon [arrowhead = "empty", style = "dashed"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Lexicon [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lexicon.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Lexicon -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
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||||||
|
ParadigmsGer [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "ParadigmsGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
ParadigmsGer -> Predef [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
ParadigmsGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
ParadigmsGer -> MorphoGer [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
ParadigmsGer -> CatGer [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
CatGer [style = "dashed", shape = "box", URL = "CatGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
CatGer -> CommonX [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
CatGer -> ResGer [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
CatGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
CatGer -> Cat [arrowhead = "empty", style = "dashed"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Cat [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Cat.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Cat -> Common [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
CommonX [style = "dashed", shape = "box", URL = "CommonX.gf"];
|
||||||
|
CommonX -> ParamX [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
CommonX -> Common [arrowhead = "empty", style = "dashed"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Common [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Common.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
MorphoGer [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "MorphoGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
MorphoGer -> ResGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
MorphoGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
MorphoGer -> Predef [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ResGer [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "ResGer.gf"];
|
||||||
|
ResGer -> ParamX [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
ResGer -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ParamX [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "ParamX.gf"];
|
||||||
|
ParamX -> Prelude [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Prelude [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Prelude.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Prelude -> Predef [style = "dotted"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Predef [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Predef.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
}
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||||||
BIN
next-lib/doc/German.png
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BIN
next-lib/doc/German.png
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Binary file not shown.
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 20 KiB |
75
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digraph {
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|
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|
size = "12,8" ;
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|
|
||||||
|
Lang [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lang.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Grammar [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Lexicon [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Grammar [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lang.gf"];
|
||||||
|
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||||||
|
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||||||
|
Grammar -> Noun [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Verb [style = "solid"];
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||||||
|
Grammar -> Adjective [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Adverb [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Numeral [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Sentence [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Question [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Relative [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Conjunction [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Phrase [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Text [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Idiom [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Structural [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Noun [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Noun.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Noun -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Verb [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Verb.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Verb -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Adjective [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Adjective.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Adjective -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Adverb [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Adverb.gf"];
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||||||
|
Adverb -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Numeral [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Numeral.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Numeral -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Sentence [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Sentence.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Sentence -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Question [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Question.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Question -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Relative [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Relative.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Relative -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Conjunction [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Conjunction.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Conjunction -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Phrase [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Phrase -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Text [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Text -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Idiom [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Idiom -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Structural [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Structural.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Structural -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Lexicon [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lexicon.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Lexicon -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Cat [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Cat.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Cat -> Common [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Common [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Tense.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
BIN
next-lib/doc/Grammar.png
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BIN
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 6.4 KiB |
68
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|
digraph {
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
size = "12,8" ;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Lang [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lang.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Noun [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Verb [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Adjective [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Adverb [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Numeral [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Sentence [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Question [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Relative [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Conjunction [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Phrase [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Text [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Idiom [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Structural [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Lang -> Lexicon [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Noun [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Noun.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Noun -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Verb [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Verb.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Verb -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Adjective [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Adjective.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Adjective -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Adverb [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Adverb.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Adverb -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Numeral [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Numeral.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Numeral -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Sentence [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Sentence.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Sentence -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Question [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Question.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Question -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Relative [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Relative.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Relative -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Conjunction [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Conjunction.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Conjunction -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Phrase [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Phrase -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Text [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Text -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Idiom [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Idiom -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Structural [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Structural.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Structural -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Lexicon [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lexicon.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Lexicon -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Cat [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Cat.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Cat -> Common [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Common [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Tense.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
BIN
next-lib/doc/Lang.png
Normal file
BIN
next-lib/doc/Lang.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 7.5 KiB |
16
next-lib/doc/Makefile
Normal file
16
next-lib/doc/Makefile
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
|||||||
|
.PHONY: abstract synopsis
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
all: synopsis abstract
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
index:
|
||||||
|
txt2tags -thtml index.txt
|
||||||
|
synopsis:
|
||||||
|
runghc MkSynopsis.hs
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
categories-imagemap.html: categories.dot
|
||||||
|
dot -Tcmapx $^ > $@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
abstract:
|
||||||
|
gfdoc -txthtml ../src/abstract/*.gf
|
||||||
|
mv ../src/abstract/*.html abstract
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
244
next-lib/doc/MkSynopsis.hs
Normal file
244
next-lib/doc/MkSynopsis.hs
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
|
|||||||
|
import System
|
||||||
|
import Char
|
||||||
|
import List
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
type Cats = [(String,String,String)]
|
||||||
|
type Rules = [(String,String,String)]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
main = do
|
||||||
|
xx <- getArgs
|
||||||
|
let isLatex = case xx of
|
||||||
|
"-tex":_ -> True
|
||||||
|
_ -> False
|
||||||
|
cs1 <- getCats commonAPI
|
||||||
|
cs2 <- getCats catAPI
|
||||||
|
let cs = sortCats (cs1 ++ cs2)
|
||||||
|
writeFile synopsis "GF Resource Grammar Library: Synopsis"
|
||||||
|
append "B. Bringert and A. Ranta"
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
append "%!postproc(html): '(SRC=\"categories.png\")' '\\1 USEMAP=\"#categories\"'"
|
||||||
|
append "%!postproc(html): '#LParadigms' '<a name=\"RParadigms\"></a>'"
|
||||||
|
append "%!postproc(tex): '#LParadigms' ''"
|
||||||
|
delimit $ addToolTips cs
|
||||||
|
include "synopsis-intro.txt"
|
||||||
|
title "Categories"
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
link "Source 1:" commonAPI
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
link "Source 2:" catAPI
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
append "==A hierarchic view==\n"
|
||||||
|
include "categories-intro.txt"
|
||||||
|
append "==Explanations==\n"
|
||||||
|
delimit $ mkCatTable isLatex cs
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
title "Syntax Rules and Structural Words"
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
link "Source 1:" syntaxAPI
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
link "Source 2:" structuralAPI
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
rs <- getRules syntaxAPI
|
||||||
|
rs2 <- getRules structuralAPI
|
||||||
|
delimit $ mkSplitTables True isLatex cs $ rs ++ rs2
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
-- title "Structural Words"
|
||||||
|
-- space
|
||||||
|
-- link "Source:" structuralAPI
|
||||||
|
-- space
|
||||||
|
-- rs <- rulesTable False isLatex cs structuralAPI
|
||||||
|
-- delimit rs
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
title "Lexical Paradigms"
|
||||||
|
mapM_ (putParadigms isLatex cs) paradigmFiles
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
include "synopsis-browse.txt"
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
title "An Example of Usage"
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
include "synopsis-example.txt"
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
let format = if isLatex then "tex" else "html"
|
||||||
|
system $ "txt2tags -t" ++ format ++ " --toc " ++ synopsis
|
||||||
|
if isLatex then (system $ "pdflatex synopsis.tex") >> return () else return ()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
addToolTips :: Cats -> [String]
|
||||||
|
addToolTips = map f
|
||||||
|
where f (n,e,_) = "%!postproc(html): '(?i)(HREF=\"#" ++ n ++ "\")( TITLE=\"[^\"]*\")?' '\\1 TITLE=\"" ++ e' ++ "\"'"
|
||||||
|
where e' = n ++ if null e then "" else " - " ++ e
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
getCats :: FilePath -> IO Cats
|
||||||
|
getCats file = do
|
||||||
|
ss <- readFile file >>= return . lines
|
||||||
|
return $ getrs [] ss
|
||||||
|
where
|
||||||
|
getrs rs ss = case ss of
|
||||||
|
('-':'-':'.':_):_ -> reverse rs
|
||||||
|
[] -> reverse rs
|
||||||
|
('-':'-':_):ss2 -> getrs rs ss2
|
||||||
|
s:ss2 -> case words s of
|
||||||
|
cat:";":"--":exp -> getrs ((cat,unwords expl, unwords (tail ex)):rs) ss2 where
|
||||||
|
(expl,ex) = span (/="e.g.") exp
|
||||||
|
_ -> getrs rs ss2
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
rulesTable :: Bool -> Bool -> Cats -> FilePath -> IO [String]
|
||||||
|
rulesTable hasEx isLatex cs file = do
|
||||||
|
rs <- getRules file
|
||||||
|
return $ mkTable hasEx isLatex cs rs
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
getRules :: FilePath -> IO Rules
|
||||||
|
getRules file = do
|
||||||
|
ss <- readFile file >>= return . lines
|
||||||
|
return $ getrs [] ss
|
||||||
|
where
|
||||||
|
getrs rs ss = case ss of
|
||||||
|
('-':'-':'.':_):_ -> reverse rs
|
||||||
|
[] -> reverse rs
|
||||||
|
('-':'-':_):ss2 -> getrs rs ss2
|
||||||
|
s:ss2 -> case words s of
|
||||||
|
_:_:"overload":_ -> getrs rs ss2
|
||||||
|
_:":":_ -> getrs (rule s:rs) ss2
|
||||||
|
_ -> getrs rs ss2
|
||||||
|
rule s = (name, typ, ex)
|
||||||
|
where
|
||||||
|
ws = takeWhile (/="--#") $ words s
|
||||||
|
name = head ws
|
||||||
|
(t,e) = span (/="--") (tail ws)
|
||||||
|
typ = unwords $ filtype (drop 1 t)
|
||||||
|
filtype = filter (/=";")
|
||||||
|
ex = if null e then "" else unwords $ unnumber $ drop 1 e
|
||||||
|
unnumber e = case e of
|
||||||
|
n:ws | last n == '.' && not (null (init n)) && all isDigit (init n) -> ws
|
||||||
|
_ -> e
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
putParadigms :: Bool -> Cats -> (String, FilePath) -> IO ()
|
||||||
|
putParadigms isLatex cs (lang,file) = do
|
||||||
|
stitle ("Paradigms for " ++ lang)
|
||||||
|
append "#LParadigms"
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
link "source" file
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
rs <- rulesTable False isLatex cs file
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
delimit rs
|
||||||
|
space
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
inChunks :: Int -> ([a] -> [String]) -> [a] -> [String]
|
||||||
|
inChunks i f = concat . intersperse ["\n\n"] . map f . chunks i where
|
||||||
|
chunks _ [] = []
|
||||||
|
chunks i xs = x : chunks i y where (x,y) = splitAt i xs
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
-- Makes one table per result category.
|
||||||
|
-- Adds a subsection header for each table.
|
||||||
|
mkSplitTables :: Bool -> Bool -> Cats -> Rules -> [String]
|
||||||
|
mkSplitTables hasEx isLatex cs = concatMap t . addLexicalCats cs . sortRules
|
||||||
|
where t (c, xs) = [subtitle c expl] ++ tableOrLink
|
||||||
|
where
|
||||||
|
expl = case [e | (n,e,_) <- cs, n == c] of
|
||||||
|
[] -> ""
|
||||||
|
e:_ -> e
|
||||||
|
tableOrLink = if null xs then parad else mkTable hasEx isLatex cs xs
|
||||||
|
parad = [
|
||||||
|
"Lexical category, constructors given in",
|
||||||
|
"[lexical paradigms #RParadigms]."
|
||||||
|
]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mkTable :: Bool -> Bool -> Cats -> Rules -> [String]
|
||||||
|
mkTable hasEx isLatex cs = inChunks chsize (\rs -> header : map (unwords . row) rs)
|
||||||
|
where
|
||||||
|
chsize = if isLatex then 40 else 1000
|
||||||
|
header = if hasEx then "|| Function | Type | Example ||"
|
||||||
|
else "|| Function | Type ||"
|
||||||
|
row (name,typ,ex)
|
||||||
|
= if hasEx then ["|", name', "|", typ', "|", ex', "|"]
|
||||||
|
else ["|", name', "|", typ', "|"]
|
||||||
|
where
|
||||||
|
name' = ttf name
|
||||||
|
typ' = showTyp cs typ
|
||||||
|
ex' = if null ex then itf (takeWhile (/='_') name) else itf ex
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mkCatTable :: Bool -> Cats -> [String]
|
||||||
|
mkCatTable isLatex cs = inChunks chsize (\rs -> header ++ map mk1 rs) cs
|
||||||
|
where
|
||||||
|
header = ["|| Category | Explanation | Example ||"]
|
||||||
|
chsize = if isLatex then 40 else 1000
|
||||||
|
mk1 (name,expl,ex) = unwords ["|", showCat cs name, "|", expl, "|", typo ex, "|"]
|
||||||
|
typo ex = if take 1 ex == "\"" then itf (init (tail ex)) else ex
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
srcPath = ("../src" ++)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
synopsis = "synopsis.txt"
|
||||||
|
commonAPI = srcPath "/abstract/Common.gf"
|
||||||
|
catAPI = srcPath "/abstract/Cat.gf"
|
||||||
|
syntaxAPI = srcPath "/api/Constructors.gf"
|
||||||
|
structuralAPI = srcPath "/abstract/Structural.gf"
|
||||||
|
paradigmFiles = [
|
||||||
|
("Bulgarian", srcPath "/bulgarian/ParadigmsBul.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Catalan", srcPath "/catalan/ParadigmsCat.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Danish", srcPath "/danish/ParadigmsDan.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("English", srcPath "/english/ParadigmsEng.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Finnish", srcPath "/finnish/ParadigmsFin.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("French", srcPath "/french/ParadigmsFre.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("German", srcPath "/german/ParadigmsGer.gf"),
|
||||||
|
-- ("Interlingua", srcPath "/interlingua/ParadigmsIna.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Italian", srcPath "/italian/ParadigmsIta.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Norwegian", srcPath "/norwegian/ParadigmsNor.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Romanian", srcPath "/romanian/ParadigmsRon.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Russian", srcPath "/russian/ParadigmsRus.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Spanish", srcPath "/spanish/ParadigmsSpa.gf"),
|
||||||
|
("Swedish", srcPath "/swedish/ParadigmsSwe.gf")
|
||||||
|
]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
append s = appendFile synopsis ('\n':s)
|
||||||
|
title s = append $ "=" ++ s ++ "="
|
||||||
|
stitle s = append $ "==" ++ s ++ "=="
|
||||||
|
include s = append $ "%!include: " ++ s
|
||||||
|
space = append "\n"
|
||||||
|
delimit ss = mapM_ append ss
|
||||||
|
link s f = append $ s ++ " [``" ++ fa ++ "`` " ++ f ++ "]" where
|
||||||
|
fa = "http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource" ++ dropWhile (=='.') f
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ttf s = "``" ++ s ++ "``"
|
||||||
|
itf s = "//" ++ s ++ "//"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
-----------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
-- sort category synopsis by category, retain one table
|
||||||
|
sortCats :: Cats -> Cats
|
||||||
|
sortCats = sortBy compareCat
|
||||||
|
where compareCat (n1,_,_) (n2,_,_) = compare n1 n2
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
-- sort function synopsis by category, into separate tables
|
||||||
|
sortRules :: Rules -> [Rules]
|
||||||
|
sortRules = groupBy sameCat . sortBy compareRules
|
||||||
|
where sameCat r1 r2 = resultCat r1 == resultCat r2
|
||||||
|
compareRules r1@(n1,_,_) r2@(n2,_,_)
|
||||||
|
= compare (resultCat r1,n1) (resultCat r2,n2)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
addLexicalCats :: Cats -> [Rules] -> [(String,Rules)]
|
||||||
|
addLexicalCats cs rss =
|
||||||
|
map head $ groupBy fstEq $ sortBy (\x y -> compare (fst x) (fst y)) $
|
||||||
|
[ (resultCat r, rs) | rs@(r:_) <- rss] ++ [(n,[]) | (n,_,_) <- cs]
|
||||||
|
where fstEq p1 p2 = fst p1 == fst p2
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
resultCat :: (String,String,String) -> String
|
||||||
|
resultCat (_,t,_) = last (words t)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
subtitle cat expl = "==" ++ cat ++ e ++ "==" ++ "[" ++ cat ++ "]"
|
||||||
|
where e = if null expl then "" else " - " ++ expl
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
showCat :: Cats -> String -> String
|
||||||
|
showCat cs cat = "[" ++ cat ++ " #" ++ cat ++ "]"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
showTyp :: Cats -> String -> String
|
||||||
|
showTyp cs = unwords . map f . words
|
||||||
|
where f s | head s == '(' && last s == ')' && isCat c
|
||||||
|
= "(" ++ showCat cs c ++ ")"
|
||||||
|
| isCat s = showCat cs s
|
||||||
|
| otherwise = ttf s
|
||||||
|
where c = init (tail s)
|
||||||
|
isCat cat = cat `notElem` ["Str","Int"]
|
||||||
|
&& all (\c -> isAlphaNum c || c == '\'') cat
|
||||||
|
&& isUpper (head cat)
|
||||||
787
next-lib/doc/Resource-HOWTO.txt
Normal file
787
next-lib/doc/Resource-HOWTO.txt
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
|
|||||||
|
Resource grammar writing HOWTO
|
||||||
|
Author: Aarne Ranta <aarne (at) cs.chalmers.se>
|
||||||
|
Last update: %%date(%c)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.
|
||||||
|
% Create an html file from this file using:
|
||||||
|
% txt2tags --toc -thtml Resource-HOWTO.txt
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
%!target:html
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**History**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
October 2007: updated for API 1.2.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
January 2006: first version.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The purpose of this document is to tell how to implement the GF
|
||||||
|
resource grammar API for a new language. We will //not// cover how
|
||||||
|
to use the resource grammar, nor how to change the API. But we
|
||||||
|
will give some hints how to extend the API.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A manual for using the resource grammar is found in
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/doc/synopsis.html`` http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/doc/synopsis.html].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A tutorial on GF, also introducing the idea of resource grammars, is found in
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html`` ../../../doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This document concerns the API v. 1.0. You can find the current code in
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[``http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/`` ..]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==The resource grammar structure==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The library is divided into a bunch of modules, whose dependencies
|
||||||
|
are given in the following figure.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Syntax.png]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- solid contours: module used by end users
|
||||||
|
- dashed contours: internal module
|
||||||
|
- ellipse: abstract/concrete pair of modules
|
||||||
|
- rectangle: resource or instance
|
||||||
|
- diamond: interface
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The solid ellipses show the API as visible to the user of the library. The
|
||||||
|
dashed ellipses form the main of the implementation, on which the resource
|
||||||
|
grammar programmer has to work with. With the exception of the ``Paradigms``
|
||||||
|
module, the visible API modules can be produced mechanically.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Grammar.png]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Thus the API consists of a grammar and a lexicon, which is
|
||||||
|
provided for test purposes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The module structure is rather flat: most modules are direct
|
||||||
|
parents of ``Grammar``. The idea
|
||||||
|
is that you can concentrate on one linguistic aspect at a time, or
|
||||||
|
also distribute the work among several authors. The module ``Cat``
|
||||||
|
defines the "glue" that ties the aspects together - a type system
|
||||||
|
to which all the other modules conform, so that e.g. ``NP`` means
|
||||||
|
the same thing in those modules that use ``NP``s and those that
|
||||||
|
constructs them.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Phrase category modules===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The direct parents of the top will be called **phrase category modules**,
|
||||||
|
since each of them concentrates on a particular phrase category (nouns, verbs,
|
||||||
|
adjectives, sentences,...). A phrase category module tells
|
||||||
|
//how to construct phrases in that category//. You will find out that
|
||||||
|
all functions in any of these modules have the same value type (or maybe
|
||||||
|
one of a small number of different types). Thus we have
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ``Noun``: construction of nouns and noun phrases
|
||||||
|
- ``Adjective``: construction of adjectival phrases
|
||||||
|
- ``Verb``: construction of verb phrases
|
||||||
|
- ``Adverb``: construction of adverbial phrases
|
||||||
|
- ``Numeral``: construction of cardinal and ordinal numerals
|
||||||
|
- ``Sentence``: construction of sentences and imperatives
|
||||||
|
- ``Question``: construction of questions
|
||||||
|
- ``Relative``: construction of relative clauses
|
||||||
|
- ``Conjunction``: coordination of phrases
|
||||||
|
- ``Phrase``: construction of the major units of text and speech
|
||||||
|
- ``Text``: construction of texts as sequences of phrases
|
||||||
|
- ``Idiom``: idiomatic phrases such as existentials
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Infrastructure modules===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Expressions of each phrase category are constructed in the corresponding
|
||||||
|
phrase category module. But their //use// takes mostly place in other modules.
|
||||||
|
For instance, noun phrases, which are constructed in ``Noun``, are
|
||||||
|
used as arguments of functions of almost all other phrase category modules.
|
||||||
|
How can we build all these modules independently of each other?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
As usual in typeful programming, the //only// thing you need to know
|
||||||
|
about an object you use is its type. When writing a linearization rule
|
||||||
|
for a GF abstract syntax function, the only thing you need to know is
|
||||||
|
the linearization types of its value and argument categories. To achieve
|
||||||
|
the division of the resource grammar to several parallel phrase category modules,
|
||||||
|
what we need is an underlying definition of the linearization types. This
|
||||||
|
definition is given as the implementation of
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ``Cat``: syntactic categories of the resource grammar
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Any resource grammar implementation has first to agree on how to implement
|
||||||
|
``Cat``. Luckily enough, even this can be done incrementally: you
|
||||||
|
can skip the ``lincat`` definition of a category and use the default
|
||||||
|
``{s : Str}`` until you need to change it to something else. In
|
||||||
|
English, for instance, many categories do have this linearization type.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Lexical modules===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
What is lexical and what is syntactic is not as clearcut in GF as in
|
||||||
|
some other grammar formalisms. Logically, lexical means atom, i.e. a
|
||||||
|
``fun`` with no arguments. Linguistically, one may add to this
|
||||||
|
that the ``lin`` consists of only one token (or of a table whose values
|
||||||
|
are single tokens). Even in the restricted lexicon included in the resource
|
||||||
|
API, the latter rule is sometimes violated in some languages. For instance,
|
||||||
|
``Structural.both7and_DConj`` is an atom, but its linearization is
|
||||||
|
two words e.g. //both - and//.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Another characterization of lexical is that lexical units can be added
|
||||||
|
almost //ad libitum//, and they cannot be defined in terms of already
|
||||||
|
given rules. The lexical modules of the resource API are thus more like
|
||||||
|
samples than complete lists. There are two such modules:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ``Structural``: structural words (determiners, conjunctions,...)
|
||||||
|
- ``Lexicon``: basic everyday content words (nouns, verbs,...)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The module ``Structural`` aims for completeness, and is likely to
|
||||||
|
be extended in future releases of the resource. The module ``Lexicon``
|
||||||
|
gives a "random" list of words, which enable interesting testing of syntax,
|
||||||
|
and also a check list for morphology, since those words are likely to include
|
||||||
|
most morphological patterns of the language.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In the case of ``Lexicon`` it may come out clearer than anywhere else
|
||||||
|
in the API that it is impossible to give exact translation equivalents in
|
||||||
|
different languages on the level of a resource grammar. In other words,
|
||||||
|
application grammars are likely to use the resource in different ways for
|
||||||
|
different languages.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Language-dependent syntax modules==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In addition to the common API, there is room for language-dependent extensions
|
||||||
|
of the resource. The top level of each languages looks as follows (with English as example):
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
abstract English = Grammar, ExtraEngAbs, DictEngAbs
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
where ``ExtraEngAbs`` is a collection of syntactic structures specific to English,
|
||||||
|
and ``DictEngAbs`` is an English dictionary
|
||||||
|
(at the moment, it consists of ``IrregEngAbs``,
|
||||||
|
the irregular verbs of English). Each of these language-specific grammars has
|
||||||
|
the potential to grow into a full-scale grammar of the language. These grammar
|
||||||
|
can also be used as libraries, but the possibility of using functors is lost.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
To give a better overview of language-specific structures,
|
||||||
|
modules like ``ExtraEngAbs``
|
||||||
|
are built from a language-independent module ``ExtraAbs``
|
||||||
|
by restricted inheritance:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
abstract ExtraEngAbs = Extra [f,g,...]
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
Thus any category and function in ``Extra`` may be shared by a subset of all
|
||||||
|
languages. One can see this set-up as a matrix, which tells
|
||||||
|
what ``Extra`` structures
|
||||||
|
are implemented in what languages. For the common API in ``Grammar``, the matrix
|
||||||
|
is filled with 1's (everything is implemented in every language).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In a minimal resource grammar implementation, the language-dependent
|
||||||
|
extensions are just empty modules, but it is good to provide them for
|
||||||
|
the sake of uniformity.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==The core of the syntax==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Among all categories and functions, a handful are
|
||||||
|
most important and distinct ones, of which the others are can be
|
||||||
|
seen as variations. The categories are
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
Cl ; VP ; V2 ; NP ; CN ; Det ; AP ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
The functions are
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
PredVP : NP -> VP -> Cl ; -- predication
|
||||||
|
ComplV2 : V2 -> NP -> VP ; -- complementization
|
||||||
|
DetCN : Det -> CN -> NP ; -- determination
|
||||||
|
ModCN : AP -> CN -> CN ; -- modification
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
This [toy Latin grammar latin.gf] shows in a nutshell how these
|
||||||
|
rules relate the categories to each other. It is intended to be a
|
||||||
|
first approximation when designing the parameter system of a new
|
||||||
|
language.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Another reduced API===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If you want to experiment with a small subset of the resource API first,
|
||||||
|
try out the module
|
||||||
|
[Syntax http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/tutorial/resource/Syntax.gf]
|
||||||
|
explained in the
|
||||||
|
[GF Tutorial http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===The present-tense fragment===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Some lines in the resource library are suffixed with the comment
|
||||||
|
```--# notpresent
|
||||||
|
which is used by a preprocessor to exclude those lines from
|
||||||
|
a reduced version of the full resource. This present-tense-only
|
||||||
|
version is useful for applications in most technical text, since
|
||||||
|
they reduce the grammar size and compilation time. It can also
|
||||||
|
be useful to exclude those lines in a first version of resource
|
||||||
|
implementation. To compile a grammar with present-tense-only, use
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
i -preproc=GF/lib/resource-1.0/mkPresent LangGer.gf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Phases of the work==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Putting up a directory===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Unless you are writing an instance of a parametrized implementation
|
||||||
|
(Romance or Scandinavian), which will be covered later, the
|
||||||
|
simplest way is to follow roughly the following procedure. Assume you
|
||||||
|
are building a grammar for the German language. Here are the first steps,
|
||||||
|
which we actually followed ourselves when building the German implementation
|
||||||
|
of resource v. 1.0.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Create a sister directory for ``GF/lib/resource/english``, named
|
||||||
|
``german``.
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
cd GF/lib/resource/
|
||||||
|
mkdir german
|
||||||
|
cd german
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Check out the [ISO 639 3-letter language code
|
||||||
|
http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm]
|
||||||
|
for German: both ``Ger`` and ``Deu`` are given, and we pick ``Ger``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Copy the ``*Eng.gf`` files from ``english`` ``german``,
|
||||||
|
and rename them:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
cp ../english/*Eng.gf .
|
||||||
|
rename 's/Eng/Ger/' *Eng.gf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Change the ``Eng`` module references to ``Ger`` references
|
||||||
|
in all files:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
sed -i 's/English/German/g' *Ger.gf
|
||||||
|
sed -i 's/Eng/Ger/g' *Ger.gf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
The first line prevents changing the word ``English``, which appears
|
||||||
|
here and there in comments, to ``Gerlish``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ This may of course change unwanted occurrences of the
|
||||||
|
string ``Eng`` - verify this by
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
grep Ger *.gf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
But you will have to make lots of manual changes in all files anyway!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Comment out the contents of these files:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
sed -i 's/^/--/' *Ger.gf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
This will give you a set of templates out of which the grammar
|
||||||
|
will grow as you uncomment and modify the files rule by rule.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ In all ``.gf`` files, uncomment the module headers and brackets,
|
||||||
|
leaving the module bodies commented. Unfortunately, there is no
|
||||||
|
simple way to do this automatically (or to avoid commenting these
|
||||||
|
lines in the previous step) - but uncommenting the first
|
||||||
|
and the last lines will actually do the job for many of the files.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Uncomment the contents of the main grammar file:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
sed -i 's/^--//' LangGer.gf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Now you can open the grammar ``LangGer`` in GF:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
gf LangGer.gf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
You will get lots of warnings on missing rules, but the grammar will compile.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ At all following steps you will now have a valid, but incomplete
|
||||||
|
GF grammar. The GF command
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
pg -printer=missing
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
tells you what exactly is missing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Here is the module structure of ``LangGer``. It has been simplified by leaving out
|
||||||
|
the majority of the phrase category modules. Each of them has the same dependencies
|
||||||
|
as e.g. ``VerbGer``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[German.png]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Direction of work===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The real work starts now. There are many ways to proceed, the main ones being
|
||||||
|
- Top-down: start from the module ``Phrase`` and go down to ``Sentence``, then
|
||||||
|
``Verb``, ``Noun``, and in the end ``Lexicon``. In this way, you are all the time
|
||||||
|
building complete phrases, and add them with more content as you proceed.
|
||||||
|
**This approach is not recommended**. It is impossible to test the rules if
|
||||||
|
you have no words to apply the constructions to.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Bottom-up: set as your first goal to implement ``Lexicon``. To this end, you
|
||||||
|
need to write ``ParadigmsGer``, which in turn needs parts of
|
||||||
|
``MorphoGer`` and ``ResGer``.
|
||||||
|
**This approach is not recommended**. You can get stuck to details of
|
||||||
|
morphology such as irregular words, and you don't have enough grasp about
|
||||||
|
the type system to decide what forms to cover in morphology.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The practical working direction is thus a saw-like motion between the morphological
|
||||||
|
and top-level modules. Here is a possible course of the work that gives enough
|
||||||
|
test data and enough general view at any point:
|
||||||
|
+ Define ``Cat.N`` and the required parameter types in ``ResGer``. As we define
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
lincat N = {s : Number => Case => Str ; g : Gender} ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
we need the parameter types ``Number``, ``Case``, and ``Gender``. The definition
|
||||||
|
of ``Number`` in [``common/ParamX`` ../common/ParamX.gf] works for German, so we
|
||||||
|
use it and just define ``Case`` and ``Gender`` in ``ResGer``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Define ``regN`` in ``ParadigmsGer``. In this way you can
|
||||||
|
already implement a huge amount of nouns correctly in ``LexiconGer``. Actually
|
||||||
|
just adding ``mkN`` should suffice for every noun - but,
|
||||||
|
since it is tedious to use, you
|
||||||
|
might proceed to the next step before returning to morphology and defining the
|
||||||
|
real work horse ``reg2N``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ While doing this, you may want to test the resource independently. Do this by
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
i -retain ParadigmsGer
|
||||||
|
cc regN "Kirche"
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Proceed to determiners and pronouns in
|
||||||
|
``NounGer`` (``DetCN UsePron DetSg SgQuant NoNum NoOrd DefArt IndefArt UseN``)and
|
||||||
|
``StructuralGer`` (``i_Pron every_Det``). You also need some categories and
|
||||||
|
parameter types. At this point, it is maybe not possible to find out the final
|
||||||
|
linearization types of ``CN``, ``NP``, and ``Det``, but at least you should
|
||||||
|
be able to correctly inflect noun phrases such as //every airplane//:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
i LangGer.gf
|
||||||
|
l -table DetCN every_Det (UseN airplane_N)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Nom: jeder Flugzeug
|
||||||
|
Acc: jeden Flugzeug
|
||||||
|
Dat: jedem Flugzeug
|
||||||
|
Gen: jedes Flugzeugs
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Proceed to verbs: define ``CatGer.V``, ``ResGer.VForm``, and
|
||||||
|
``ParadigmsGer.regV``. You may choose to exclude ``notpresent``
|
||||||
|
cases at this point. But anyway, you will be able to inflect a good
|
||||||
|
number of verbs in ``Lexicon``, such as
|
||||||
|
``live_V`` (``regV "leven"``).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Now you can soon form your first sentences: define ``VP`` and
|
||||||
|
``Cl`` in ``CatGer``, ``VerbGer.UseV``, and ``SentenceGer.PredVP``.
|
||||||
|
Even if you have excluded the tenses, you will be able to produce
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
i -preproc=mkPresent LangGer.gf
|
||||||
|
> l -table PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (UseV live_V)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Pres Simul Pos Main: ich lebe
|
||||||
|
Pres Simul Pos Inv: lebe ich
|
||||||
|
Pres Simul Pos Sub: ich lebe
|
||||||
|
Pres Simul Neg Main: ich lebe nicht
|
||||||
|
Pres Simul Neg Inv: lebe ich nicht
|
||||||
|
Pres Simul Neg Sub: ich nicht lebe
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Transitive verbs (``CatGer.V2 ParadigmsGer.dirV2 VerbGer.ComplV2``)
|
||||||
|
are a natural next step, so that you can
|
||||||
|
produce ``ich liebe dich``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Adjectives (``CatGer.A ParadigmsGer.regA NounGer.AdjCN AdjectiveGer.PositA``)
|
||||||
|
will force you to think about strong and weak declensions, so that you can
|
||||||
|
correctly inflect //my new car, this new car//.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Once you have implemented the set
|
||||||
|
(``Noun.DetCN Noun.AdjCN Verb.UseV Verb.ComplV2 Sentence.PredVP),
|
||||||
|
you have overcome most of difficulties. You know roughly what parameters
|
||||||
|
and dependences there are in your language, and you can now produce very
|
||||||
|
much in the order you please.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===The develop-test cycle===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The following develop-test cycle will
|
||||||
|
be applied most of the time, both in the first steps described above
|
||||||
|
and in later steps where you are more on your own.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Select a phrase category module, e.g. ``NounGer``, and uncomment some
|
||||||
|
linearization rules (for instance, ``DefSg``, which is
|
||||||
|
not too complicated).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Write down some German examples of this rule, for instance translations
|
||||||
|
of "the dog", "the house", "the big house", etc. Write these in all their
|
||||||
|
different forms (two numbers and four cases).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Think about the categories involved (``CN, NP, N``) and the
|
||||||
|
variations they have. Encode this in the lincats of ``CatGer``.
|
||||||
|
You may have to define some new parameter types in ``ResGer``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ To be able to test the construction,
|
||||||
|
define some words you need to instantiate it
|
||||||
|
in ``LexiconGer``. You will also need some regular inflection patterns
|
||||||
|
in``ParadigmsGer``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Test by parsing, linearization,
|
||||||
|
and random generation. In particular, linearization to a table should
|
||||||
|
be used so that you see all forms produced:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
gr -cat=NP -number=20 -tr | l -table
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
+ Spare some tree-linearization pairs for later regression testing. Use the
|
||||||
|
``tree_bank`` command,
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
gr -cat=NP -number=20 | tb -xml | wf NP.tb
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
You can later compared your modified grammar to this treebank by
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
rf NP.tb | tb -c
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
You are likely to run this cycle a few times for each linearization rule
|
||||||
|
you implement, and some hundreds of times altogether. There are 66 ``cat``s and
|
||||||
|
458 ``funs`` in ``Lang`` at the moment; 149 of the ``funs`` are outside the two
|
||||||
|
lexicon modules).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Here is a [live log ../german/log.txt] of the actual process of
|
||||||
|
building the German implementation of resource API v. 1.0.
|
||||||
|
It is the basis of the more detailed explanations, which will
|
||||||
|
follow soon. (You will found out that these explanations involve
|
||||||
|
a rational reconstruction of the live process! Among other things, the
|
||||||
|
API was changed during the actual process to make it more intuitive.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Resource modules used===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
These modules will be written by you.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ``ResGer``: parameter types and auxiliary operations
|
||||||
|
(a resource for the resource grammar!)
|
||||||
|
- ``ParadigmsGer``: complete inflection engine and most important regular paradigms
|
||||||
|
- ``MorphoGer``: auxiliaries for ``ParadigmsGer`` and ``StructuralGer``. This need
|
||||||
|
not be separate from ``ResGer``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
These modules are language-independent and provided by the existing resource
|
||||||
|
package.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ``ParamX``: parameter types used in many languages
|
||||||
|
- ``CommonX``: implementation of language-uniform categories
|
||||||
|
such as $Text$ and $Phr$, as well as of
|
||||||
|
the logical tense, anteriority, and polarity parameters
|
||||||
|
- ``Coordination``: operations to deal with lists and coordination
|
||||||
|
- ``Prelude``: general-purpose operations on strings, records,
|
||||||
|
truth values, etc.
|
||||||
|
- ``Predefined``: general-purpose operations with hard-coded definitions
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
An important decision is what rules to implement in terms of operations in
|
||||||
|
``ResGer``. A golden rule of functional programming says that, whenever
|
||||||
|
you find yourself programming by copy and paste, you should write a function
|
||||||
|
instead. This indicates that an operation should be created if it is to be
|
||||||
|
used at least twice. At the same time, a sound principle of vicinity says that
|
||||||
|
it should not require too much browsing to understand what a rule does.
|
||||||
|
From these two principles, we have derived the following practice:
|
||||||
|
- If an operation is needed //in two different modules//,
|
||||||
|
it should be created in ``ResGer``. An example is ``mkClause``,
|
||||||
|
used in ``Sentence``, ``Question``, and ``Relative``-
|
||||||
|
- If an operation is needed //twice in the same module//, but never
|
||||||
|
outside, it should be created in the same module. Many examples are
|
||||||
|
found in ``Numerals``.
|
||||||
|
- If an operation is only needed once, it should not be created (but rather
|
||||||
|
inlined). Most functions in phrase category modules are implemented in this
|
||||||
|
way.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This discipline is very different from the one followed in earlier
|
||||||
|
versions of the library (up to 0.9). We then valued the principle of
|
||||||
|
abstraction more than vicinity, creating layers of abstraction for
|
||||||
|
almost everything. This led in practice to the duplication of almost
|
||||||
|
all code on the ``lin`` and ``oper`` levels, and made the code
|
||||||
|
hard to understand and maintain.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Morphology and lexicon===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The paradigms needed to implement
|
||||||
|
``LexiconGer`` are defined in
|
||||||
|
``ParadigmsGer``.
|
||||||
|
This module provides high-level ways to define the linearization of
|
||||||
|
lexical items, of categories ``N, A, V`` and their complement-taking
|
||||||
|
variants.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
For ease of use, the ``Paradigms`` modules follow a certain
|
||||||
|
naming convention. Thus they for each lexical category, such as ``N``,
|
||||||
|
the functions
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ``mkN``, for worst-case construction of ``N``. Its type signature
|
||||||
|
has the form
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
mkN : Str -> ... -> Str -> P -> ... -> Q -> N
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
with as many string and parameter arguments as can ever be needed to
|
||||||
|
construct an ``N``.
|
||||||
|
- ``regN``, for the most common cases, with just one string argument:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
regN : Str -> N
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
- A language-dependent (small) set of functions to handle mild irregularities
|
||||||
|
and common exceptions.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
For the complement-taking variants, such as ``V2``, we provide
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ``mkV2``, which takes a ``V`` and all necessary arguments, such
|
||||||
|
as case and preposition:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
mkV2 : V -> Case -> Str -> V2 ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
- A language-dependent (small) set of functions to handle common special cases,
|
||||||
|
such as direct transitive verbs:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
|
||||||
|
-- dirV2 v = mkV2 v accusative []
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The golden rule for the design of paradigms is that
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- The user will only need function applications with constants and strings,
|
||||||
|
never any records or tables.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The discipline of data abstraction moreover requires that the user of the resource
|
||||||
|
is not given access to parameter constructors, but only to constants that denote
|
||||||
|
them. This gives the resource grammarian the freedom to change the underlying
|
||||||
|
data representation if needed. It means that the ``ParadigmsGer`` module has
|
||||||
|
to define constants for those parameter types and constructors that
|
||||||
|
the application grammarian may need to use, e.g.
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
oper
|
||||||
|
Case : Type ;
|
||||||
|
nominative, accusative, genitive, dative : Case ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
These constants are defined in terms of parameter types and constructors
|
||||||
|
in ``ResGer`` and ``MorphoGer``, which modules are not
|
||||||
|
visible to the application grammarian.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Lock fields===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
An important difference between ``MorphoGer`` and
|
||||||
|
``ParadigmsGer`` is that the former uses "raw" record types
|
||||||
|
for word classes, whereas the latter used category symbols defined in
|
||||||
|
``CatGer``. When these category symbols are used to denote
|
||||||
|
record types in a resource modules, such as ``ParadigmsGer``,
|
||||||
|
a **lock field** is added to the record, so that categories
|
||||||
|
with the same implementation are not confused with each other.
|
||||||
|
(This is inspired by the ``newtype`` discipline in Haskell.)
|
||||||
|
For instance, the lincats of adverbs and conjunctions are the same
|
||||||
|
in ``CommonX`` (and therefore in ``CatGer``, which inherits it):
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
lincat Adv = {s : Str} ;
|
||||||
|
lincat Conj = {s : Str} ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
But when these category symbols are used to denote their linearization
|
||||||
|
types in resource module, these definitions are translated to
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
oper Adv : Type = {s : Str ; lock_Adv : {}} ;
|
||||||
|
oper Conj : Type = {s : Str} ; lock_Conj : {}} ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
In this way, the user of a resource grammar cannot confuse adverbs with
|
||||||
|
conjunctions. In other words, the lock fields force the type checker
|
||||||
|
to function as grammaticality checker.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When the resource grammar is ``open``ed in an application grammar, the
|
||||||
|
lock fields are never seen (except possibly in type error messages),
|
||||||
|
and the application grammarian should never write them herself. If she
|
||||||
|
has to do this, it is a sign that the resource grammar is incomplete, and
|
||||||
|
the proper way to proceed is to fix the resource grammar.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The resource grammarian has to provide the dummy lock field values
|
||||||
|
in her hidden definitions of constants in ``Paradigms``. For instance,
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
|
||||||
|
-- mkAdv s = {s = s ; lock_Adv = <>} ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Lexicon construction===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The lexicon belonging to ``LangGer`` consists of two modules:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- ``StructuralGer``, structural words, built by directly using
|
||||||
|
``MorphoGer``.
|
||||||
|
- ``BasicGer``, content words, built by using ``ParadigmsGer``.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The reason why ``MorphoGer`` has to be used in ``StructuralGer``
|
||||||
|
is that ``ParadigmsGer`` does not contain constructors for closed
|
||||||
|
word classes such as pronouns and determiners. The reason why we
|
||||||
|
recommend ``ParadigmsGer`` for building ``LexiconGer`` is that
|
||||||
|
the coverage of the paradigms gets thereby tested and that the
|
||||||
|
use of the paradigms in ``LexiconGer`` gives a good set of examples for
|
||||||
|
those who want to build new lexica.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Inside grammar modules==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Detailed implementation tricks
|
||||||
|
are found in the comments of each module.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===The category system===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Common gfdoc/Common.html], [CommonX ../common/CommonX.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Cat gfdoc/Cat.html], [CatGer gfdoc/CatGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Phrase category modules===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Noun gfdoc/Noun.html], [NounGer ../german/NounGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Adjective gfdoc/Adjective.html], [AdjectiveGer ../german/AdjectiveGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Verb gfdoc/Verb.html], [VerbGer ../german/VerbGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Adverb gfdoc/Adverb.html], [AdverbGer ../german/AdverbGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Numeral gfdoc/Numeral.html], [NumeralGer ../german/NumeralGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Sentence gfdoc/Sentence.html], [SentenceGer ../german/SentenceGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Question gfdoc/Question.html], [QuestionGer ../german/QuestionGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Relative gfdoc/Relative.html], [RelativeGer ../german/RelativeGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Conjunction gfdoc/Conjunction.html], [ConjunctionGer ../german/ConjunctionGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Phrase gfdoc/Phrase.html], [PhraseGer ../german/PhraseGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Text gfdoc/Text.html], [TextX ../common/TextX.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Idiom gfdoc/Idiom.html], [IdiomGer ../german/IdiomGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Lang gfdoc/Lang.html], [LangGer ../german/LangGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Resource modules===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [ResGer ../german/ResGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [MorphoGer ../german/MorphoGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [ParadigmsGer gfdoc/ParadigmsGer.html], [ParadigmsGer.gf ../german/ParadigmsGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Lexicon===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Structural gfdoc/Structural.html], [StructuralGer ../german/StructuralGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
- [Lexicon gfdoc/Lexicon.html], [LexiconGer ../german/LexiconGer.gf]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Lexicon extension==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===The irregularity lexicon===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It may be handy to provide a separate module of irregular
|
||||||
|
verbs and other words which are difficult for a lexicographer
|
||||||
|
to handle. There are usually a limited number of such words - a
|
||||||
|
few hundred perhaps. Building such a lexicon separately also
|
||||||
|
makes it less important to cover //everything// by the
|
||||||
|
worst-case paradigms (``mkV`` etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Lexicon extraction from a word list===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
You can often find resources such as lists of
|
||||||
|
irregular verbs on the internet. For instance, the
|
||||||
|
[Irregular German Verbs http://www.iee.et.tu-dresden.de/~wernerr/grammar/verben_dt.html]
|
||||||
|
page gives a list of verbs in the
|
||||||
|
traditional tabular format, which begins as follows:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
backen (du bäckst, er bäckt) backte [buk] gebacken
|
||||||
|
befehlen (du befiehlst, er befiehlt; befiehl!) befahl (beföhle; befähle) befohlen
|
||||||
|
beginnen begann (begönne; begänne) begonnen
|
||||||
|
beißen biß gebissen
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
All you have to do is to write a suitable verb paradigm
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
irregV : (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> V ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
and a Perl or Python or Haskell script that transforms
|
||||||
|
the table to
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
backen_V = irregV "backen" "bäckt" "back" "backte" "backte" "gebacken" ;
|
||||||
|
befehlen_V = irregV "befehlen" "befiehlt" "befiehl" "befahl" "beföhle" "befohlen" ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When using ready-made word lists, you should think about
|
||||||
|
coyright issues. Ideally, all resource grammar material should
|
||||||
|
be provided under GNU General Public License.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Lexicon extraction from raw text data===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This is a cheap technique to build a lexicon of thousands
|
||||||
|
of words, if text data is available in digital format.
|
||||||
|
See the [Functional Morphology http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~markus/FM/]
|
||||||
|
homepage for details.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
===Extending the resource grammar API===
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Sooner or later it will happen that the resource grammar API
|
||||||
|
does not suffice for all applications. A common reason is
|
||||||
|
that it does not include idiomatic expressions in a given language.
|
||||||
|
The solution then is in the first place to build language-specific
|
||||||
|
extension modules. This chapter will deal with this issue (to be completed).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Writing an instance of parametrized resource grammar implementation==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Above we have looked at how a resource implementation is built by
|
||||||
|
the copy and paste method (from English to German), that is, formally
|
||||||
|
speaking, from scratch. A more elegant solution available for
|
||||||
|
families of languages such as Romance and Scandinavian is to
|
||||||
|
use parametrized modules. The advantages are
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- theoretical: linguistic generalizations and insights
|
||||||
|
- practical: maintainability improves with fewer components
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In this chapter, we will look at an example: adding Italian to
|
||||||
|
the Romance family (to be completed). Here is a set of
|
||||||
|
[slides http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/geocal2006.pdf]
|
||||||
|
on the topic.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Parametrizing a resource grammar implementation==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This is the most demanding form of resource grammar writing.
|
||||||
|
We do //not// recommend the method of parametrizing from the
|
||||||
|
beginning: it is easier to have one language first implemented
|
||||||
|
in the conventional way and then add another language of the
|
||||||
|
same family by aprametrization. This means that the copy and
|
||||||
|
paste method is still used, but at this time the differences
|
||||||
|
are put into an ``interface`` module.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This chapter will work out an example of how an Estonian grammar
|
||||||
|
is constructed from the Finnish grammar through parametrization.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
111
next-lib/doc/Syntax.dot
Normal file
111
next-lib/doc/Syntax.dot
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
|||||||
|
digraph {
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
size = "12,8" ;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
German [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
ExtraGer [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
IrregGer [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
German -> IrregGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
German -> ExtraGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
German -> LangGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
IrregGer -> ParadigmsGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
ExtraGer -> Grammar [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
TryGer [style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
LangGer [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
TryGer -> SyntaxGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
TryGer -> ParadigmsGer [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
TryGer -> Lexicon [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
LangGer -> Grammar [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
LangGer -> Lexicon [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Lexicon [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lang.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
SyntaxGer [style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
SyntaxGer -> Syntax [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ParadigmsGer [style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Syntax [style = "solid", shape = "diamond"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Syntax -> Grammar [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Syntax -> Constructors [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
ParadigmsGer -> Grammar [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Constructors [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lang.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Constructors -> Grammar [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Grammar [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lang.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Noun [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Verb [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Adjective [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Adverb [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Numeral [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Sentence [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Question [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Relative [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Conjunction [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Phrase [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Text [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Idiom [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Grammar -> Structural [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Noun [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Noun.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Noun -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Verb [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Verb.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Verb -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Adjective [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Adjective.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Adjective -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Adverb [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Adverb.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Adverb -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Numeral [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Numeral.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Numeral -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Sentence [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Sentence.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Sentence -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Question [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Question.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Question -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Relative [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Relative.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Relative -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Conjunction [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Conjunction.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Conjunction -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Phrase [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Phrase -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Text [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Text -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Idiom [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Phrase.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Idiom -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Structural [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Structural.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Structural -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#Lexicon [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Lexicon.gf"];
|
||||||
|
#Lexicon -> Cat [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Cat [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Cat.gf"];
|
||||||
|
Cat -> Common [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Common [style = "dashed", shape = "ellipse", URL = "Tense.gf"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
BIN
next-lib/doc/Syntax.png
Normal file
BIN
next-lib/doc/Syntax.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 14 KiB |
53
next-lib/doc/categories-imagemap.html
Normal file
53
next-lib/doc/categories-imagemap.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
|||||||
|
<map id="categories" name="categories">
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Text" title="Text" alt="" coords="690,23 688,17 685,12 679,8 672,5 664,4 656,5 649,8 643,12 640,17 638,23 640,29 643,34 649,38 656,41 664,42 672,41 679,38 685,34 688,29"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Punct" title="Punct" alt="" coords="657,95 656,89 652,84 646,80 638,77 629,76 620,77 612,80 606,84 602,89 600,95 602,101 606,106 612,110 620,113 629,114 638,113 646,110 652,106 656,101"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Phr" title="Phr" alt="" coords="726,95 725,89 721,84 715,80 708,77 700,76 692,77 685,80 679,84 676,89 675,95 676,101 679,106 685,110 692,113 700,114 708,113 715,110 721,106 725,101"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#PConj" title="PConj" alt="" coords="658,167 656,162 652,156 645,152 637,150 628,149 619,150 610,152 604,156 600,162 598,167 600,173 604,179 610,183 619,185 628,186 637,185 645,183 652,179 656,173"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Utt" title="Utt" alt="" coords="726,167 725,162 721,156 715,152 708,150 700,149 692,150 685,152 679,156 676,162 675,167 676,173 679,179 685,183 692,185 700,186 708,185 715,183 721,179 725,173"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Voc" title="Voc" alt="" coords="794,167 793,162 789,156 784,152 777,150 769,149 761,150 754,152 748,156 744,162 743,167 744,173 748,179 754,183 761,185 769,186 777,185 784,183 789,179 793,173"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Imp" title="Imp" alt="" coords="657,240 656,234 652,229 647,225 640,222 632,221 624,222 617,225 611,229 607,234 606,240 607,246 611,251 617,255 624,258 632,259 640,258 647,255 652,251 656,246"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#S" title="S" alt="" coords="726,240 725,234 721,229 715,225 708,223 700,222 692,223 685,225 679,229 676,234 675,240 676,245 679,250 685,254 692,257 700,258 708,257 715,254 721,250 725,245"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#QS" title="QS" alt="" coords="870,240 868,234 865,229 859,225 852,222 844,221 836,222 829,225 823,229 819,234 818,240 819,246 823,251 829,255 836,258 844,259 852,258 859,255 865,251 868,246"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Tense" title="Tense" alt="" coords="521,312 519,306 515,301 509,297 501,294 492,293 483,294 475,297 469,301 464,306 463,312 464,318 469,323 475,327 483,330 492,331 501,330 509,327 515,323 519,318"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Ant" title="Ant" alt="" coords="589,312 588,306 584,301 578,297 571,294 563,293 555,294 548,297 542,301 539,306 538,312 539,318 542,323 548,327 555,330 563,331 571,330 578,327 584,323 588,318"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Pol" title="Pol" alt="" coords="657,312 656,306 652,301 647,297 640,294 632,293 624,294 617,297 611,301 607,306 606,312 607,318 611,323 617,327 624,330 632,331 640,330 647,327 652,323 656,318"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Cl" title="Cl" alt="" coords="726,312 725,306 721,301 715,297 708,294 700,293 692,294 685,297 679,301 676,306 675,312 676,318 679,323 685,327 692,330 700,331 708,330 715,327 721,323 725,318"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#ListS" title="ListS" alt="" coords="798,312 797,306 793,301 787,297 779,294 771,293 762,294 754,297 748,301 745,306 743,312 745,318 748,323 754,327 762,330 771,331 779,330 787,327 793,323 797,318"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Conj" title="Conj" alt="" coords="867,312 866,306 862,301 856,297 849,294 841,293 833,294 826,297 820,301 816,306 815,312 816,318 820,323 826,327 833,330 841,331 849,330 856,327 862,323 866,318"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#QCl" title="QCl" alt="" coords="945,312 943,306 940,301 934,297 927,294 919,293 911,294 904,297 898,301 895,306 893,312 895,318 898,323 904,327 911,330 919,331 927,330 934,327 940,323 943,318"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#NP" title="NP" alt="" coords="270,384 269,379 265,373 260,369 252,366 244,366 237,366 229,369 224,373 220,379 219,384 220,390 224,395 229,400 237,402 244,403 252,402 260,400 265,395 269,390"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#VP" title="VP" alt="" coords="636,384 634,379 631,373 625,369 618,366 610,366 602,366 595,369 589,373 585,379 584,384 585,390 589,395 595,400 602,402 610,403 618,402 625,400 631,395 634,390"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="rect" href="#Adv" title="Adv" alt="" coords="702,367,753,401"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Predet" title="Predet" alt="" coords="65,457 63,451 59,446 52,441 44,439 34,438 25,439 16,441 10,446 5,451 4,457 5,462 10,468 16,472 25,475 34,475 44,475 52,472 59,468 63,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Pron" title="Pron" alt="" coords="133,457 132,451 129,446 123,441 116,439 108,438 99,439 92,441 86,446 83,451 82,457 83,462 86,468 92,472 99,475 108,475 116,475 123,472 129,468 132,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="rect" href="#PN" title="PN" alt="" coords="150,440,202,474"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Det" title="Det" alt="" coords="270,457 269,451 265,446 260,441 252,439 244,438 237,439 229,441 224,446 220,451 219,457 220,462 224,468 229,472 237,475 244,475 252,475 260,472 265,468 269,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#CN" title="CN" alt="" coords="339,457 337,451 334,446 328,441 321,439 313,438 305,439 298,441 292,446 289,451 287,457 289,462 292,468 298,472 305,475 313,475 321,475 328,472 334,468 337,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#ListNP" title="ListNP" alt="" coords="420,457 419,451 414,446 407,441 398,439 388,438 378,439 369,441 362,446 358,451 356,457 358,462 362,468 369,472 378,475 388,475 398,475 407,472 414,468 419,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#AdV" title="AdV" alt="" coords="489,457 488,451 484,446 479,441 471,439 463,438 455,439 448,441 442,446 439,451 437,457 439,462 442,468 448,472 455,475 463,475 471,475 479,472 484,468 488,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="rect" href="#V" title="V,V2,V3,V*,V2*" alt="" coords="506,440,616,474"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#AP" title="AP" alt="" coords="685,457 684,451 680,446 674,441 667,439 659,438 651,439 644,441 639,446 635,451 634,457 635,462 639,468 644,472 651,475 659,475 667,475 674,472 680,468 684,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Subj" title="Subj" alt="" coords="753,457 752,451 749,446 743,441 736,439 728,438 720,439 713,441 707,446 703,451 702,457 703,462 707,468 713,472 720,475 728,475 736,475 743,472 749,468 752,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#ListAdj" title="ListAdj" alt="" coords="837,457 836,451 831,446 824,441 814,439 804,438 794,439 784,441 777,446 772,451 770,457 772,462 777,468 784,472 794,475 804,475 814,475 824,472 831,468 836,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Art" title="Art" alt="" coords="90,529 89,523 85,518 80,514 73,511 65,510 57,511 50,514 44,518 40,523 39,529 40,535 44,540 50,544 57,547 65,548 73,547 80,544 85,540 89,535"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Quant" title="Quant" alt="" coords="166,529 165,523 161,518 154,514 146,511 137,510 128,511 120,514 113,518 109,523 108,529 109,535 113,540 120,544 128,547 137,548 146,547 154,544 161,540 165,535"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Num" title="Num" alt="" coords="237,529 235,523 232,518 226,514 218,511 210,510 202,511 195,514 189,518 185,523 184,529 185,535 189,540 195,544 202,547 210,548 218,547 226,544 232,540 235,535"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Ord" title="Ord" alt="" coords="305,529 304,523 300,518 295,514 288,511 280,510 272,511 265,514 259,518 255,523 254,529 255,535 259,540 265,544 272,547 280,548 288,547 295,544 300,540 304,535"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="rect" href="#N" title="N,N2,N3" alt="" coords="323,512,387,546"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#RS" title="RS" alt="" coords="456,529 454,523 451,518 445,514 438,511 430,510 422,511 415,514 409,518 406,523 404,529 406,535 409,540 415,544 422,547 430,548 438,547 445,544 451,540 454,535"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Card" title="Card" alt="" coords="236,601 235,595 231,590 226,586 218,583 210,582 202,583 195,586 189,590 186,595 184,601 186,607 189,612 195,616 202,619 210,620 218,619 226,616 231,612 235,607"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#Numeral" title="Numeral,Digits" alt="" coords="216,674 214,668 206,662 194,658 179,656 162,655 145,656 130,658 118,662 110,668 107,674 110,679 118,685 130,689 145,691 162,692 179,691 194,689 206,685 214,679"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#AdN" title="AdN" alt="" coords="285,674 283,668 280,662 274,658 267,656 259,655 251,656 244,658 238,662 234,668 233,674 234,679 238,685 244,689 251,691 259,692 267,691 274,689 280,685 283,679"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#CAdv" title="CAdv" alt="" coords="288,746 286,740 282,735 276,731 268,728 259,727 250,728 242,731 235,735 231,740 230,746 231,752 235,757 242,761 250,764 259,765 268,764 276,761 282,757 286,752"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#RCl" title="RCl" alt="" coords="456,601 454,595 451,590 445,586 438,583 430,582 422,583 415,586 409,590 406,595 404,601 406,607 409,612 415,616 422,619 430,620 438,619 445,616 451,612 454,607"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#AdA" title="AdA" alt="" coords="617,529 615,523 612,518 606,514 599,511 591,510 583,511 576,514 570,518 566,523 565,529 566,535 570,540 576,544 583,547 591,548 599,547 606,544 612,540 615,535"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="rect" href="#A" title="A, A2" alt="" coords="634,512,685,546"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#ListAP" title="ListAP" alt="" coords="767,529 765,523 760,518 753,514 744,511 734,510 725,511 716,514 708,518 704,523 702,529 704,535 708,540 716,544 725,547 734,548 744,547 753,544 760,540 765,535"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#IP" title="IP" alt="" coords="895,384 894,379 890,373 885,369 877,366 870,366 862,366 854,369 849,373 845,379 844,384 845,390 849,395 854,400 862,402 870,403 877,402 885,400 890,395 894,390"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#IAdv" title="IAdv" alt="" coords="966,384 965,379 961,373 955,369 947,366 939,366 931,366 923,369 917,373 913,379 912,384 913,390 917,395 923,400 931,402 939,403 947,402 955,400 961,395 965,390"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#ClSlash" title="ClSlash" alt="" coords="1050,384 1048,379 1043,373 1036,369 1026,366 1016,366 1006,366 996,369 989,373 984,379 982,384 984,390 989,395 996,400 1006,402 1016,403 1026,402 1036,400 1043,395 1048,390"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#IDet" title="IDet" alt="" coords="906,457 904,451 901,446 895,441 888,439 880,438 872,439 865,441 859,446 856,451 854,457 856,462 859,468 865,472 872,475 880,475 888,475 895,472 901,468 904,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#VPSlash" title="VPSlash" alt="" coords="1052,457 1050,451 1045,446 1037,441 1027,439 1016,438 1005,439 995,441 987,446 982,451 980,457 982,462 987,468 995,472 1005,475 1016,475 1027,475 1037,472 1045,468 1050,462"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#IQuant" title="IQuant" alt="" coords="912,529 910,523 906,518 899,514 890,511 880,510 870,511 861,514 854,518 850,523 848,529 850,535 854,540 861,544 870,547 880,548 890,547 899,544 906,540 910,535"/>
|
||||||
|
<area shape="poly" href="#RP" title="RP" alt="" coords="456,674 454,668 451,662 445,658 438,656 430,655 422,656 415,658 409,662 406,668 404,674 406,679 409,685 415,689 422,691 430,692 438,691 445,689 451,685 454,679"/>
|
||||||
|
</map>
|
||||||
19
next-lib/doc/categories-intro.txt
Normal file
19
next-lib/doc/categories-intro.txt
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The chart below shows the categories in a hierarchical top-down order.
|
||||||
|
The edges do not define the complete dependency structure; if they did,
|
||||||
|
the graph would have many many more edges, and also many cycles. The precise
|
||||||
|
meaning of a directed edge from //C// to //D// is: there is a constructor
|
||||||
|
of //C// that takes //D// as an argument. What the constructors exactly are,
|
||||||
|
and what other arguments they take, is described by separate tables for
|
||||||
|
each category.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| [categories.png] |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
%!include(html): ''categories-imagemap.html''
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The rectangular boxes mark open lexical categories, which have constructors
|
||||||
|
also in the ``Paradigms`` modules.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
149
next-lib/doc/categories.dot
Normal file
149
next-lib/doc/categories.dot
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
digraph categories {
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
size = "11,11" ;
|
||||||
|
node [href="#\N"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Text [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Text -> Punct [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Text -> Phr [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Punct [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Phr [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Phr -> PConj [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Phr -> Utt [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Phr -> Voc [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
PConj [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Voc [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Utt [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Utt -> Imp [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Utt -> S [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Utt -> QS [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Imp [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
S [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
S -> Tense [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
S -> Ant [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
S -> Pol [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
S -> Cl [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
S -> ListS [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
S -> Conjs [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Conjs [label = "Conj", href="#Conj", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Tense [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Ant [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Pol [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Cl [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Cl -> NP [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Cl -> VP [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Cl -> Adv [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Adv [style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"];
|
||||||
|
Adv -> Subj [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Adv -> ListAdj [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
NP [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
NP -> Predet [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
NP -> Pron [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
NP -> PN [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
NP -> Det [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
NP -> CN [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
NP -> ListNP [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Predet [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Pron [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
PN [style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Det [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Det -> Art [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Det -> Quant [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Det -> Num [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Det -> Ord [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Art [label = "Art", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Quant [label = "Quant", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Num [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Num -> Card [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Card [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
Card -> Numerals [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
Card -> AdN [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
AdN [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
AdN -> CAdv [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Numerals [label = "Numeral,Digits", href="#Numeral", style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Ord [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
CN [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
CN -> Ns [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
CN -> RS [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Ns [label = "N,N2,N3", href="#N", style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
VP [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
VP -> AdV [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
VP -> Vs [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
VP -> AP [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
AdV [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Vs [label = "V,V2,V3,V*,V2*", href="#V", style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
AP [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
AP -> AdA [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
AP -> As [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
AP -> ListAP [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
As [label = "A, A2", href="#A", style = "solid", shape = "rectangle"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
QS [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
QS -> QCl [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
QCl [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
QCl -> IP [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
QCl -> IAdv [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
QCl -> ClSlash [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
IP [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
IP -> IDet [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
IDet [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
IDet -> IQuant [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
IQuant [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
IAdv [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ClSlash [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
ClSlash -> VPSlash [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
VPSlash [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
RS [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
RS -> RCl [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
RCl [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
RCl -> RP [style = "solid"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
RP [style = "solid", shape = "ellipse"];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
BIN
next-lib/doc/categories.png
Normal file
BIN
next-lib/doc/categories.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 120 KiB |
BIN
next-lib/doc/editor.png
Normal file
BIN
next-lib/doc/editor.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 20 KiB |
267
next-lib/doc/index.txt
Normal file
267
next-lib/doc/index.txt
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
|
|||||||
|
GF Resource Grammar Library v. 1.2
|
||||||
|
Author: Aarne Ranta <aarne (at) cs.chalmers.se>
|
||||||
|
Last update: %%date(%c)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
% NOTE: this is a txt2tags file.
|
||||||
|
% Create an html file from this file using:
|
||||||
|
% txt2tags --toc -thtml index.txt
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
%!target:html
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
%!postproc(html): #BCEN <center>
|
||||||
|
%!postproc(html): #ECEN </center>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#BCEN
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[10lang-large.png]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#ECEN
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The GF Resource Grammar Library defines the basic grammar of
|
||||||
|
ten languages:
|
||||||
|
Danish, English, Finnish, French, German,
|
||||||
|
Italian, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish.
|
||||||
|
Still incomplete implementations for Arabic and Catalan are also
|
||||||
|
included.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**New** in December 2007: Browsing the library by syntax editor
|
||||||
|
[directly on the web ../../../demos/resource-api/editor.html].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Authors==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Inger Andersson and Therese Soderberg (Spanish morphology),
|
||||||
|
Nicolas Barth and Sylvain Pogodalla (French verb list),
|
||||||
|
Ali El Dada (Arabic modules),
|
||||||
|
Magda Gerritsen and Ulrich Real (Russian paradigms and lexicon),
|
||||||
|
Janna Khegai (Russian modules),
|
||||||
|
Bjorn Bringert (many Swadesh lexica),
|
||||||
|
Carlos Gonzalía (Spanish cardinals),
|
||||||
|
Harald Hammarström (German morphology),
|
||||||
|
Patrik Jansson (Swedish cardinals),
|
||||||
|
Andreas Priesnitz (German lexicon),
|
||||||
|
Aarne Ranta,
|
||||||
|
Jordi Saludes (Catalan modules),
|
||||||
|
Henning Thielemann (German lexicon).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
We are grateful for contributions and
|
||||||
|
comments to several other people who have used this and
|
||||||
|
the previous versions of the resource library, including
|
||||||
|
Ludmilla Bogavac,
|
||||||
|
Ana Bove,
|
||||||
|
David Burke,
|
||||||
|
Lauri Carlson,
|
||||||
|
Gloria Casanellas,
|
||||||
|
Karin Cavallin,
|
||||||
|
Robin Cooper,
|
||||||
|
Hans-Joachim Daniels,
|
||||||
|
Elisabet Engdahl,
|
||||||
|
Markus Forsberg,
|
||||||
|
Kristofer Johannisson,
|
||||||
|
Anni Laine,
|
||||||
|
Hans Leiß,
|
||||||
|
Peter Ljunglöf,
|
||||||
|
Saara Myllyntausta,
|
||||||
|
Wanjiku Ng'ang'a,
|
||||||
|
Nadine Perera,
|
||||||
|
Jordi Saludes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==License==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The GF Resource Grammar Library is open-source software licensed under
|
||||||
|
GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). See the file [LICENSE ../LICENSE] for more
|
||||||
|
details.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Scope==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Coverage, for each language:
|
||||||
|
- complete morphology
|
||||||
|
- lexicon of the ca. 100 most important structural words
|
||||||
|
- test lexicon of ca. 300 content words (rough equivalents in each language)
|
||||||
|
- list of irregular verbs (separately for each language)
|
||||||
|
- representative fragment of syntax (cf. CLE (Core Language Engine))
|
||||||
|
- rather flat semantics (cf. Quasi-Logical Form of CLE)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Organization:
|
||||||
|
- top-level (API) modules
|
||||||
|
- Ground API + special-purpose APIs
|
||||||
|
- "school grammar" concepts rather than advanced linguistic theory
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Presentation:
|
||||||
|
- tool ``gfdoc`` for generating HTML from grammars
|
||||||
|
- example collections
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Location==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Assuming you have installed the libraries, you will find the precompiled
|
||||||
|
``gfc`` and ``gfr`` files directly under ``$GF_LIB_PATH``, whose default
|
||||||
|
value is ``/usr/local/share/GF/``. The precompiled subdirectories are
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
alltenses
|
||||||
|
mathematical
|
||||||
|
multimodal
|
||||||
|
present
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
Do for instance
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
cd $GF_LIB_PATH
|
||||||
|
gf alltenses/langs.gfcm
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> p -cat=S -lang=LangEng "this grammar is too big" | tb
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
For more details, see the [Synopsis synopsis.html].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Compilation==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If you want to compile the library from scratch, use ``make`` in the root of
|
||||||
|
the source directory:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
cd GF/lib/resource-1.0
|
||||||
|
make
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
The ``make`` procedure does not by default make Arabic and Catalan, but you
|
||||||
|
can uncomment the relevant lines in ``Makefile`` to compile them.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Encoding==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Finnish, German, Romance, and Scandinavian languages are in isolatin-1.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Arabic and Russian are in UTF-8.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
English is in pure ASCII.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The different encodings imply, unfortunately, that it is hard to get
|
||||||
|
a nice view of all languages simultaneously. The easiest way to achieve this is
|
||||||
|
to use ``gfeditor``, which automatically converts grammars to UTF-8.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Using the resource as library==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This API is accessible by both ``present`` and ``alltenses``. The modules you most often need are
|
||||||
|
- ``Syntax``, the interface to syntactic structures
|
||||||
|
- ``Syntax``//L//, the implementations of ``Syntax`` for each language //L//
|
||||||
|
- ``Paradigms``//L//, the morphological paradigms for each language //L//
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The [Synopsis synopsis.html] gives examples on the typical usage of these
|
||||||
|
modules.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Using the resource as top level grammar==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The following modules can be used for parsing and linearization. They are accessible from both
|
||||||
|
``present`` and ``alltenses``.
|
||||||
|
- ``Lang``//L// for each language //L//, implementing a common abstract syntax ``Lang``
|
||||||
|
- ``Danish``, ``English``, etc, implementing ``Lang`` with language-specific extensions
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In addition, there is in both ``present`` and ``alltenses`` the file
|
||||||
|
- ``langs.gfcm``, a package with precompiled ``Lang``//L// grammars
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A way to test and view the resource grammar is to load ``langs.gfcm`` either into ``gfeditor``
|
||||||
|
or into the ``gf`` shell and perform actions such as syntax editing and treebank generation.
|
||||||
|
For instance, the command
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
> p -lang=LangEng -cat=S "this grammar is too big" | tb
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
creates a treebank entry with translations of this sentence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
For parsing, currently only English and the Scandinavian languages are within the limits ofr
|
||||||
|
reasonable resources. For other languages //L//, parsing with ``Lang``//L// will probably eat
|
||||||
|
up the computer resources before finishing the parser generation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Accessing the lower level ground API==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The ``Syntax`` API is implemented in terms a bunch of ``abstract`` modules, which
|
||||||
|
as of version 1.2 are mainly interesting for implementors of the resource.
|
||||||
|
See the [documentation for version 1.1 index-1.1.html] for more details.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==Known bugs and missing components==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Danish
|
||||||
|
- the lexicon and chosen inflections are only partially verified
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
English
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Finnish
|
||||||
|
- wrong cases in some passive constructions
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
French
|
||||||
|
- multiple clitics (with V3) not always right
|
||||||
|
- third person pronominal questions with inverted word order
|
||||||
|
have wrong forms if "t" is required e.g.
|
||||||
|
(e.g. "comment fera-t-il" becomes "comment fera il")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
German
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Italian
|
||||||
|
- multiple clitics (with V3) not always right
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Norwegian
|
||||||
|
- the lexicon and chosen inflections are only partially verified
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Russian
|
||||||
|
- some functions missing
|
||||||
|
- some regular paradigms are missing
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Spanish
|
||||||
|
- multiple clitics (with V3) not always right
|
||||||
|
- missing contractions with imperatives and clitics
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Swedish
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
==More reading==
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Synopsis synopsis.html]. The concise guide to API v. 1.2.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Grammars as Software Libraries gslt-sem-2006.html]. Slides
|
||||||
|
with background and motivation for the resource grammar library.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[GF Resource Grammar Library Version 1.0 clt2006.html]. Slides
|
||||||
|
giving an overview of the library and practical hints on its use.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[How to write resource grammars Resource-HOWTO.html]. Helps you
|
||||||
|
start if you want to add another language to the library.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Parametrized modules for Romance languages http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/geocal2006.pdf].
|
||||||
|
Slides explaining some ideas in the implementation of
|
||||||
|
French, Italian, and Spanish.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Grammar writing by examples http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/slides/webalt-2005.pdf].
|
||||||
|
Slides showing how linearization rules are written as strings parsable by the resource grammar.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Multimodal Resource Grammars http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/slides/talk-edin2005.pdf].
|
||||||
|
Slides showing how to use the multimodal resource library. N.B. the library
|
||||||
|
examples are from ``multimodal/old``, which is a reduced-size API.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[GF Resource Grammar Library ../../../doc/resource.pdf] (pdf).
|
||||||
|
Printable user manual with API documentation, for version 1.0.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
581
next-lib/doc/official.txt
Normal file
581
next-lib/doc/official.txt
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
|
|||||||
|
The Official EU languages
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The 20 official languages of the EU and their abbreviations are as follows:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Español ES Spanish
|
||||||
|
Dansk DA Danish
|
||||||
|
Deutsch DE German
|
||||||
|
Elinika EL Greek
|
||||||
|
English EN
|
||||||
|
Français FR French
|
||||||
|
Italiano IT Italian
|
||||||
|
Nederlands NL Dutch
|
||||||
|
Português PT Portuguese
|
||||||
|
Suomi FI Finnish
|
||||||
|
Svenska SV Swedish
|
||||||
|
?e?tina CS Czech
|
||||||
|
Eesti ET Estonian
|
||||||
|
Latviesu valoda LV Latvian
|
||||||
|
Lietuviu kalba LT Lithuanian
|
||||||
|
Magyar HU Hungarian
|
||||||
|
Malti MT Maltese
|
||||||
|
Polski PL Polish
|
||||||
|
Sloven?ina SK Slovak
|
||||||
|
Sloven??ina SL Slovene
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/index_en.html
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
-----
|
||||||
|
http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ar arabic
|
||||||
|
no norwegian
|
||||||
|
ru russian
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
--
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ISO 639: 3-letter codes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
abk ab Abkhazian
|
||||||
|
ace Achinese
|
||||||
|
ach Acoli
|
||||||
|
ada Adangme
|
||||||
|
aar aa Afar
|
||||||
|
afh Afrihili
|
||||||
|
afr af Afrikaans
|
||||||
|
afa Afro-Asiatic (Other)
|
||||||
|
aka Akan
|
||||||
|
akk Akkadian
|
||||||
|
alb/sqi sq Albanian
|
||||||
|
ale Aleut
|
||||||
|
alg Algonquian languages
|
||||||
|
tut Altaic (Other)
|
||||||
|
amh am Amharic
|
||||||
|
apa Apache languages
|
||||||
|
ara ar Arabic
|
||||||
|
arc Aramaic
|
||||||
|
arp Arapaho
|
||||||
|
arn Araucanian
|
||||||
|
arw Arawak
|
||||||
|
arm/hye hy Armenian
|
||||||
|
art Artificial (Other)
|
||||||
|
asm as Assamese
|
||||||
|
ath Athapascan languages
|
||||||
|
map Austronesian (Other)
|
||||||
|
ava Avaric
|
||||||
|
ave Avestan
|
||||||
|
awa Awadhi
|
||||||
|
aym ay Aymara
|
||||||
|
aze az Azerbaijani
|
||||||
|
nah Aztec
|
||||||
|
ban Balinese
|
||||||
|
bat Baltic (Other)
|
||||||
|
bal Baluchi
|
||||||
|
bam Bambara
|
||||||
|
bai Bamileke languages
|
||||||
|
bad Banda
|
||||||
|
bnt Bantu (Other)
|
||||||
|
bas Basa
|
||||||
|
bak ba Bashkir
|
||||||
|
baq/eus eu Basque
|
||||||
|
bej Beja
|
||||||
|
bem Bemba
|
||||||
|
ben bn Bengali
|
||||||
|
ber Berber (Other)
|
||||||
|
bho Bhojpuri
|
||||||
|
bih bh Bihari
|
||||||
|
bik Bikol
|
||||||
|
bin Bini
|
||||||
|
bis bi Bislama
|
||||||
|
bra Braj
|
||||||
|
bre be Breton
|
||||||
|
bug Buginese
|
||||||
|
bul bg Bulgarian
|
||||||
|
bua Buriat
|
||||||
|
bur/mya my Burmese
|
||||||
|
bel be Byelorussian
|
||||||
|
cad Caddo
|
||||||
|
car Carib
|
||||||
|
cat ca Catalan
|
||||||
|
cau Caucasian (Other)
|
||||||
|
ceb Cebuano
|
||||||
|
cel Celtic (Other)
|
||||||
|
cai Central American Indian (Other)
|
||||||
|
chg Chagatai
|
||||||
|
cha Chamorro
|
||||||
|
che Chechen
|
||||||
|
chr Cherokee
|
||||||
|
chy Cheyenne
|
||||||
|
chb Chibcha
|
||||||
|
chi/zho zh Chinese
|
||||||
|
chn Chinook jargon
|
||||||
|
cho Choctaw
|
||||||
|
chu Church Slavic
|
||||||
|
chv Chuvash
|
||||||
|
cop Coptic
|
||||||
|
cor Cornish
|
||||||
|
cos co Corsican
|
||||||
|
cre Cree
|
||||||
|
mus Creek
|
||||||
|
crp Creoles and Pidgins (Other)
|
||||||
|
cpe Creoles and Pidgins, English-based (Other)
|
||||||
|
cpf Creoles and Pidgins, French-based (Other)
|
||||||
|
cpp Creoles and Pidgins, Portuguese-based (Other)
|
||||||
|
cus Cushitic (Other)
|
||||||
|
hr Croatian
|
||||||
|
ces/cze cs Czech
|
||||||
|
dak Dakota
|
||||||
|
dan da Danish
|
||||||
|
del Delaware
|
||||||
|
din Dinka
|
||||||
|
div Divehi
|
||||||
|
doi Dogri
|
||||||
|
dra Dravidian (Other)
|
||||||
|
dua Duala
|
||||||
|
dut/nla nl Dutch
|
||||||
|
dum Dutch, Middle (ca. 1050-1350)
|
||||||
|
dyu Dyula
|
||||||
|
dzo dz Dzongkha
|
||||||
|
efi Efik
|
||||||
|
egy Egyptian (Ancient)
|
||||||
|
eka Ekajuk
|
||||||
|
elx Elamite
|
||||||
|
eng en English
|
||||||
|
enm English, Middle (ca. 1100-1500)
|
||||||
|
ang English, Old (ca. 450-1100)
|
||||||
|
esk Eskimo (Other)
|
||||||
|
epo eo Esperanto
|
||||||
|
est et Estonian
|
||||||
|
ewe Ewe
|
||||||
|
ewo Ewondo
|
||||||
|
fan Fang
|
||||||
|
fat Fanti
|
||||||
|
fao fo Faroese
|
||||||
|
fij fj Fijian
|
||||||
|
fin fi Finnish
|
||||||
|
fiu Finno-Ugrian (Other)
|
||||||
|
fon Fon
|
||||||
|
fra/fre fr French
|
||||||
|
frm French, Middle (ca. 1400-1600)
|
||||||
|
fro French, Old (842- ca. 1400)
|
||||||
|
fry fy Frisian
|
||||||
|
ful Fulah
|
||||||
|
gaa Ga
|
||||||
|
gae/gdh Gaelic (Scots)
|
||||||
|
glg gl Gallegan
|
||||||
|
lug Ganda
|
||||||
|
gay Gayo
|
||||||
|
gez Geez
|
||||||
|
geo/kat ka Georgian
|
||||||
|
deu/ger de German
|
||||||
|
gmh German, Middle High (ca. 1050-1500)
|
||||||
|
goh German, Old High (ca. 750-1050)
|
||||||
|
gem Germanic (Other)
|
||||||
|
gil Gilbertese
|
||||||
|
gon Gondi
|
||||||
|
got Gothic
|
||||||
|
grb Grebo
|
||||||
|
grc Greek, Ancient (to 1453)
|
||||||
|
ell/gre el Greek, Modern (1453-)
|
||||||
|
kal kl Greenlandic
|
||||||
|
grn gn Guarani
|
||||||
|
guj gu Gujarati
|
||||||
|
hai Haida
|
||||||
|
hau ha Hausa
|
||||||
|
haw Hawaiian
|
||||||
|
heb he Hebrew
|
||||||
|
her Herero
|
||||||
|
hil Hiligaynon
|
||||||
|
him Himachali
|
||||||
|
hin hi Hindi
|
||||||
|
hmo Hiri Motu
|
||||||
|
hun hu Hungarian
|
||||||
|
hup Hupa
|
||||||
|
iba Iban
|
||||||
|
ice/isl is Icelandic
|
||||||
|
ibo Igbo
|
||||||
|
ijo Ijo
|
||||||
|
ilo Iloko
|
||||||
|
inc Indic (Other)
|
||||||
|
ine Indo-European (Other)
|
||||||
|
ind id Indonesian
|
||||||
|
ina ia Interlingua (International Auxiliary language Association)
|
||||||
|
ine - Interlingue
|
||||||
|
iku iu Inuktitut
|
||||||
|
ipk ik Inupiak
|
||||||
|
ira Iranian (Other)
|
||||||
|
gai/iri ga Irish
|
||||||
|
sga Irish, Old (to 900)
|
||||||
|
mga Irish, Middle (900 - 1200)
|
||||||
|
iro Iroquoian languages
|
||||||
|
ita it Italian
|
||||||
|
jpn ja Japanese
|
||||||
|
jav/jaw jv/jw Javanese
|
||||||
|
jrb Judeo-Arabic
|
||||||
|
jpr Judeo-Persian
|
||||||
|
kab Kabyle
|
||||||
|
kac Kachin
|
||||||
|
kam Kamba
|
||||||
|
kan kn Kannada
|
||||||
|
kau Kanuri
|
||||||
|
kaa Kara-Kalpak
|
||||||
|
kar Karen
|
||||||
|
kas ks Kashmiri
|
||||||
|
kaw Kawi
|
||||||
|
kaz kk Kazakh
|
||||||
|
kha Khasi
|
||||||
|
khm km Khmer
|
||||||
|
khi Khoisan (Other)
|
||||||
|
kho Khotanese
|
||||||
|
kik Kikuyu
|
||||||
|
kin rw Kinyarwanda
|
||||||
|
kir ky Kirghiz
|
||||||
|
kom Komi
|
||||||
|
kon Kongo
|
||||||
|
kok Konkani
|
||||||
|
kor ko Korean
|
||||||
|
kpe Kpelle
|
||||||
|
kro Kru
|
||||||
|
kua Kuanyama
|
||||||
|
kum Kumyk
|
||||||
|
kur ku Kurdish
|
||||||
|
kru Kurukh
|
||||||
|
kus Kusaie
|
||||||
|
kut Kutenai
|
||||||
|
lad Ladino
|
||||||
|
lah Lahnda
|
||||||
|
lam Lamba
|
||||||
|
oci oc Langue d'Oc (post 1500)
|
||||||
|
lao lo Lao
|
||||||
|
lat la Latin
|
||||||
|
lav lv Latvian
|
||||||
|
ltz Letzeburgesch
|
||||||
|
lez Lezghian
|
||||||
|
lin ln Lingala
|
||||||
|
lit lt Lithuanian
|
||||||
|
loz Lozi
|
||||||
|
lub Luba-Katanga
|
||||||
|
lui Luiseno
|
||||||
|
lun Lunda
|
||||||
|
luo Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
|
||||||
|
mac/mak mk Macedonian
|
||||||
|
mad Madurese
|
||||||
|
mag Magahi
|
||||||
|
mai Maithili
|
||||||
|
mak Makasar
|
||||||
|
mlg mg Malagasy
|
||||||
|
may/msa ms Malay
|
||||||
|
mal Malayalam
|
||||||
|
mlt ml Maltese
|
||||||
|
man Mandingo
|
||||||
|
mni Manipuri
|
||||||
|
mno Manobo languages
|
||||||
|
max Manx
|
||||||
|
mao/mri mi Maori
|
||||||
|
mar mr Marathi
|
||||||
|
chm Mari
|
||||||
|
mah Marshall
|
||||||
|
mwr Marwari
|
||||||
|
mas Masai
|
||||||
|
myn Mayan languages
|
||||||
|
men Mende
|
||||||
|
mic Micmac
|
||||||
|
min Minangkabau
|
||||||
|
mis Miscellaneous (Other)
|
||||||
|
moh Mohawk
|
||||||
|
mol mo Moldavian
|
||||||
|
mkh Mon-Kmer (Other)
|
||||||
|
lol Mongo
|
||||||
|
mon mn Mongolian
|
||||||
|
mos Mossi
|
||||||
|
mul Multiple languages
|
||||||
|
mun Munda languages
|
||||||
|
nau na Nauru
|
||||||
|
nav Navajo
|
||||||
|
nde Ndebele, North
|
||||||
|
nbl Ndebele, South
|
||||||
|
ndo Ndongo
|
||||||
|
nep ne Nepali
|
||||||
|
new Newari
|
||||||
|
nic Niger-Kordofanian (Other)
|
||||||
|
ssa Nilo-Saharan (Other)
|
||||||
|
niu Niuean
|
||||||
|
non Norse, Old
|
||||||
|
nai North American Indian (Other)
|
||||||
|
nor no Norwegian
|
||||||
|
nno Norwegian (Nynorsk)
|
||||||
|
nub Nubian languages
|
||||||
|
nym Nyamwezi
|
||||||
|
nya Nyanja
|
||||||
|
nyn Nyankole
|
||||||
|
nyo Nyoro
|
||||||
|
nzi Nzima
|
||||||
|
oji Ojibwa
|
||||||
|
ori or Oriya
|
||||||
|
orm om Oromo
|
||||||
|
osa Osage
|
||||||
|
oss Ossetic
|
||||||
|
oto Otomian languages
|
||||||
|
pal Pahlavi
|
||||||
|
pau Palauan
|
||||||
|
pli Pali
|
||||||
|
pam Pampanga
|
||||||
|
pag Pangasinan
|
||||||
|
pan pa Panjabi
|
||||||
|
pap Papiamento
|
||||||
|
paa Papuan-Australian (Other)
|
||||||
|
fas/per fa Persian
|
||||||
|
peo Persian, Old (ca 600 - 400 B.C.)
|
||||||
|
phn Phoenician
|
||||||
|
pol pl Polish
|
||||||
|
pon Ponape
|
||||||
|
por pt Portuguese
|
||||||
|
pra Prakrit languages
|
||||||
|
pro Provencal, Old (to 1500)
|
||||||
|
pus ps Pushto
|
||||||
|
que qu Quechua
|
||||||
|
roh rm Rhaeto-Romance
|
||||||
|
raj Rajasthani
|
||||||
|
rar Rarotongan
|
||||||
|
roa Romance (Other)
|
||||||
|
ron/rum ro Romanian
|
||||||
|
rom Romany
|
||||||
|
run rn Rundi
|
||||||
|
rus ru Russian
|
||||||
|
sal Salishan languages
|
||||||
|
sam Samaritan Aramaic
|
||||||
|
smi Sami languages
|
||||||
|
smo sm Samoan
|
||||||
|
sad Sandawe
|
||||||
|
sag sg Sango
|
||||||
|
san sa Sanskrit
|
||||||
|
srd Sardinian
|
||||||
|
sco Scots
|
||||||
|
sel Selkup
|
||||||
|
sem Semitic (Other)
|
||||||
|
sr Serbian
|
||||||
|
scr sh Serbo-Croatian
|
||||||
|
srr Serer
|
||||||
|
shn Shan
|
||||||
|
sna sn Shona
|
||||||
|
sid Sidamo
|
||||||
|
bla Siksika
|
||||||
|
snd sd Sindhi
|
||||||
|
sin si Singhalese
|
||||||
|
sit - Sino-Tibetan (Other)
|
||||||
|
sio Siouan languages
|
||||||
|
sla Slavic (Other)
|
||||||
|
ssw ss Siswant
|
||||||
|
slk/slo sk Slovak
|
||||||
|
slv sl Slovenian
|
||||||
|
sog Sogdian
|
||||||
|
som so Somali
|
||||||
|
son Songhai
|
||||||
|
wen Sorbian languages
|
||||||
|
nso Sotho, Northern
|
||||||
|
sot st Sotho, Southern
|
||||||
|
sai South American Indian (Other)
|
||||||
|
esl/spa es Spanish
|
||||||
|
suk Sukuma
|
||||||
|
sux Sumerian
|
||||||
|
sun su Sudanese
|
||||||
|
sus Susu
|
||||||
|
swa sw Swahili
|
||||||
|
ssw Swazi
|
||||||
|
sve/swe sv Swedish
|
||||||
|
syr Syriac
|
||||||
|
tgl tl Tagalog
|
||||||
|
tah Tahitian
|
||||||
|
tgk tg Tajik
|
||||||
|
tmh Tamashek
|
||||||
|
tam ta Tamil
|
||||||
|
tat tt Tatar
|
||||||
|
tel te Telugu
|
||||||
|
ter Tereno
|
||||||
|
tha th Thai
|
||||||
|
bod/tib bo Tibetan
|
||||||
|
tig Tigre
|
||||||
|
tir ti Tigrinya
|
||||||
|
tem Timne
|
||||||
|
tiv Tivi
|
||||||
|
tli Tlingit
|
||||||
|
tog to Tonga (Nyasa)
|
||||||
|
ton Tonga (Tonga Islands)
|
||||||
|
tru Truk
|
||||||
|
tsi Tsimshian
|
||||||
|
tso ts Tsonga
|
||||||
|
tsn tn Tswana
|
||||||
|
tum Tumbuka
|
||||||
|
tur tr Turkish
|
||||||
|
ota Turkish, Ottoman (1500 - 1928)
|
||||||
|
tuk tk Turkmen
|
||||||
|
tyv Tuvinian
|
||||||
|
twi tw Twi
|
||||||
|
uga Ugaritic
|
||||||
|
uig ug Uighur
|
||||||
|
ukr uk Ukrainian
|
||||||
|
umb Umbundu
|
||||||
|
und Undetermined
|
||||||
|
urd ur Urdu
|
||||||
|
uzb uz Uzbek
|
||||||
|
vai Vai
|
||||||
|
ven Venda
|
||||||
|
vie vi Vietnamese
|
||||||
|
vol vo Volapük
|
||||||
|
vot Votic
|
||||||
|
wak Wakashan languages
|
||||||
|
wal Walamo
|
||||||
|
war Waray
|
||||||
|
was Washo
|
||||||
|
cym/wel cy Welsh
|
||||||
|
wol wo Wolof
|
||||||
|
xho xh Xhosa
|
||||||
|
sah Yakut
|
||||||
|
yao Yao
|
||||||
|
yap Yap
|
||||||
|
yid yi Yiddish
|
||||||
|
yor yo Yoruba
|
||||||
|
zap Zapotec
|
||||||
|
zen Zenaga
|
||||||
|
zha za Zhuang
|
||||||
|
zul zu Zulu
|
||||||
|
zun Zuni
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ISO 639: 2-letter codes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
AA "Afar"
|
||||||
|
AB "Abkhazian"
|
||||||
|
AF "Afrikaans"
|
||||||
|
AM "Amharic"
|
||||||
|
AR "Arabic"
|
||||||
|
AS "Assamese"
|
||||||
|
AY "Aymara"
|
||||||
|
AZ "Azerbaijani"
|
||||||
|
BA "Bashkir"
|
||||||
|
BE "Byelorussian"
|
||||||
|
BG "Bulgarian"
|
||||||
|
BH "Bihari"
|
||||||
|
BI "Bislama"
|
||||||
|
BN "Bengali" "Bangla"
|
||||||
|
BO "Tibetan"
|
||||||
|
BR "Breton"
|
||||||
|
CA "Catalan"
|
||||||
|
CO "Corsican"
|
||||||
|
CS "Czech"
|
||||||
|
CY "Welsh"
|
||||||
|
DA "Danish"
|
||||||
|
DE "German"
|
||||||
|
DZ "Bhutani"
|
||||||
|
EL "Greek"
|
||||||
|
EN "English" "American"
|
||||||
|
EO "Esperanto"
|
||||||
|
ES "Spanish"
|
||||||
|
ET "Estonian"
|
||||||
|
EU "Basque"
|
||||||
|
FA "Persian"
|
||||||
|
FI "Finnish"
|
||||||
|
FJ "Fiji"
|
||||||
|
FO "Faeroese"
|
||||||
|
FR "French"
|
||||||
|
FY "Frisian"
|
||||||
|
GA "Irish"
|
||||||
|
GD "Gaelic" "Scots Gaelic"
|
||||||
|
GL "Galician"
|
||||||
|
GN "Guarani"
|
||||||
|
GU "Gujarati"
|
||||||
|
HA "Hausa"
|
||||||
|
HI "Hindi"
|
||||||
|
HR "Croatian"
|
||||||
|
HU "Hungarian"
|
||||||
|
HY "Armenian"
|
||||||
|
IA "Interlingua"
|
||||||
|
IE "Interlingue"
|
||||||
|
IK "Inupiak"
|
||||||
|
IN "Indonesian"
|
||||||
|
IS "Icelandic"
|
||||||
|
IT "Italian"
|
||||||
|
IW "Hebrew"
|
||||||
|
JA "Japanese"
|
||||||
|
JI "Yiddish"
|
||||||
|
JW "Javanese"
|
||||||
|
KA "Georgian"
|
||||||
|
KK "Kazakh"
|
||||||
|
KL "Greenlandic"
|
||||||
|
KM "Cambodian"
|
||||||
|
KN "Kannada"
|
||||||
|
KO "Korean"
|
||||||
|
KS "Kashmiri"
|
||||||
|
KU "Kurdish"
|
||||||
|
KY "Kirghiz"
|
||||||
|
LA "Latin"
|
||||||
|
LN "Lingala"
|
||||||
|
LO "Laothian"
|
||||||
|
LT "Lithuanian"
|
||||||
|
LV "Latvian" "Lettish"
|
||||||
|
MG "Malagasy"
|
||||||
|
MI "Maori"
|
||||||
|
MK "Macedonian"
|
||||||
|
ML "Malayalam"
|
||||||
|
MN "Mongolian"
|
||||||
|
MO "Moldavian"
|
||||||
|
MR "Marathi"
|
||||||
|
MS "Malay"
|
||||||
|
MT "Maltese"
|
||||||
|
MY "Burmese"
|
||||||
|
NA "Nauru"
|
||||||
|
NE "Nepali"
|
||||||
|
NL "Dutch"
|
||||||
|
NO "Norwegian"
|
||||||
|
OC "Occitan"
|
||||||
|
OM "Oromo" "Afan"
|
||||||
|
OR "Oriya"
|
||||||
|
PA "Punjabi"
|
||||||
|
PL "Polish"
|
||||||
|
PS "Pashto" "Pushto"
|
||||||
|
PT "Portuguese"
|
||||||
|
QU "Quechua"
|
||||||
|
RM "Rhaeto-Romance"
|
||||||
|
RN "Kirundi"
|
||||||
|
RO "Romanian"
|
||||||
|
RU "Russian"
|
||||||
|
RW "Kinyarwanda"
|
||||||
|
SA "Sanskrit"
|
||||||
|
SD "Sindhi"
|
||||||
|
SG "Sangro"
|
||||||
|
SH "Serbo-Croatian"
|
||||||
|
SI "Singhalese"
|
||||||
|
SK "Slovak"
|
||||||
|
SL "Slovenian"
|
||||||
|
SM "Samoan"
|
||||||
|
SN "Shona"
|
||||||
|
SO "Somali"
|
||||||
|
SQ "Albanian"
|
||||||
|
SR "Serbian"
|
||||||
|
SS "Siswati"
|
||||||
|
ST "Sesotho"
|
||||||
|
SU "Sudanese"
|
||||||
|
SV "Swedish"
|
||||||
|
SW "Swahili"
|
||||||
|
TA "Tamil"
|
||||||
|
TE "Tegulu"
|
||||||
|
TG "Tajik"
|
||||||
|
TH "Thai"
|
||||||
|
TI "Tigrinya"
|
||||||
|
TK "Turkmen"
|
||||||
|
TL "Tagalog"
|
||||||
|
TN "Setswana"
|
||||||
|
TO "Tonga"
|
||||||
|
TR "Turkish"
|
||||||
|
TS "Tsonga"
|
||||||
|
TT "Tatar"
|
||||||
|
TW "Twi"
|
||||||
|
UK "Ukrainian"
|
||||||
|
UR "Urdu"
|
||||||
|
UZ "Uzbek"
|
||||||
|
VI "Vietnamese"
|
||||||
|
VO "Volapuk"
|
||||||
|
WO "Wolof"
|
||||||
|
XH "Xhosa"
|
||||||
|
YO "Yoruba"
|
||||||
|
ZH "Chinese"
|
||||||
|
ZU "Zulu"
|
||||||
48
next-lib/doc/paradigms.txt
Normal file
48
next-lib/doc/paradigms.txt
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
|||||||
|
Morphological Paradigms in the GF Resource Grammar Library
|
||||||
|
Aarne Ranta
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This is a synopsis of the main morphological paradigms for
|
||||||
|
nouns (``N``), adjectives (``A``), and verbs (``V``).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
=English=
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
mkN : (flash : Str) -> N ; -- car, bus, ax, hero, fly, boy
|
||||||
|
mkN : (man,men : Str) -> N ; -- index, indices
|
||||||
|
mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
|
||||||
|
mkN : Str -> N -> N ; -- baby boom
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mkA : (happy : Str) -> A ; -- small, happy, free
|
||||||
|
mkA : (fat,fatter : Str) -> A ;
|
||||||
|
mkA : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> A
|
||||||
|
compoundA : A -> A ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mkV : (cry : Str) -> V ; -- call, kiss, echo, cry, pray
|
||||||
|
mkV : (stop,stopped : Str) -> V ;
|
||||||
|
mkV : (drink,drank,drunk : Str) -> V ;
|
||||||
|
mkV : (run,ran,run,running : Str) -> V ;
|
||||||
|
mkV : (go,goes,went,gone,going : Str) -> V
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
=French=
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
mkN : (cheval : Str) -> N ; -- pas, prix, nez, bijou, cheval
|
||||||
|
mkN : (foie : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
|
||||||
|
mkN : (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
|
||||||
|
mkN : N -> Str -> N
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mkA : (cher : Str) -> A ; -- banal, heureux, italien, jeune, amer, carré, joli
|
||||||
|
mkA : (sec,seche : Str) -> A ;
|
||||||
|
mkA : (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A ;
|
||||||
|
mkA : (bon : A) -> (meilleur : A) -> A
|
||||||
|
prefixA : A -> A ;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mkV : (finir : Str) -> V ; -- aimer, céder, placer, manger, payer, finir
|
||||||
|
mkV : (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V ;
|
||||||
|
mkV : V2 -> V
|
||||||
|
etreV : V -> V ;
|
||||||
|
reflV : V -> V ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
34
next-lib/doc/synopsis-browse.txt
Normal file
34
next-lib/doc/synopsis-browse.txt
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
=Browsing the libraries with GF commands=
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**New**: Browsing by syntax editor
|
||||||
|
[directly on the web ../../../demos/resource-api/editor.html].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
All of the following assume
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
cd $GF_LIB_PATH
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
To try out inflection paradigms:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
> i -path=alltenses -retain alltenses/ParadigmsGer.gfo
|
||||||
|
> cc mkN "Farbe"
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
To try out overloaded syntax, test lexicon, and inflection paradigms:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
> i -path=alltenses -retain alltenses/TryGer.gfo
|
||||||
|
> cc mkCl (mkNP this_Quant (mkN "Farbe")) (mkA "dunkel")
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
% To look for a syntax tree in the overload API by parsing:
|
||||||
|
% ```
|
||||||
|
% > i -path=alltenses alltenses/OverLangEng.gf
|
||||||
|
% > p -cat=S -overload "this grammar is too big"
|
||||||
|
% ```
|
||||||
|
% To view linearizations in all languages by parsing from English:
|
||||||
|
% ```
|
||||||
|
% > i alltenses/langs.gfcm
|
||||||
|
% > p -cat=S -lang=LangEng "this grammar is too big" | tb
|
||||||
|
% ```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
51
next-lib/doc/synopsis-example.txt
Normal file
51
next-lib/doc/synopsis-example.txt
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The standard way of building an application has the following modules.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
An abstract syntax:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
abstract Music = {
|
||||||
|
cat
|
||||||
|
Kind,
|
||||||
|
Property ;
|
||||||
|
fun
|
||||||
|
PropKind : Kind -> Property -> Kind ;
|
||||||
|
Song : Kind ;
|
||||||
|
American : Property ;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
A domain lexicon interface:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
interface LexMusic = open Cat in {
|
||||||
|
oper
|
||||||
|
song_N : N ;
|
||||||
|
american_A : A ;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
A functor on ``Syntax`` and the domain lexicon interface:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
incomplete concrete MusicI of Music = open Syntax, MusicLex in {
|
||||||
|
lincat
|
||||||
|
Kind = CN ;
|
||||||
|
Property = AP ;
|
||||||
|
lin
|
||||||
|
PropKind k p = mkCN p k ;
|
||||||
|
Song = mkCN song_N ;
|
||||||
|
American = mkAP american_A ;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
For each language, an instance of the domain lexicon:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
instance LexMusicGer of LexMusic = CatGer ** open ParadigmsGer in {
|
||||||
|
oper
|
||||||
|
song_N = mkN "Lied" "Lieder" neuter ;
|
||||||
|
american_A = mkA "amerikanisch" ;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
For each language, an instantiation of the functor:
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
--# -path=.:present:prelude
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
concrete MusicGer of Music = MusicI with
|
||||||
|
(Syntax = SyntaxGer),
|
||||||
|
(LexMusic = LexMusicGer) ;
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
26
next-lib/doc/synopsis-intro.txt
Normal file
26
next-lib/doc/synopsis-intro.txt
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
=Introduction=
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This document contains the most important parts of the GF Resource Grammar API.
|
||||||
|
It has been machine-generated from the source files; each chapter gives a link
|
||||||
|
to the relevant source files, which give more information. Some of the files have
|
||||||
|
not yet been prepared so that the machine generated documentation has the right
|
||||||
|
format.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Since the character encoding is UTF-8 for Russian and Latin-1 for other
|
||||||
|
languages, you
|
||||||
|
may have to change the encoding preference of your browser when reading different
|
||||||
|
parts of the document.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The second-last chapter gives instructions on how to "browse" the library by
|
||||||
|
loading the grammars into the ``gf`` command editor.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**New**: Browsing by syntax editor
|
||||||
|
[directly on the web ../../../demos/resource-api/editor.html].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The last chapter contains a brief example of how application grammars can
|
||||||
|
import resource modules. At the same time, it illustrates a "design pattern" for
|
||||||
|
using the resource API to build functor-based applications
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
6693
next-lib/doc/synopsis.html
Normal file
6693
next-lib/doc/synopsis.html
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
1703
next-lib/doc/synopsis.txt
Normal file
1703
next-lib/doc/synopsis.txt
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
--# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
|
--# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resource TryBul = SyntaxBul, LexiconBul, ParadigmsBul - [mkAdv] **
|
resource TryBul = SyntaxBul, LexiconBul, ParadigmsBul - [mkAdv] **
|
||||||
open (P = ParadigmsBul), in {
|
open (P = ParadigmsBul) in {
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
oper
|
oper
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
--# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
|
--# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resource TryCat = SyntaxCat, LexiconCat, ParadigmsCat - [mkAdv] **
|
resource TryCat = SyntaxCat, LexiconCat, ParadigmsCat - [mkAdv] **
|
||||||
open (P = ParadigmsCat), in {
|
open (P = ParadigmsCat) in {
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
oper
|
oper
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
--# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
|
--# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resource TryEng = SyntaxEng-[mkAdN], LexiconEng, ParadigmsEng - [mkAdv,mkAdN,mkOrd] **
|
resource TryEng = SyntaxEng-[mkAdN], LexiconEng, ParadigmsEng - [mkAdv,mkAdN,mkOrd] **
|
||||||
open (P = ParadigmsEng), in {
|
open (P = ParadigmsEng) in {
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
oper
|
oper
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
--# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
|
--# -path=.:alltenses:prelude
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resource TrySwe = SyntaxSwe, LexiconSwe, ParadigmsSwe - [mkAdv] **
|
resource TrySwe = SyntaxSwe, LexiconSwe, ParadigmsSwe - [mkAdv] **
|
||||||
open (P = ParadigmsSwe), in {
|
open (P = ParadigmsSwe) in {
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
oper
|
oper
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ lin
|
|||||||
Sg => \\g,c => prepCase c ++ genForms "celui-là" "celle-là" ! g ;
|
Sg => \\g,c => prepCase c ++ genForms "celui-là" "celle-là" ! g ;
|
||||||
Pl => \\g,c => prepCase c ++ genForms "celui-là" "celle-là" ! g
|
Pl => \\g,c => prepCase c ++ genForms "celui-là" "celle-là" ! g
|
||||||
} ;
|
} ;
|
||||||
s2 = "-là"
|
s2 = [] ---- "-là"
|
||||||
} ;
|
} ;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
---b that_NP = makeNP ["cela"] Masc Sg ;
|
---b that_NP = makeNP ["cela"] Masc Sg ;
|
||||||
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ lin
|
|||||||
Sg => \\g,c => prepCase c ++ genForms "celui-ci" "celle-ci" ! g ;
|
Sg => \\g,c => prepCase c ++ genForms "celui-ci" "celle-ci" ! g ;
|
||||||
Pl => \\g,c => prepCase c ++ genForms "celui-ci" "celle-ci" ! g
|
Pl => \\g,c => prepCase c ++ genForms "celui-ci" "celle-ci" ! g
|
||||||
} ;
|
} ;
|
||||||
s2 = "-ci"
|
s2 = [] ---- "-ci"
|
||||||
} ;
|
} ;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
---b this_NP = pn2np (mkPN ["ceci"] Masc) ;
|
---b this_NP = pn2np (mkPN ["ceci"] Masc) ;
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user