GuString is now an ordinary C string - it makes live easier. In addition PgfSymbolKS, PgfExprFun and PgfLiteralStr now keep their strings as embedded flexible arrays. The latest change gives us the same compactness as the old representation but it is a lot easier to use.

2026-04-20 18:29:33 -06:00 · 2013-10-04 12:04:39 +00:00
parent 27091048ce
commit e8335806af
25 changed files with 412 additions and 779 deletions
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/data.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/data.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pgf_tokens_equal(PgfTokens* t1, PgfTokens* t2)
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < len1; i++) {
 		GuString s1 = gu_seq_get(t1, PgfToken, i);
 		GuString s2 = gu_seq_get(t2, PgfToken, i);
-		if (!gu_string_eq(s1, s2)) {
+		if (strcmp(s1, s2) != 0) {
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -51,7 +51,9 @@ GU_DEFINE_TYPE(PgfMetaChildMap, GuMap,

 GU_DEFINE_TYPE(PgfAbsCat, abstract);

+static GuString empty_string = "";
+
 GU_DEFINE_TYPE(
-	PgfPrintNames, PgfCIdMap, gu_type(GuString), &gu_empty_string);
+	PgfPrintNames, PgfCIdMap, gu_type(GuString), &empty_string);

 GU_DEFINE_TYPE(PgfConcr, abstract);
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/data.h
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/data.h
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef PgfSymbolIdx PgfSymbolCat, PgfSymbolLit, PgfSymbolVar;

 typedef struct {
-	PgfToken token;
+	char token[0];   // a flexible array that contains the token
 } PgfSymbolKS;

 typedef struct PgfSymbolKP
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/expr.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/expr.c
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ struct PgfExprParser {
 	GuPool* expr_pool;
 	GuPool* tmp_pool;
 	PGF_TOKEN_TAG token_tag;
-	GuCharBuf* token_value;
+	GuBuf* token_value;
 	int ch;
 };

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ pgf_expr_parser_token(PgfExprParser* parser)
 		parser->token_tag = PGF_TOKEN_WILD;
 		break;
 	default: {
-		GuCharBuf* chars = gu_new_buf(char, parser->tmp_pool);
+		GuBuf* chars = gu_new_buf(char, parser->tmp_pool);

 		if (isalpha(parser->ch)) {
 			while (isalnum(parser->ch) || 
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ pgf_expr_parser_token(PgfExprParser* parser)
 				gu_buf_push(chars, char, parser->ch);
 				pgf_expr_parser_getc(parser);
 			}
+			gu_buf_push(chars, char, 0);
 			parser->token_tag   = PGF_TOKEN_IDENT;
 			parser->token_value = chars;
 		} else if (isdigit(parser->ch)) {
@@ -257,9 +258,11 @@ pgf_expr_parser_token(PgfExprParser* parser)
 					gu_buf_push(chars, char, parser->ch);
 					pgf_expr_parser_getc(parser);
 				}
+				gu_buf_push(chars, char, 0);
 				parser->token_tag   = PGF_TOKEN_FLT;
 				parser->token_value = chars;
 			} else {
+				gu_buf_push(chars, char, 0);
 				parser->token_tag   = PGF_TOKEN_INT;
 				parser->token_value = chars;
 			}
@@ -273,6 +276,7 @@ pgf_expr_parser_token(PgfExprParser* parser)
 			
 			if (parser->ch == '"') {
 				pgf_expr_parser_getc(parser);
+				gu_buf_push(chars, char, 0);
 				parser->token_tag   = PGF_TOKEN_STR;
 				parser->token_value = chars;
 			}
@@ -341,18 +345,20 @@ pgf_expr_parser_term(PgfExprParser* parser)
 					            0);
 	}
 	case PGF_TOKEN_IDENT: {
-		char* str = 
-			gu_char_buf_str(parser->token_value, parser->tmp_pool);
-		PgfCId id = gu_str_string(str, parser->expr_pool);
+		PgfCId id = gu_buf_data(parser->token_value);
 		pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);
-		return gu_new_variant_i(parser->expr_pool,
-					PGF_EXPR_FUN,
-					PgfExprFun,
-					id);
+		PgfExpr e;
+		PgfExprFun* fun =
+			gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_EXPR_FUN,
+			                    PgfExprFun,
+                                fun, strlen(id)+1,
+                                &e, parser->expr_pool);
+        strcpy(fun->fun, id);
+		return e;
 	}
 	case PGF_TOKEN_INT: {
 		char* str = 
-			gu_char_buf_str(parser->token_value, parser->tmp_pool);
+			gu_buf_data(parser->token_value);
 		int n = atoi(str);
 		pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);
 		PgfLiteral lit = 
@@ -367,22 +373,23 @@ pgf_expr_parser_term(PgfExprParser* parser)
 	}
 	case PGF_TOKEN_STR: {
 		char* str =
-			gu_char_buf_str(parser->token_value, parser->tmp_pool);
-		GuString s = gu_str_string(str, parser->expr_pool);
+			gu_buf_data(parser->token_value);
 		pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);
-		PgfLiteral lit = 
-			gu_new_variant_i(parser->expr_pool,
-			                 PGF_LITERAL_STR,
-			                 PgfLiteralStr,
-			                 s);
+		PgfLiteral lit;
+		PgfLiteralStr* plit = 
+			gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
+			                    PgfLiteralStr,
+			                    val, strlen(str)+1,
+			                    &lit, parser->expr_pool);
+		strcpy(plit->val, str);
 		return gu_new_variant_i(parser->expr_pool,
-					PGF_EXPR_LIT,
-					PgfExprLit,
-					lit);
+		                        PGF_EXPR_LIT,
+		                        PgfExprLit,
+		                        lit);
 	}
 	case PGF_TOKEN_FLT: {
 		char* str = 
-			gu_char_buf_str(parser->token_value, parser->tmp_pool);
+			gu_buf_data(parser->token_value);
 		double d = atof(str);
 		pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);
 		PgfLiteral lit = 
@@ -442,12 +449,11 @@ pgf_expr_parser_bind(PgfExprParser* parser, GuBuf* binds)

 	for (;;) {
 		if (parser->token_tag == PGF_TOKEN_IDENT) {
-			char* str = 
-				gu_char_buf_str(parser->token_value, parser->tmp_pool);
-			var = gu_str_string(str, parser->expr_pool);
+			var =
+				gu_string_copy(gu_buf_data(parser->token_value), parser->expr_pool);
 			pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);
 		} else if (parser->token_tag == PGF_TOKEN_WILD) {
-			var = gu_str_string("_", parser->expr_pool);
+			var = "_";
 			pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);
 		} else {
 			return false;
@@ -562,12 +568,11 @@ pgf_expr_parser_hypos(PgfExprParser* parser, GuBuf* hypos)
 		}

 		if (parser->token_tag == PGF_TOKEN_IDENT) {
-			char* str = 
-				gu_char_buf_str(parser->token_value, parser->tmp_pool);
-			var = gu_str_string(str, parser->expr_pool);
+			var =
+				gu_string_copy(gu_buf_data(parser->token_value), parser->expr_pool);
 			pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);
 		} else if (parser->token_tag == PGF_TOKEN_WILD) {
-			var = gu_str_string("_", parser->expr_pool);
+			var = "_";
 			pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);
 		} else {
 			return false;
@@ -603,9 +608,8 @@ pgf_expr_parser_atom(PgfExprParser* parser)
 	if (parser->token_tag != PGF_TOKEN_IDENT)
 		return NULL;

-	char* str =
-		gu_char_buf_str(parser->token_value, parser->tmp_pool);
-	PgfCId cid = gu_str_string(str, parser->expr_pool);
+	PgfCId cid =
+		gu_string_copy(gu_buf_data(parser->token_value), parser->expr_pool);
 	pgf_expr_parser_token(parser);

 	GuBuf* args = gu_new_buf(PgfExpr, parser->tmp_pool);
@@ -663,7 +667,7 @@ pgf_expr_parser_type(PgfExprParser* parser)
 			} else {
 				PgfHypo* hypo = gu_buf_extend(hypos);
 				hypo->bind_type = PGF_BIND_TYPE_EXPLICIT;
-				hypo->cid = gu_str_string("_", parser->expr_pool);
+				hypo->cid = "_";
 				hypo->type = NULL;
 			}

@@ -699,7 +703,7 @@ pgf_expr_parser_type(PgfExprParser* parser)

 			PgfHypo* hypo = gu_buf_extend(hypos);
 			hypo->bind_type = PGF_BIND_TYPE_EXPLICIT;
-			hypo->cid = gu_str_string("_", parser->expr_pool);
+			hypo->cid = "_";
 			hypo->type = type;
 		}
 	}
@@ -761,7 +765,7 @@ pgf_literal_eq(PgfLiteral lit1, PgfLiteral lit2)
 	case PGF_LITERAL_STR: {
 		PgfLiteralStr* lit1 = ei1.data;
 		PgfLiteralStr* lit2 = ei2.data;
-        return gu_string_eq(lit1->val, lit2->val);
+        return strcmp(lit1->val, lit2->val) == 0;
    }
    case PGF_LITERAL_INT: {
 		PgfLiteralInt* lit1 = ei1.data;
@@ -793,7 +797,7 @@ pgf_expr_eq(PgfExpr e1, PgfExpr e2)
 	case PGF_EXPR_ABS: {
 		PgfExprAbs* abs1 = ei1.data;
 		PgfExprAbs* abs2 = ei2.data;
-		return gu_string_eq(abs1->id, abs2->id) &&
+		return strcmp(abs1->id, abs2->id) == 0 &&
 		       pgf_expr_eq(abs1->body, abs2->body);
 	}
 	case PGF_EXPR_APP: {
@@ -815,7 +819,7 @@ pgf_expr_eq(PgfExpr e1, PgfExpr e2)
 	case PGF_EXPR_FUN: {
 		PgfExprFun* fun1 = ei1.data;
 		PgfExprFun* fun2 = ei2.data;
-		return gu_string_eq(fun1->fun, fun2->fun);
+		return strcmp(fun1->fun, fun2->fun) == 0;
 	}
 	case PGF_EXPR_VAR: {
 		PgfExprVar* var1 = ei1.data;
@@ -1076,9 +1080,8 @@ pgf_print_hypo(PgfHypo *hypo, PgfPrintContext* ctxt, int prec,
        gu_puts(")", out, err);
    } else {
        GuPool* tmp_pool = gu_new_pool();
-        GuString tmp = gu_str_string("_", tmp_pool);
-        
-        if (!gu_string_eq(hypo->cid, tmp)) {
+
+        if (strcmp(hypo->cid, "_") != 0) {
            gu_puts("(", out, err);
            gu_string_write(hypo->cid, out, err);
            gu_puts(" : ", out, err);
@@ -1158,14 +1161,14 @@ pgf_type_eq(PgfType* t1, PgfType* t2)
 		if (hypo1->bind_type != hypo2->bind_type)
 			return false;
 			
-		if (!gu_string_eq(hypo1->cid, hypo2->cid))
+		if (strcmp(hypo1->cid, hypo2->cid) != 0)
 			return false;
 			
 		if (!pgf_type_eq(hypo1->type, hypo2->type))
 			return false;
 	}
    
-	if (!gu_string_eq(t1->cid, t2->cid))
+	if (strcmp(t1->cid, t2->cid) != 0)
 		return false;

 	if (t1->n_exprs != t2->n_exprs)
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/expr.h
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/expr.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ typedef enum {
 } PgfLiteralTag;

 typedef struct {
-	GuString val;
+	char val[0];  // a flexible array that contains the value
 } PgfLiteralStr;

 typedef struct {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ typedef struct {
 } PgfExprMeta;

 typedef struct {
-	PgfCId fun;
+	char fun[0];
 } PgfExprFun;

 typedef struct {
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/graphviz.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/graphviz.c
@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ typedef struct {
 	size_t level;
 	GuBuf* internals;
 	GuBuf* leaves;
-	GuString wildcard;
 } PgfBracketLznState;

 static void
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ pgf_bracket_lzn_begin_phrase(PgfLinFuncs** funcs, PgfCId cat, int fid, int linde
 {
 	PgfBracketLznState* state = gu_container(funcs, PgfBracketLznState, funcs);

-	if (gu_string_eq(cat, state->wildcard))
+	if (strcmp(cat, "_") == 0)
 		return;
 	
 	state->level++;
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ pgf_bracket_lzn_end_phrase(PgfLinFuncs** funcs, PgfCId cat, int fid, int lindex,
 {
 	PgfBracketLznState* state = gu_container(funcs, PgfBracketLznState, funcs);

-	if (gu_string_eq(cat, state->wildcard))
+	if (strcmp(cat, "_") == 0)
 		return;

 	state->level--;
@@ -281,7 +280,6 @@ pgf_graphviz_parse_tree(PgfConcr* concr, PgfExpr expr, GuOut* out, GuExn* err)
 	state.level     = -1;
 	state.internals = gu_new_buf(GuBuf*, tmp_pool);
 	state.leaves    = gu_new_buf(PgfParseNode*, tmp_pool);
-	state.wildcard  = gu_str_string("_", tmp_pool);
 	pgf_lzr_linearize(concr, ctree, 0, &state.funcs);

 	size_t len = gu_buf_length(state.internals);
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/jit.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/jit.c
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ pgf_jit_predicate(PgfJitState* state, PgfCIdMap* abscats,
 				
 				// call the predicate for the category in hypo->type->cid
 				PgfAbsCat* arg =
-					gu_map_get(abscats, &hypo->type->cid, PgfAbsCat*);
+					gu_map_get(abscats, hypo->type->cid, PgfAbsCat*);

 #ifdef PGF_JIT_DEBUG
 				gu_puts("    CALL ", wtr, err);
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ pgf_jit_done(PgfJitState* state, PgfAbstr* abstr)
 		PgfCallPatch* patch =
 			gu_buf_index(state->patches, PgfCallPatch, i);
 		PgfAbsCat* arg =
-			gu_map_get(abstr->cats, &patch->cid, PgfAbsCat*);
+			gu_map_get(abstr->cats, patch->cid, PgfAbsCat*);
 		gu_assert(arg != NULL);

 		jit_patch_calli(patch->ref,(jit_insn*) arg->predicate);
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/lexer.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/lexer.c
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pgf_new_simple_lexer(GuIn *in, GuPool *pool)
 {
 	PgfSimpleLexer* lexer = gu_new(PgfSimpleLexer, pool);
 	lexer->base.read_token = pgf_simple_lexer_read_token;
-	lexer->base.tok = gu_empty_string;
+	lexer->base.tok = "";
 	lexer->in = in;
 	lexer->pool = pool;
 	lexer->ucs = ' ';	
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/linearizer.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/linearizer.c
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ pgf_lzr_index(PgfConcr* concr,
 	case PGF_PRODUCTION_APPLY: {
 		PgfProductionApply* papply = data;
 		PgfCncOverloadMap* overl_table =
-			gu_map_get(concr->fun_indices, &papply->fun->absfun->name,
+			gu_map_get(concr->fun_indices, papply->fun->absfun->name,
 				PgfCncOverloadMap*);
 		if (!overl_table) {
 			overl_table = gu_map_type_new(PgfCncOverloadMap, pool);
 			gu_map_put(concr->fun_indices,
-				&papply->fun->absfun->name, PgfCncOverloadMap*, overl_table);
+				papply->fun->absfun->name, PgfCncOverloadMap*, overl_table);
 		}
 		pgf_lzr_add_overl_entry(overl_table, ccat, papply, pool);
 		break;
@@ -227,11 +227,12 @@ pgf_lzn_resolve_def(PgfLzn* lzn, PgfCncFuns* lindefs, GuString s, GuPool* pool)
 					   PgfCncTreeLit,
 					   &lit, pool);
 	clit->fid = lzn->fid++;
-	clit->lit =
-		gu_new_variant_i(pool,
-					 PGF_LITERAL_STR,
-					 PgfLiteralStr,
-					 s);
+	PgfLiteralStr* lit_str =
+		gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
+					        PgfLiteralStr,
+					        val, strlen(s),
+					        &clit->lit, pool);
+	strcpy((char*) lit_str->val, (char*) s);

 	if (lindefs == NULL)
 		return lit;
@@ -322,8 +323,7 @@ pgf_lzn_resolve(PgfLzn* lzn, PgfExpr expr, PgfCCat* ccat, GuPool* pool)
 					goto done;
 				}

-				GuString s = gu_str_string("?", pool);
-				ret = pgf_lzn_resolve_def(lzn, ccat->lindefs, s, pool);
+				ret = pgf_lzn_resolve_def(lzn, ccat->lindefs, "?", pool);
 				goto done;
 			}
 		}
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ pgf_lzn_resolve(PgfLzn* lzn, PgfExpr expr, PgfCCat* ccat, GuPool* pool)
 			PgfExprFun* efun = i.data;

 			PgfCncOverloadMap* overl_table =
-				gu_map_get(lzn->concr->fun_indices, &efun->fun, PgfCncOverloadMap*);
+				gu_map_get(lzn->concr->fun_indices, efun->fun, PgfCncOverloadMap*);
 			if (overl_table == NULL) {
 				if (ccat != NULL && ccat->lindefs == NULL) {
 					goto done;
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ pgf_lzn_resolve(PgfLzn* lzn, PgfExpr expr, PgfCCat* ccat, GuPool* pool)
 				gu_putc('[', out, err);
 				gu_string_write(efun->fun, out, err);
 				gu_putc(']', out, err);
-				GuString s = gu_string_buf_freeze(sbuf, pool);
+				GuString s = gu_string_buf_freeze(sbuf, tmp_pool);

 				if (ccat != NULL) {
 					ret = pgf_lzn_resolve_def(lzn, ccat->lindefs, s, pool);
@@ -356,10 +356,11 @@ pgf_lzn_resolve(PgfLzn* lzn, PgfExpr expr, PgfCCat* ccat, GuPool* pool)
 									   &ret, pool);
 					clit->fid = lzn->fid++;
 					PgfLiteralStr* lit = 
-						gu_new_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
-									   PgfLiteralStr,
-									   &clit->lit, pool);
-					lit->val = s;
+						gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
+									        PgfLiteralStr,
+									        val, strlen(s)+1,
+									        &clit->lit, pool);
+					strcpy(lit->val, s);
 				}

 				gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
@@ -557,7 +558,7 @@ pgf_lzr_linearize(PgfConcr* concr, PgfCncTree ctree, size_t lin_idx, PgfLinFuncs
 		if (fns->begin_phrase) {
 			fns->begin_phrase(fnsp,
 							  cat, flit->fid, 0,
-							  gu_empty_string);
+							  "");
 		}

 		if (fns->expr_literal) {
@@ -567,7 +568,7 @@ pgf_lzr_linearize(PgfConcr* concr, PgfCncTree ctree, size_t lin_idx, PgfLinFuncs
 		if (fns->end_phrase) {
 			fns->end_phrase(fnsp,
 							cat, flit->fid, 0,
-							gu_empty_string);
+							"");
 		}

 		break;
@@ -697,7 +698,7 @@ pgf_get_tokens(PgfSequence* seq, uint16_t seq_idx, GuPool* pool)
 	pgf_lzr_linearize_sequence(NULL, NULL, seq, seq_idx, &flin.funcs);

 	GuString tokens = gu_ok(err) ? gu_string_buf_freeze(sbuf, pool)
-	                             : gu_empty_string;
+	                             : "";

 	gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);

--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/literals.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/literals.c
@@ -39,10 +39,11 @@ pgf_match_string_lit(PgfConcr* concr, PgfItem* item, PgfToken tok,
 						   PgfExprLit,
 						   &ep->expr, pool);
 		PgfLiteralStr *lit_str =
-			gu_new_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
-						   PgfLiteralStr,
-						   &expr_lit->lit, pool);
-		lit_str->val = sks->token;
+			gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
+						        PgfLiteralStr,
+						        val, strlen(sks->token)+1,
+						        &expr_lit->lit, pool);
+		strcpy(lit_str->val, sks->token);

 		*out_ep = ep;
 		accepted = false;
@@ -185,12 +186,10 @@ pgf_match_name_lit(PgfConcr* concr, PgfItem* item, PgfToken tok,

 	GuExn* err = gu_new_exn(NULL, gu_kind(type), tmp_pool);
 	
-	GuString hyp = gu_str_string("-", tmp_pool);
-	
 	bool iscap = false;
-	if (gu_string_eq(tok, hyp)) {
+	if (strcmp(tok, "-") == 0) {
 		iscap = true;
-	} else if (!gu_string_eq(tok, gu_empty_string)) {
+	} else if (*tok) {
 		GuIn* in = gu_string_in(tok, tmp_pool);
 		iscap = iswupper(gu_in_utf8(in, err));
 	}
@@ -218,21 +217,24 @@ pgf_match_name_lit(PgfConcr* concr, PgfItem* item, PgfToken tok,
 			gu_new_variant(PGF_EXPR_APP,
 			               PgfExprApp,
 			               &ep->expr, pool);
+		GuString con = "MkSymb";
 		PgfExprFun *expr_fun =
-			gu_new_variant(PGF_EXPR_FUN,
-			               PgfExprFun,
-			               &expr_app->fun, pool);
-		expr_fun->fun = gu_str_string("MkSymb", pool);
+			gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_EXPR_FUN,
+			                    PgfExprFun,
+			                    fun, strlen(con)+1,
+			                    &expr_app->fun, pool);
+		strcpy(expr_fun->fun, con);
 		PgfExprLit *expr_lit =
 			gu_new_variant(PGF_EXPR_LIT,
 			               PgfExprLit,
 			               &expr_app->arg, pool);
+		GuString val = gu_string_buf_freeze(sbuf, tmp_pool);
 		PgfLiteralStr *lit_str =
-			gu_new_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
-			               PgfLiteralStr,
-			               &expr_lit->lit, pool);
-		lit_str->val = gu_string_buf_freeze(sbuf, pool);
-
+			gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
+			                    PgfLiteralStr,
+			                    val, strlen(val)+1,
+			                    &expr_lit->lit, pool);
+        strcpy(lit_str->val, val);
 		*out_ep = ep;
 	} else {
 		*out_ep = NULL;
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/parser.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/parser.c
@@ -145,24 +145,7 @@ GU_DEFINE_TYPE(PgfLeftcornerTokIdx, GuStringMap,
 static PgfSymbol
 pgf_prev_extern_sym(PgfSymbol sym)
 {
-	GuVariantInfo i = gu_variant_open(sym);
-	switch (i.tag) {
-	case PGF_SYMBOL_CAT:
-		return *((PgfSymbol*) (((PgfSymbolCat*) i.data)+1));
-	case PGF_SYMBOL_KP:
-		return *((PgfSymbol*) (((PgfSymbolKP*) i.data)+1));
-	case PGF_SYMBOL_KS:
-		return *((PgfSymbol*) (((PgfSymbolKS*) i.data)+1));
-	case PGF_SYMBOL_LIT:
-		return *((PgfSymbol*) (((PgfSymbolLit*) i.data)+1));
-	case PGF_SYMBOL_VAR:
-		return *((PgfSymbol*) (((PgfSymbolVar*) i.data)+1));
-	case PGF_SYMBOL_NE:
-		return *((PgfSymbol*) (((PgfSymbolNE*) i.data)+1));
-	default:
-		gu_impossible();
-		return gu_null_variant;
-	}
+	return *(((PgfSymbol*) gu_variant_data(sym))-1);
 }

 size_t
@@ -1126,19 +1109,19 @@ pgf_parsing_meta_scan(PgfParseState* before, PgfParseState* after,
 	                  PgfItem* meta_item, prob_t meta_prob)
 {
 	PgfToken tok = after->ts->fn->get_token(after->ts);
-	
-	if (!gu_string_eq(tok, gu_empty_string)) {	
+
+	if (*tok == 0) {	
 		PgfItem* item = pgf_item_copy(meta_item, before->ps->pool, before->ps);
 		item->inside_prob += meta_prob;

 		PgfSymbol prev = item->curr_sym;
 		PgfSymbolKS* sks = (PgfSymbolKS*)
 			gu_alloc_variant(PGF_SYMBOL_KS,
-							 sizeof(PgfSymbolKS)+sizeof(PgfSymbol),
+							 sizeof(PgfSymbol)+sizeof(PgfSymbolKS)+strlen(tok)+1,
 							 gu_alignof(PgfSymbolKS),
 							 &item->curr_sym, after->ps->pool);
-		*((PgfSymbol*)(sks+1)) = prev;
-		sks->token = tok;
+		*(((PgfSymbol*) sks)-1) = prev;
+		strcpy((char*) sks->token, (char*) tok);

 		gu_buf_heap_push(before->agenda, &pgf_item_prob_order, &item);
 	}
@@ -1162,7 +1145,7 @@ pgf_parsing_meta_predict(GuMapItor* fn, const void* key, void* value, GuExn* err
    PgfItem* meta_item  = clo->meta_item;

    PgfCncCat* cnccat =
-		gu_map_get(state->ps->concr->cnccats, &abscat->name, PgfCncCat*);
+		gu_map_get(state->ps->concr->cnccats, abscat->name, PgfCncCat*);
 	if (cnccat == NULL)
 		return;

@@ -1193,7 +1176,7 @@ pgf_parsing_meta_predict(GuMapItor* fn, const void* key, void* value, GuExn* err
 								 sizeof(PgfSymbolCat)+sizeof(PgfSymbol),
 								 gu_alignof(PgfSymbolCat),
 								 &item->curr_sym, state->ps->pool);
-			*((PgfSymbol*)(scat+1)) = prev;
+			*(((PgfSymbol*)scat)-1) = prev;
 			scat->d = nargs;
 			scat->r = lin_idx;
 		
@@ -1342,6 +1325,10 @@ pgf_parsing_symbol(PgfParseState* before, PgfParseState* after,
 		pgf_item_free(before, after, item);
 		break;
 	}
+	case PGF_SYMBOL_BIND: {
+		pgf_item_free(before, after, item);
+		break;
+	}
 	default:
 		gu_impossible();
 	}
@@ -1412,7 +1399,7 @@ pgf_parsing_item(PgfParseState* before, PgfParseState* after, PgfItem* item)
 		} else {
 			PgfToken tok = (after != NULL)
 			    ? after->ts->fn->get_token(after->ts)
-			    : gu_empty_string;
+			    : "";

 			PgfExprProb *ep = NULL;
 			bool accepted = 
@@ -1428,11 +1415,11 @@ pgf_parsing_item(PgfParseState* before, PgfParseState* after, PgfItem* item)
 					PgfSymbol prev = item->curr_sym;
 					PgfSymbolKS* sks = (PgfSymbolKS*)
 						gu_alloc_variant(PGF_SYMBOL_KS,
-										 sizeof(PgfSymbolKS)+sizeof(PgfSymbol),
+										 sizeof(PgfSymbol)+sizeof(PgfSymbolKS)+strlen(tok)+1,
 										 gu_alignof(PgfSymbolKS),
 										 &item->curr_sym, after->ps->pool);
-					*((PgfSymbol*)(sks+1)) = prev;
-					sks->token = tok;
+					*(((PgfSymbol*) sks)-1) = prev;
+					strcpy((char*) sks->token, (char*) tok);

 					item->seq_idx++;
 					pgf_parsing_add_transition(before, after, tok, item);
@@ -1546,9 +1533,7 @@ pgf_parsing_proceed(PgfParseState* state)
 static prob_t
 pgf_parsing_default_beam_size(PgfConcr* concr)
 {
-	GuPool* tmp_pool = gu_new_pool();
-	PgfCId flag_name = gu_str_string("beam_size", tmp_pool);
-	PgfLiteral lit = gu_map_get(concr->cflags, &flag_name, PgfLiteral);
+	PgfLiteral lit = gu_map_get(concr->cflags, "beam_size", PgfLiteral);
 	
 	if (gu_variant_is_null(lit))
 		return 0;
@@ -1677,7 +1662,7 @@ typedef struct {
 static bool
 pgf_real_match_token(PgfTokenState* ts, PgfToken tok, PgfItem* item)
 {
-	return gu_string_eq(gu_container(ts, PgfRealTokenState, ts)->tok, tok);
+	return strcmp(gu_container(ts, PgfRealTokenState, ts)->tok, tok) == 0;
 }

 static PgfToken
@@ -1707,7 +1692,7 @@ pgf_parser_next_state(PgfParseState* prev, PgfToken tok)
 		pgf_new_token_state(PgfRealTokenState, prev->ps->pool);
 	ts->tok = tok;
    ts->lexicon_idx = gu_map_get(prev->ps->concr->leftcorner_tok_idx,
-                                 &tok, PgfProductionIdx*);	
+                                 tok, PgfProductionIdx*);	
 	if (ts->lexicon_idx != NULL) {
 		PgfLexiconFn clo = { { pgf_parser_compute_lexicon_prob }, &ts->ts };
 		gu_map_iter(ts->lexicon_idx, &clo.fn, NULL);
@@ -1758,7 +1743,7 @@ pgf_prefix_match_token(PgfTokenState* ts0, PgfToken tok, PgfItem* item)

 static PgfToken
 pgf_prefix_get_token(PgfTokenState* ts) {
-	return gu_empty_string;
+	return "";
 }

 static PgfProductionIdx*
@@ -2165,7 +2150,7 @@ pgf_parser_init_state(PgfConcr* concr, PgfCId cat, size_t lin_idx,
                      GuPool* pool, GuPool* out_pool)
 {
 	PgfCncCat* cnccat =
-		gu_map_get(concr->cnccats, &cat, PgfCncCat*);
+		gu_map_get(concr->cnccats, cat, PgfCncCat*);
 	if (!cnccat)
 		return NULL;

@@ -2226,7 +2211,7 @@ pgf_parser_add_literal(PgfConcr *concr, PgfCId cat,
                       PgfLiteralCallback* callback)
 {
 	PgfCncCat* cnccat =
-		gu_map_get(concr->cnccats, &cat, PgfCncCat*);
+		gu_map_get(concr->cnccats, cat, PgfCncCat*);
 	if (cnccat == NULL)
 		return;

@@ -2281,7 +2266,7 @@ pgf_morpho_iter(GuMapItor* fn, const void* key, void* value, GuExn* err)
 						PgfToken tok1 = symks->token;
 						PgfToken tok2 = gu_seq_get(clo->tokens, PgfToken, pos++);

-						if (!gu_string_eq(tok1, tok2))
+						if (strcmp(tok1, tok2) != 0)
 							goto cont;
 					}
 					default:
@@ -2320,7 +2305,7 @@ pgf_lookup_morpho(PgfConcr *concr, PgfLexer *lexer,
 	}

 	PgfProductionIdx* lexicon_idx =
-		gu_map_get(concr->leftcorner_tok_idx, &tok, PgfProductionIdx*);
+		gu_map_get(concr->leftcorner_tok_idx, tok, PgfProductionIdx*);
 	if (lexicon_idx == NULL) {
 		gu_pool_free(tmp_pool);
 		return;
@@ -2374,10 +2359,10 @@ pgf_fullform_iter(GuMapItor* fn, const void* key, void* value, GuExn* err)
 			// create a new production index with keys that 
 			// are multiword units
 			PgfProductionIdx* lexicon_idx =
-				gu_map_get(st->new_idx, &tokens, PgfProductionIdx*);
+				gu_map_get(st->new_idx, tokens, PgfProductionIdx*);
 			if (lexicon_idx == NULL) {
 				lexicon_idx = gu_map_type_new(PgfProductionIdx, st->pool);
-				gu_map_put(st->new_idx, &tokens, PgfProductionIdx*, lexicon_idx);
+				gu_map_put(st->new_idx, tokens, PgfProductionIdx*, lexicon_idx);
 			}

 			PgfProductionBuf* prods =
@@ -2443,7 +2428,7 @@ pgf_fullform_lexicon(PgfConcr *concr, GuPool* pool)
 GuString
 pgf_fullform_get_string(PgfFullFormEntry* entry)
 {
-	return *((GuString*) entry->key);
+	return (GuString) entry->key;
 }

 void
@@ -2462,10 +2447,10 @@ pgf_parser_index_token(PgfConcr* concr,
                       GuPool *pool)
 {
 	PgfProductionIdx* set =
-		gu_map_get(concr->leftcorner_tok_idx, &tok, PgfProductionIdx*);
+		gu_map_get(concr->leftcorner_tok_idx, tok, PgfProductionIdx*);
 	if (set == NULL) {
 		set = gu_map_type_new(PgfProductionIdx, pool);
-		gu_map_put(concr->leftcorner_tok_idx, &tok, PgfProductionIdx*, set);
+		gu_map_put(concr->leftcorner_tok_idx, tok, PgfProductionIdx*, set);
 	}

 	PgfCFCat cfc = {ccat, lin_idx};
@@ -2527,6 +2512,7 @@ pgf_parser_index_symbol(PgfConcr* concr, PgfSymbol sym,
 	case PGF_SYMBOL_CAT:
 	case PGF_SYMBOL_LIT:
 	case PGF_SYMBOL_NE:
+	case PGF_SYMBOL_BIND:
 	case PGF_SYMBOL_VAR:
 		// Nothing to be done here
 		break;
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/parseval.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/parseval.c
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ pgf_metrics_lzn_end_phrase2(PgfLinFuncs** funcs, PgfCId cat, int fid, int lin_id
 			
 			if (phrase->start == start &&
 				phrase->end   == end &&
-				gu_string_eq(phrase->cat, cat) &&
+				strcmp(phrase->cat, cat) == 0 &&
 				phrase->lin_idx == lin_idx) {
 				state->matches++;
 				break;
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/pgf.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/pgf.c
@@ -49,30 +49,28 @@ pgf_load_meta_child_probs(PgfPGF* pgf, const char* fpath,
 	GuPool* tmp_pool = gu_new_pool();
 	
 	for (;;) {
-		char cat1_s[21];
-		char cat2_s[21];
+		char cat1[21];
+		char cat2[21];
 		prob_t prob;

-		if (fscanf(fp, "%20s\t%20s\t%f", cat1_s, cat2_s, &prob) < 3)
+		if (fscanf(fp, "%20s\t%20s\t%f", cat1, cat2, &prob) < 3)
 			break;

 		prob = - log(prob);

-		GuString cat1 = gu_str_string(cat1_s, tmp_pool);
 		PgfAbsCat* abscat1 =
-			gu_map_get(pgf->abstract.cats, &cat1, PgfAbsCat*);
+			gu_map_get(pgf->abstract.cats, cat1, PgfAbsCat*);
 		if (abscat1 == NULL) {
 			gu_raise(err, PgfExn);
 			goto close;
 		}

-		if (strcmp(cat2_s, "*") == 0) {
+		if (strcmp(cat2, "*") == 0) {
 			abscat1->meta_prob = prob;
-		} else if (strcmp(cat2_s, "_") == 0) {
+		} else if (strcmp(cat2, "_") == 0) {
 			abscat1->meta_token_prob = prob;
 		} else {
-			GuString cat2 = gu_str_string(cat2_s, tmp_pool);
-			PgfAbsCat* abscat2 = gu_map_get(pgf->abstract.cats, &cat2, PgfAbsCat*);
+			PgfAbsCat* abscat2 = gu_map_get(pgf->abstract.cats, cat2, PgfAbsCat*);
 			if (abscat2 == NULL) {
 				gu_raise(err, PgfExn);
 				goto close;
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ pgf_iter_languages(PgfPGF* pgf, GuMapItor* fn, GuExn* err)
 PgfConcr*
 pgf_get_language(PgfPGF* pgf, PgfCId lang)
 {
-	return gu_map_get(pgf->concretes, &lang, PgfConcr*);
+	return gu_map_get(pgf->concretes, lang, PgfConcr*);
 }

 GuString
@@ -123,16 +121,13 @@ pgf_iter_categories(PgfPGF* pgf, GuMapItor* fn, GuExn* err)
 }

 PgfCId
-pgf_start_cat(PgfPGF* pgf, GuPool* pool)
+pgf_start_cat(PgfPGF* pgf)
 {
-	GuPool* tmp_pool = gu_local_pool();
-
-	GuString s = gu_str_string("startcat", tmp_pool);
 	PgfLiteral lit =
-		gu_map_get(pgf->abstract.aflags, &s, PgfLiteral);
+		gu_map_get(pgf->abstract.aflags, "startcat", PgfLiteral);

 	if (gu_variant_is_null(lit))
-		return gu_str_string("S", pool);
+		return "S";

 	GuVariantInfo i = gu_variant_open(lit);
 	switch (i.tag) {
@@ -142,20 +137,17 @@ pgf_start_cat(PgfPGF* pgf, GuPool* pool)
 	}
 	}

-	return gu_str_string("S", pool);
+	return "S";
 }

 GuString
 pgf_language_code(PgfConcr* concr)
 {
-	GuPool* tmp_pool = gu_local_pool();
-
-	GuString s = gu_str_string("language", tmp_pool);
 	PgfLiteral lit =
-		gu_map_get(concr->cflags, &s, PgfLiteral);
+		gu_map_get(concr->cflags, "language", PgfLiteral);

 	if (gu_variant_is_null(lit))
-		return gu_empty_string;
+		return "";

 	GuVariantInfo i = gu_variant_open(lit);
 	switch (i.tag) {
@@ -165,7 +157,7 @@ pgf_language_code(PgfConcr* concr)
 	}
 	}

-	return gu_empty_string;
+	return "";
 }

 void
@@ -188,8 +180,8 @@ pgf_filter_by_cat(GuMapItor* fn, const void* key, void* value, GuExn* err)
 	PgfFunByCatIter* clo = (PgfFunByCatIter*) fn;
 	PgfAbsFun* absfun = *((PgfAbsFun**) value);
 	
-	if (gu_string_eq(absfun->type->cid, clo->catname)) {
-		clo->client_fn->fn(clo->client_fn, &absfun->name, NULL, err);
+	if (strcmp(absfun->type->cid, clo->catname) == 0) {
+		clo->client_fn->fn(clo->client_fn, absfun->name, NULL, err);
 	}
 }

@@ -205,10 +197,10 @@ PgfType*
 pgf_function_type(PgfPGF* pgf, PgfCId funname) 
 {
 	PgfAbsFun* absfun =
-		gu_map_get(pgf->abstract.funs, &funname, PgfAbsFun*);
+		gu_map_get(pgf->abstract.funs, funname, PgfAbsFun*);
 	if (absfun == NULL)
 		return NULL;
-		
+
 	return absfun->type;
 }

@@ -216,8 +208,8 @@ GuString
 pgf_print_name(PgfConcr* concr, PgfCId id)
 {
 	PgfCId name =
-		gu_map_get(concr->printnames, &id, PgfCId);
-	if (gu_string_eq(name, gu_empty_string))
+		gu_map_get(concr->printnames, id, PgfCId);
+	if (*name == 0)
 		name = id;
 	return name;
 }
@@ -226,7 +218,7 @@ void
 pgf_linearize(PgfConcr* concr, PgfExpr expr, GuOut* out, GuExn* err)
 {
 	GuPool* tmp_pool = gu_local_pool();
-	
+
 	GuEnum* cts = 
 		pgf_lzr_concretize(concr, expr, tmp_pool);
 	PgfCncTree ctree = gu_next(cts, PgfCncTree, tmp_pool);
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/pgf.h
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/pgf.h
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void
 pgf_iter_categories(PgfPGF* pgf, GuMapItor* fn, GuExn* err);

 PgfCId
-pgf_start_cat(PgfPGF* pgf, GuPool* pool);
+pgf_start_cat(PgfPGF* pgf);

 void
 pgf_iter_functions(PgfPGF* pgf, GuMapItor* fn, GuExn* err);
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/reader.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/reader.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #include <gu/exn.h>
 #include <gu/utf8.h>
 #include <math.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>

 //
 // PgfReader
@@ -116,11 +116,21 @@ pgf_read_literal(PgfReader* rdr)
 	uint8_t tag = pgf_read_tag(rdr);
 	switch (tag) {
 	case PGF_LITERAL_STR: {
+		GuLength len = pgf_read_len(rdr);
+		uint8_t* buf = alloca(len*6+1);
+		uint8_t* p   = buf;
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+			gu_in_utf8_buf(&p, rdr->in, rdr->err);
+			gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, gu_null_variant);
+		}
+		*p++ = 0;
+
 		PgfLiteralStr *lit_str =
-			gu_new_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
-						   PgfLiteralStr,
-						   &lit, rdr->opool);
-		lit_str->val = pgf_read_string(rdr);
+			gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_LITERAL_STR,
+						        PgfLiteralStr,
+						        val, p-buf,
+						        &lit, rdr->opool);
+		strcpy((char*) lit_str->val, (char*) buf);
 		break;
 	}
 	case PGF_LITERAL_INT: {
@@ -160,7 +170,7 @@ pgf_read_flags(PgfReader* rdr)
 		PgfLiteral value = pgf_read_literal(rdr);
 		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
 		
-		gu_map_put(flags, &name, PgfLiteral, value);
+		gu_map_put(flags, name, PgfLiteral, value);
 	}

 	return flags;
@@ -224,11 +234,16 @@ pgf_read_expr_(PgfReader* rdr)
 		break;
 	}
 	case PGF_EXPR_FUN: {
+		size_t len = pgf_read_len(rdr);
+
 		PgfExprFun *efun =
-			gu_new_variant(PGF_EXPR_FUN,
-						   PgfExprFun,
-						   &expr, rdr->opool);
-		efun->fun = pgf_read_cid(rdr, rdr->opool);
+			gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_EXPR_FUN,
+						        PgfExprFun,
+						        fun, len+1,
+						        &expr, rdr->opool);
+		gu_in_bytes(rdr->in, (uint8_t*)efun->fun, len, rdr->err);
+		efun->fun[len] = 0;
+		
 		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, gu_null_variant);
 		break;
 	}
@@ -403,7 +418,17 @@ pgf_read_absfun(PgfReader* rdr)
 {
 	PgfAbsFun* absfun = gu_new(PgfAbsFun, rdr->opool);

-	absfun->name = pgf_read_cid(rdr, rdr->opool);
+	size_t len = pgf_read_len(rdr);
+
+	PgfExprFun *efun =
+		gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_EXPR_FUN,
+							PgfExprFun,
+							fun, len+1,
+							&absfun->ep.expr, rdr->opool);
+	gu_in_bytes(rdr->in, (uint8_t*)efun->fun, len, rdr->err);
+	efun->fun[len] = 0;
+	absfun->name = efun->fun;
+
 	gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);

 	absfun->type = pgf_read_type_(rdr);
@@ -449,12 +474,6 @@ pgf_read_absfun(PgfReader* rdr)

 	absfun->ep.prob = - log(gu_in_f64be(rdr->in, rdr->err));

-	PgfExprFun* expr_fun =
-		gu_new_variant(PGF_EXPR_FUN,
-					   PgfExprFun,
-					   &absfun->ep.expr, rdr->opool);
-	expr_fun->fun = absfun->name;
-
 	return absfun;
 }
 					    
@@ -474,7 +493,7 @@ pgf_read_absfuns(PgfReader* rdr)
 		PgfAbsFun* absfun = pgf_read_absfun(rdr);
 		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
 		
-		gu_map_put(absfuns, &absfun->name, PgfAbsFun*, absfun);
+		gu_map_put(absfuns, absfun->name, PgfAbsFun*, absfun);
 	}

 	return absfuns;
@@ -514,7 +533,8 @@ pgf_read_abscat(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr, PgfCIdMap* abscats)
 		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
 		
 		PgfAbsFun* absfun =
-			gu_map_get(abstr->funs, &name, PgfAbsFun*);
+			gu_map_get(abstr->funs, name, PgfAbsFun*);
+		assert(absfun != NULL);
 		gu_buf_push(functions, PgfAbsFun*, absfun);
 	}

@@ -539,7 +559,7 @@ pgf_read_abscats(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr)
 		PgfAbsCat* abscat = pgf_read_abscat(rdr, abstr, abscats);
 		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);

-		gu_map_put(abscats, &abscat->name, PgfAbsCat*, abscat);
+		gu_map_put(abscats, abscat->name, PgfAbsCat*, abscat);
 	}

 	return abscats;
@@ -567,7 +587,7 @@ pgf_read_printnames(PgfReader* rdr)
 	GuMapType* map_type = (GuMapType*)
 		GU_TYPE_LIT(GuStringMap, _,
 			 		gu_type(GuString),
-					&gu_empty_string);
+					&"");
 	PgfCIdMap* printnames = gu_map_type_make(map_type, rdr->opool);

 	size_t len = pgf_read_len(rdr);
@@ -580,7 +600,7 @@ pgf_read_printnames(PgfReader* rdr)
 		GuString printname = pgf_read_string(rdr);
 		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);

-		gu_map_put(printnames, &name, GuString, printname);
+		gu_map_put(printnames, name, GuString, printname);
 	}

 	return printnames;
@@ -654,12 +674,21 @@ pgf_read_symbol(PgfReader* rdr)
 		break;
 	}
 	case PGF_SYMBOL_KS: {
+		GuLength len = pgf_read_len(rdr);
+		uint8_t* buf = alloca(len*6+1);
+		uint8_t* p   = buf;
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+			gu_in_utf8_buf(&p, rdr->in, rdr->err);
+			gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, gu_null_variant);
+		}
+		*p++ = 0;
+
 		PgfSymbolKS *sym_ks =
-			gu_new_variant(PGF_SYMBOL_KS,
-						   PgfSymbolKS,
-						   &sym, rdr->opool);
-		sym_ks->token = pgf_read_string(rdr);
-		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, gu_null_variant);
+			gu_new_flex_variant(PGF_SYMBOL_KS,
+						        PgfSymbolKS,
+						        token, p-buf,
+						        &sym, rdr->opool);
+		strcpy((char*) sym_ks->token, (char*) buf);
 		break;
 	}
 	case PGF_SYMBOL_KP: {
@@ -747,7 +776,7 @@ pgf_read_cncfun(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr, PgfConcr* concr, int funid)
 	gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);

 	PgfAbsFun* absfun =
-		gu_map_get(abstr->funs, &name, PgfAbsFun*);
+		gu_map_get(abstr->funs, name, PgfAbsFun*);

 	PgfCncFun* cncfun = gu_new_flex(rdr->opool, PgfCncFun, lins, len);
 	cncfun->absfun = absfun;
@@ -956,7 +985,7 @@ pgf_read_cnccat(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr, PgfConcr* concr, PgfCId name)
 		gu_malloc(rdr->opool, sizeof(PgfCncCat)+n_lins*sizeof(GuString));

 	cnccat->abscat = 
-		gu_map_get(abstr->cats, &name, PgfAbsCat*);
+		gu_map_get(abstr->cats, name, PgfAbsCat*);
 	gu_assert(cnccat->abscat != NULL);

 	int len = last + 1 - first;
@@ -1011,7 +1040,7 @@ pgf_read_cnccats(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr, PgfConcr* concr)
 			pgf_read_cnccat(rdr, abstr, concr, name);
 		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
 		
-		gu_map_put(cnccats, &name, PgfCncCat*, cnccat);
+		gu_map_put(cnccats, name, PgfCncCat*, cnccat);
 	}

 	return cnccats;
@@ -1100,7 +1129,7 @@ pgf_read_concrete(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr)
 		pgf_read_cid(rdr, rdr->opool);
 	gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);

-	concr->cflags = 
+	concr->cflags =
 		pgf_read_flags(rdr);
 	gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
 	
@@ -1150,7 +1179,7 @@ pgf_read_concretes(PgfReader* rdr, PgfAbstr* abstr)
 		PgfConcr* concr = pgf_read_concrete(rdr, abstr);
 		gu_return_on_exn(rdr->err, NULL);
 		
-		gu_map_put(concretes, &concr->name, PgfConcr*, concr);
+		gu_map_put(concretes, concr->name, PgfConcr*, concr);
 	}

 	return concretes;
--- a/src/runtime/c/pgf/reasoner.c
+++ b/src/runtime/c/pgf/reasoner.c
@@ -230,14 +230,14 @@ pgf_reasoner_try_first(PgfReasoner* rs, PgfExprState* parent, PgfAbsFun* absfun)
 {
 	PgfCId cat = absfun->type->cid;

-	PgfAnswers* answers = gu_map_get(rs->table, &cat, PgfAnswers*);
+	PgfAnswers* answers = gu_map_get(rs->table, cat, PgfAnswers*);
 	if (answers == NULL) {
 		answers = gu_new(PgfAnswers, rs->tmp_pool);
 		answers->parents = gu_new_buf(PgfExprState*, rs->tmp_pool);
 		answers->exprs   = gu_new_buf(PgfExprProb*, rs->tmp_pool);
 		answers->outside_prob = parent->base.prob;

-		gu_map_put(rs->table, &cat, PgfAnswers*, answers);
+		gu_map_put(rs->table, cat, PgfAnswers*, answers);
 	}

 	gu_buf_push(answers->parents, PgfExprState*, parent);
@@ -397,9 +397,9 @@ pgf_generate_all(PgfPGF* pgf, PgfCId cat, GuPool* pool)
 	answers->parents = gu_new_buf(PgfExprState*, rs->tmp_pool);
 	answers->exprs   = rs->exprs;
 	answers->outside_prob = 0;
-	gu_map_put(rs->table, &cat, PgfAnswers*, answers);
+	gu_map_put(rs->table, cat, PgfAnswers*, answers);

-	PgfAbsCat* abscat = gu_map_get(rs->abstract->cats, &cat, PgfAbsCat*);
+	PgfAbsCat* abscat = gu_map_get(rs->abstract->cats, cat, PgfAbsCat*);
 	if (abscat != NULL) {
 		((PgfPredicate) abscat->predicate)(rs, NULL);
 	}