GF Resource Grammar Library: Synopsis

B. Bringert, T. Hallgren, and A. Ranta

Introduction

The GF Resource Grammar Library is the standard library for Grammatical Framework. It covers the morphology and basic syntax of currently 16 languages.

This document contains the most important parts of the GF Resource Grammar API, as needed by a GF application programmer. It has been machine-generated from the source files; there are links to the relevant source files, which give more information. Some of the files have not yet been prepared so that the machine generated documentation has the nicest possible format.

The main contents are:

Many examples in Chapter 2 can be seen in multiple languages by hovering the mouse over the example, as shown in the following screenshot:

Other relevant documents:

Categories

Source 1: http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/abstract/Common.gf

Source 2: http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/abstract/Cat.gf

A hierarchic view

The chart below shows the categories in a hierarchical top-down order. The edges do not define the complete dependency structure; if they did, the graph would have many many more edges, and also many cycles. The precise meaning of a directed edge from C to D is: there is a constructor of C that takes D as an argument. What the constructors exactly are, and what other arguments they take, is described by separate tables for each category.

The rectangular boxes mark open lexical categories, which have constructors also in the Paradigms modules.

Explanations

Category Explanation Example
A one-place adjective warm
A2 two-place adjective divisible
AP adjectival phrase very warm
AdA adjective-modifying adverb very
AdN numeral-modifying adverb more than
AdV adverb directly attached to verb always
Adv verb-phrase-modifying adverb in the house
Ant anteriority simultaneous, anterior
CAdv comparative adverb more
CN common noun (without determiner) red house
Card cardinal number seven
Cl declarative clause, with all tenses she looks at this
Comp complement of copula, such as AP very warm
Conj conjunction and
Det determiner phrase those seven
Digits cardinal or ordinal in digits 1,000/1,000th
IAdv interrogative adverb why
IComp interrogative complement of copula where
IDet interrogative determiner how many
IP interrogative pronoun who
Imp imperative look at this
Interj interjection alas
N common noun house
N2 relational noun son
N3 three-place relational noun connection
NP noun phrase (subject or object) the red house
Num number determining element seven
Numeral cardinal or ordinal in words five/fifth
Ord ordinal number (used in Det) seventh
PConj phrase-beginning conjunction therefore
PN proper name Paris
Phr phrase in a text but be quiet please
Pol polarity positive, negative
Predet predeterminer (prefixed Quant) all
Prep preposition, or just case in
Pron personal pronoun she
QCl question clause, with all tenses why does she walk
QS question where did she live
Quant quantifier ('nucleus' of Det) this/these
RCl relative clause, with all tenses in which she lives
RP relative pronoun in which
RS relative in which she lived
S declarative sentence she lived here
SC embedded sentence or question that it rains
Subj subjunction if
Temp temporal and aspectual features past anterior
Tense tense present, past, future
Text text consisting of several phrases He is here. Why?
Utt sentence, question, word... be quiet
V one-place verb sleep
V2 two-place verb love
V2A verb with NP and AP complement paint
V2Q verb with NP and Q complement ask
V2S verb with NP and S complement tell
V2V verb with NP and V complement cause
V3 three-place verb show
VA adjective-complement verb look
VP verb phrase is very warm
VPSlash verb phrase missing complement give to John
VQ question-complement verb wonder
VS sentence-complement verb claim
VV verb-phrase-complement verb want
Voc vocative or "please" my darling

Syntax Rules and Structural Words

Source 1: http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/api/Constructors.gf

Source 2: http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/abstract/Structural.gf

A - one-place adjective

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

A2 - two-place adjective

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

AP - adjectival phrase

Function Type Example
comparAP A -> AP
warmer
mkAP A -> AP
warm
mkAP A -> NP -> AP
warmer than Paris
mkAP A2 -> NP -> AP
married to her
mkAP A2 -> AP
married
mkAP AP -> S -> AP
it is good that she sleeps
mkAP AP -> QS -> AP uncertain if she sleeps
mkAP AP -> VP -> AP ready to go
mkAP AP -> SC -> AP ready to go
mkAP AdA -> A -> AP
very old
mkAP AdA -> AP -> AP
very very old
mkAP Conj -> AP -> AP -> AP old and big
mkAP Conj -> ListAP -> AP old, big and warm
mkAP Ord -> AP oldest
mkAP CAdv -> AP -> NP -> AP as old as she
reflAP A2 -> AP married to himself

AdA - adjective-modifying adverb

Function Type Example
almost_AdA AdA almost
quite_Adv AdA quite
so_AdA AdA so
too_AdA AdA too
very_AdA AdA very

AdN - numeral-modifying adverb

Function Type Example
almost_AdN AdN almost
at_least_AdN AdN at
at_most_AdN AdN at
mkAdN CAdv -> AdN more than

AdV - adverb directly attached to verb

Function Type Example
always_AdV AdV always

Adv - verb-phrase-modifying adverb

Function Type Example
everywhere_Adv Adv everywhere
here7from_Adv Adv from here
here7to_Adv Adv to here
here_Adv Adv here
mkAdv A -> Adv
warmly
mkAdv Prep -> NP -> Adv
in the house
mkAdv Subj -> S -> Adv
when she sleeps
mkAdv CAdv -> A -> NP -> Adv
more warmly than he
mkAdv CAdv -> A -> S -> Adv
more warmly than he runs
mkAdv AdA -> Adv -> Adv
very warmly
mkAdv Conj -> Adv -> Adv -> Adv
here and now
mkAdv Conj -> ListAdv -> Adv
with her , here and now
somewhere_Adv Adv somewhere
there7from_Adv Adv from there
there7to_Adv Adv to there
there_Adv Adv there

Ant - anteriority

Function Type Example
anteriorAnt Ant
she has slept
simultaneousAnt Ant
she sleeps

CAdv - comparative adverb

Function Type Example
as_CAdv CAdv as
less_CAdv CAdv less
more_CAdv CAdv more

CN - common noun (without determiner)

Function Type Example
mkCN N -> CN
house
mkCN N2 -> NP -> CN
mother of the king
mkCN N3 -> NP -> NP -> CN
distance from this city to Paris
mkCN N2 -> CN
mother
mkCN N3 -> CN
distance
mkCN A -> N -> CN
big house
mkCN A -> CN -> CN
big blue house
mkCN AP -> N -> CN
very big house
mkCN AP -> CN -> CN
very big blue house
mkCN N -> RS -> CN
man whom she loves
mkCN CN -> RS -> CN
old man whom she loves
mkCN N -> Adv -> CN
house on the hill
mkCN CN -> Adv -> CN
big house on the hill
mkCN CN -> S -> CN rule that she sleeps
mkCN CN -> QS -> CN question if she sleeps
mkCN CN -> VP -> CN reason to sleep
mkCN CN -> SC -> CN reason to sleep
mkCN N -> NP -> CN king John
mkCN CN -> NP -> CN old king John

Card - cardinal number

Function Type Example
mkCard Str -> Card thirty-five (given as "35")
mkCard Numeral -> Card twenty
mkCard Digits -> Card 51
mkCard AdN -> Card -> Card almost fifty

Cl - declarative clause, with all tenses

Function Type Example
genericCl VP -> Cl
one sleeps
mkCl NP -> V -> Cl
she sleeps
mkCl NP -> V2 -> NP -> Cl
she loves him
mkCl NP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> Cl
she sends it to him
mkCl NP -> VV -> VP -> Cl
she wants to sleep
mkCl NP -> VS -> S -> Cl
she says that I sleep
mkCl NP -> VQ -> QS -> Cl
she wonders who sleeps
mkCl NP -> VA -> A -> Cl
she becomes old
mkCl NP -> VA -> AP -> Cl
she becomes very old
mkCl NP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> Cl
she paints it red
mkCl NP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> Cl
she paints it red
mkCl NP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> Cl
she answers to him that we sleep
mkCl NP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> Cl
she asks him who sleeps
mkCl NP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> Cl
she begs him to sleep
mkCl NP -> A -> Cl
she is old
mkCl NP -> A -> NP -> Cl
she is older than he
mkCl NP -> A2 -> NP -> Cl
she is married to him
mkCl NP -> AP -> Cl
she is very old
mkCl NP -> NP -> Cl
she is the woman
mkCl NP -> N -> Cl
she is a woman
mkCl NP -> CN -> Cl
she is an old woman
mkCl NP -> Adv -> Cl
she is here
mkCl NP -> VP -> Cl
she always sleeps
mkCl N -> Cl
there is a house
mkCl CN -> Cl there is an old house
mkCl NP -> Cl
there are many houses
mkCl NP -> RS -> Cl
it is she who sleeps
mkCl Adv -> S -> Cl
it is here that she sleeps
mkCl V -> Cl
it rains
mkCl VP -> Cl
it is raining
mkCl SC -> VP -> Cl
that she sleeps is good

ClSlash

Function Type Example
mkClSlash NP -> VPSlash -> ClSlash (whom) he sees here
mkClSlash NP -> V2 -> ClSlash (whom) he sees
mkClSlash NP -> VV -> V2 -> ClSlash (whom) he wants to see
mkClSlash Cl -> Prep -> ClSlash (with whom) he sleeps
mkClSlash ClSlash -> Adv -> ClSlash (whom) he sees tomorrow
mkClSlash NP -> VS -> SSlash -> ClSlash (whom) she says that he loves

Comp - complement of copula, such as AP

Function Type Example
mkComp AP -> Comp
old
mkComp NP -> Comp
this man
mkComp Adv -> Comp
here

Conj - conjunction

Function Type Example
and_Conj Conj and
both7and_DConj Conj both...and
either7or_DConj Conj either...or
if_then_Conj Conj if
or_Conj Conj or

Det - determiner phrase

Function Type Example
aPl_Det Det (houses)
aSg_Det Det a (house)
a_Det Det a (house)
every_Det Det every
few_Det Det few
many_Det Det many
mkDet Quant -> Det this
mkDet Quant -> Card -> Det these five
mkDet Quant -> Ord -> Det the best
mkDet Quant -> Num -> Ord -> Det these five best
mkDet Quant -> Num -> Det these five
mkDet Card -> Det forty
mkDet Digits -> Det 51
mkDet Numeral -> Det five
mkDet Pron -> Det my
mkDet Pron -> Num -> Det my five
much_Det Det much
somePl_Det Det somePl
someSg_Det Det someSg
thePl_Det Det the (houses)
theSg_Det Det the (houses)
the_Det Det the (house)

Dig

Function Type Example
n0_Dig Dig 0
n1_Dig Dig 1
n2_Dig Dig 2
n3_Dig Dig 3
n4_Dig Dig 4
n5_Dig Dig 5
n6_Dig Dig 6
n7_Dig Dig 7
n8_Dig Dig 8
n9_Dig Dig 9

Digits - cardinal or ordinal in digits

Function Type Example
mkDigits Str -> Digits 35 (from string "35")
mkDigits Dig -> Digits
4
mkDigits Dig -> Digits -> Digits
1 , 2 3 3 , 4 8 6

IAdv - interrogative adverb

Function Type Example
how8much_IAdv IAdv how8much
how_IAdv IAdv how
mkIAdv Prep -> IP -> IAdv
in which city
mkIAdv IAdv -> Adv -> IAdv
where in Paris
when_IAdv IAdv when
where_IAdv IAdv where
why_IAdv IAdv why

IComp - interrogative complement of copula

Function Type Example
mkIComp IAdv -> IComp where (is it)
mkIComp IP -> IComp who (is it)

IDet - interrogative determiner

Function Type Example
how8many_IDet IDet how8many
mkIDet IQuant -> Num -> IDet
which
mkIDet IQuant -> IDet mkIDet
whichPl_IDet IDet whichPl
which_IDet IDet which

IP - interrogative pronoun

Function Type Example
mkIP IDet -> CN -> IP
which five big cities
mkIP IDet -> N -> IP
which five cities
mkIP IDet -> IP
which five
mkIP IQuant -> CN -> IP
which big city
mkIP IQuant -> Num -> CN -> IP
which five big cities
mkIP IQuant -> N -> IP
which city
mkIP IP -> Adv -> IP
who in Paris
whatPl_IP IP what (plural)
whatSg_IP IP what (singular)
what_IP IP
what
whoPl_IP IP who (plural)
whoSg_IP IP who (singular)
who_IP IP
who

IQuant

Function Type Example
which_IQuant IQuant which

Imp - imperative

Function Type Example
mkImp VP -> Imp
come to my house
mkImp V -> Imp
come
mkImp V2 -> NP -> Imp
buy it

ImpForm

Function Type Example
pluralImpForm ImpForm
be men
politeImpForm ImpForm
be a man
singularImpForm ImpForm
be a man

Interj - interjection

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

ListAP

Function Type Example
mkListAP AP -> AP -> ListAP mkListAP
mkListAP AP -> ListAP -> ListAP mkListAP

ListAdv

Function Type Example
mkListAdv Adv -> Adv -> ListAdv mkListAdv
mkListAdv Adv -> ListAdv -> ListAdv mkListAdv

ListNP

Function Type Example
mkListNP NP -> NP -> ListNP mkListNP
mkListNP NP -> ListNP -> ListNP mkListNP

ListRS

Function Type Example
mkListRS RS -> RS -> ListRS mkListRS
mkListRS RS -> ListRS -> ListRS mkListRS

ListS

Function Type Example
mkListS S -> S -> ListS mkListS
mkListS S -> ListS -> ListS mkListS

N - common noun

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

N2 - relational noun

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

N3 - three-place relational noun

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

NP - noun phrase (subject or object)

Function Type Example
everybody_NP NP everybody
everything_NP NP everything
he_NP NP he
i_NP NP I
it_NP NP it
mkNP Quant -> N -> NP
this man
mkNP Quant -> CN -> NP
this old man
mkNP Quant -> Num -> CN -> NP
these five old men
mkNP Quant -> Num -> N -> NP
these five men
mkNP Det -> CN -> NP
the five old men
mkNP Det -> N -> NP
the five men
mkNP Numeral -> CN -> NP
fifty old men
mkNP Numeral -> N -> NP
fifty men
mkNP Digits -> CN -> NP
5 1 old men
mkNP Digits -> N -> NP
5 1 men
mkNP Card -> CN -> NP forty-five old men
mkNP Card -> N -> NP forty-five men
mkNP Pron -> CN -> NP
my old man
mkNP Pron -> N -> NP
my man
mkNP PN -> NP
Paris
mkNP Pron -> NP
we
mkNP Quant -> NP
this
mkNP Quant -> Num -> NP
these five
mkNP Det -> NP
the five best
mkNP CN -> NP
old beer
mkNP N -> NP
beer
mkNP Predet -> NP -> NP
only this woman
mkNP NP -> V2 -> NP
the man seen
mkNP NP -> Adv -> NP
Paris today
mkNP NP -> RS -> NP
John , who walks
mkNP Conj -> NP -> NP -> NP mkNP
mkNP Conj -> ListNP -> NP mkNP
nobody_NP NP nobody
nothing_NP NP nothing
she_NP NP she
somebody_NP NP somebody
something_NP NP something
they_NP NP they
we_NP NP we
youPl_NP NP you (plural)
youPol_NP NP you (polite singular)
you_NP NP you (singular)

Num - number determining element

Function Type Example
mkNum Str -> Num thirty-five (given by "35")
mkNum Numeral -> Num
twenty
mkNum Digits -> Num
2 1
mkNum Digit -> Num five
mkNum Card -> Num almost ten
mkNum AdN -> Card -> Num almost ten
pluralNum Num plural
singularNum Num singular

Numeral - cardinal or ordinal in words

Function Type Example
mkNumeral Unit -> Numeral eight (coerce 1..9)
mkNumeral Sub100 -> Numeral twenty-five (coerce 1..99)
mkNumeral Sub1000 -> Numeral six hundred (coerce 1..999)
mkNumeral Sub1000 -> Sub1000 -> Numeral 1000m + n
mkNumeral Str -> Numeral thirty-five (given by "35")
thousandfoldNumeral Sub1000 -> Numeral 1000n

Ord - ordinal number (used in Det)

Function Type Example
mkOrd Numeral -> Ord twentieth
mkOrd Digits -> Ord 51st
mkOrd Digit -> Ord fifth
mkOrd A -> Ord largest

PConj - phrase-beginning conjunction

Function Type Example
but_PConj PConj but
mkPConj Conj -> PConj
and now
otherwise_PConj PConj otherwise
therefore_PConj PConj therefore

PN - proper name

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

Phr - phrase in a text

Function Type Example
mkPhr (PConj) -> Utt -> (Voc) -> Phr
but sleep , my friend
mkPhr S -> Phr
she won't sleep
mkPhr Cl -> Phr
she sleeps
mkPhr QS -> Phr
would she sleep
mkPhr Imp -> Phr
sleep

Pol - polarity

Function Type Example
negativePol Pol
she doesn't sleep
positivePol Pol
she sleeps

Predet - predeterminer (prefixed Quant)

Function Type Example
all_Predet Predet all
most_Predet Predet most
not_Predet Predet not
only_Predet Predet only

Prep - preposition, or just case

Function Type Example
above_Prep Prep above
after_Prep Prep after
before_Prep Prep before
behind_Prep Prep behind
between_Prep Prep between
by8agent_Prep Prep by (agent)
by8means_Prep Prep by (means of)
during_Prep Prep during
except_Prep Prep except
for_Prep Prep for
from_Prep Prep from
in8front_Prep Prep in front of
in_Prep Prep in
on_Prep Prep on
part_Prep Prep part
possess_Prep Prep of (possessive)
through_Prep Prep through
to_Prep Prep to
under_Prep Prep under
with_Prep Prep with
without_Prep Prep without

Pron - personal pronoun

Function Type Example
he_Pron Pron he
i_Pron Pron i
it_Pron Pron it
she_Pron Pron she
they_Pron Pron they
we_Pron Pron we
youPl_Pron Pron you (plural)
youPol_Pron Pron you (polite)
youSg_Pron Pron you (singular)

Punct

Function Type Example
exclMarkPunct Punct
yes !
fullStopPunct Punct
yes .
questMarkPunct Punct
yes ?

QCl - question clause, with all tenses

Function Type Example
mkQCl Cl -> QCl
does she sleep
mkQCl IP -> VP -> QCl
who sleeps here
mkQCl IP -> V -> QCl
who sleeps
mkQCl IP -> V2 -> NP -> QCl
who loves her
mkQCl IP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> QCl
who sends it to her
mkQCl IP -> VV -> VP -> QCl
who wants to sleep
mkQCl IP -> VS -> S -> QCl who says that she sleeps
mkQCl IP -> VQ -> QS -> QCl who wonders who sleeps
mkQCl IP -> VA -> A -> QCl who becomes old
mkQCl IP -> VA -> AP -> QCl who becomes old
mkQCl IP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> QCl who paints it red
mkQCl IP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> QCl who paints it red
mkQCl IP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> QCl who tells her that we sleep
mkQCl IP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> QCl who asks her who sleeps
mkQCl IP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> QCl who forces her to sleep
mkQCl IP -> A -> QCl who is old
mkQCl IP -> A -> NP -> QCl who is older than her
mkQCl IP -> A2 -> NP -> QCl who is married to her
mkQCl IP -> AP -> QCl who is very old
mkQCl IP -> NP -> QCl who is the man
mkQCl IP -> N -> QCl who is a man
mkQCl IP -> CN -> QCl who is an old man
mkQCl IP -> Adv -> QCl who is here
mkQCl IP -> NP -> V2 -> QCl
who is her
mkQCl IP -> ClSlash -> QCl
whom does she love today
mkQCl IAdv -> Cl -> QCl
why does she sleep
mkQCl Prep -> IP -> Cl -> QCl
with whom does she sleep
mkQCl IAdv -> NP -> QCl
where is she
mkQCl IComp -> NP -> QCl
who is this man
mkQCl IP -> QCl
which city is there

QS - question

Function Type Example
mkQS (Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> QCl -> QS
who wouldn't have slept
mkQS Cl -> QS mkQS

Quant - quantifier ('nucleus' of Det)

Function Type Example
a_Quant Quant a
mkQuant Pron -> Quant my
no_Quant Quant no
that_Quant Quant that
the_Quant Quant the
this_Quant Quant this

RCl - relative clause, with all tenses

Function Type Example
mkRCl RP -> VP -> RCl
who always sleep
mkRCl RP -> V -> RCl
who sleep
mkRCl RP -> V2 -> NP -> RCl
who love her
mkRCl RP -> V3 -> NP -> NP -> RCl
who send it to her
mkRCl RP -> VV -> VP -> RCl
who want to sleep
mkRCl RP -> VS -> S -> RCl
who say that I sleep
mkRCl RP -> VQ -> QS -> RCl
who wonder who sleeps
mkRCl RP -> VA -> A -> RCl
who become old
mkRCl RP -> VA -> AP -> RCl
who become very old
mkRCl RP -> V2A -> NP -> A -> RCl
who paint it red
mkRCl RP -> V2A -> NP -> AP -> RCl
who paint it red
mkRCl RP -> V2S -> NP -> S -> RCl
who answer to him that we sleep
mkRCl RP -> V2Q -> NP -> QS -> RCl
who ask him who sleeps
mkRCl RP -> V2V -> NP -> VP -> RCl
who beg him to sleep
mkRCl RP -> A -> RCl
who am old
mkRCl RP -> A -> NP -> RCl
who am older than he
mkRCl RP -> A2 -> NP -> RCl
who am married to him
mkRCl RP -> AP -> RCl
who am very old
mkRCl RP -> NP -> RCl
who am the woman
mkRCl RP -> N -> RCl
who am a woman
mkRCl RP -> CN -> RCl
who am an old woman
mkRCl RP -> Adv -> RCl
who am here
mkRCl RP -> NP -> V2 -> RCl
whom she loves
mkRCl RP -> ClSlash -> RCl
whom she loves today
mkRCl Cl -> RCl such that she loves him

RP - relative pronoun

Function Type Example
mkRP Prep -> NP -> RP -> RP
all the cities in whom
which_RP RP
RelativeEng.IdRP

RS - relative

Function Type Example
mkRS (Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> RCl -> RS
who wouldn't have slept
mkRS Conj -> RS -> RS -> RS who sleeps and whose mother runsx
mkRS Conj -> ListRS -> RS who sleeps, whom I see and who sleeps

S - declarative sentence

Function Type Example
mkS (Tense) -> (Ant) -> (Pol) -> Cl -> S
she wouldn't have slept
mkS Conj -> S -> S -> S
she sleeps and I run
mkS Conj -> ListS -> S
she sleeps , I run and you walk
mkS Adv -> S -> S
today , she sleeps

SC - embedded sentence or question

Function Type Example
mkSC S -> SC
that she sleeps
mkSC QS -> SC
who sleeps
mkSC VP -> SC
to sleep

SSlash

Function Type Example
mkSSlash Temp -> Pol -> ClSlash -> SSlash mkSSlash

Sub100

Function Type Example
mkSub100 Unit -> Sub100
eight
mkSub100 Unit -> Unit -> Sub100
eighty - three
tenfoldSub100 Unit -> Sub100
eight

Sub1000

Function Type Example
mkSub1000 Sub100 -> Sub1000 coerce 1..99
mkSub1000 Unit -> Sub1000 100n
mkSub1000 Unit -> Sub100 -> Sub1000 100m + n

Subj - subjunction

Function Type Example
although_Subj Subj although
because_Subj Subj because
if_Subj Subj if
that_Subj Subj that
when_Subj Subj when

Temp - temporal and aspectual features

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

Tense - tense

Function Type Example
conditionalTense Tense
she would sleep
futureTense Tense
she will sleep
pastTense Tense
she slept
presentTense Tense
she sleeps

Text - text consisting of several phrases

Function Type Example
emptyText Text (empty text)
mkText Phr -> (Punct) -> (Text) -> Text
does she sleep ? yes .
mkText Utt -> Text
yes .
mkText S -> Text
she slept .
mkText Cl -> Text
she sleeps .
mkText QS -> Text
did she sleep ?
mkText (Pol) -> Imp -> Text
don't sleep !
mkText Text -> Text -> Text
where ? here . when ? now !

Unit

Function Type Example
n1_Unit Unit
one
n2_Unit Unit
two
n3_Unit Unit
three
n4_Unit Unit
four
n5_Unit Unit
five
n6_Unit Unit
six
n7_Unit Unit
seven
n8_Unit Unit
eight
n9_Unit Unit
nine

Utt - sentence, question, word...

Function Type Example
lets_Utt VP -> Utt
let's sleep
mkUtt S -> Utt
she slept
mkUtt Cl -> Utt
she sleeps
mkUtt QS -> Utt
who didn't sleep
mkUtt QCl -> Utt
who sleeps
mkUtt (ImpForm) -> (Pol) -> Imp -> Utt
don't be men
mkUtt IP -> Utt
who
mkUtt IAdv -> Utt
why
mkUtt NP -> Utt
this man
mkUtt Adv -> Utt
here
mkUtt VP -> Utt
to sleep
mkUtt CN -> Utt
beer
mkUtt AP -> Utt
good
mkUtt Card -> Utt
five
no_Utt Utt no
yes_Utt Utt yes

V - one-place verb

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

V2 - two-place verb

Function Type Example
have_V2 V2 have

V2A - verb with NP and AP complement

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

V2Q - verb with NP and Q complement

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

V2S - verb with NP and S complement

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

V2V - verb with NP and V complement

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

V3 - three-place verb

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

VA - adjective-complement verb

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

VP - verb phrase

Function Type Example
mkVP V -> VP
to sleep
mkVP V2 -> NP -> VP
to love him
mkVP V3 -> NP -> NP -> VP
to send it to him
mkVP VV -> VP -> VP
to want to sleep
mkVP VS -> S -> VP
to know that she sleeps
mkVP VQ -> QS -> VP
to wonder who sleeps
mkVP VA -> AP -> VP
to become red
mkVP V2A -> NP -> AP -> VP
to paint it red
mkVP V2S -> NP -> S -> VP
to answer to him that she sleeps
mkVP V2Q -> NP -> QS -> VP
to answer to him who sleeps
mkVP V2V -> NP -> VP -> VP
to beg him to sleep
mkVP A -> VP
to be old
mkVP A -> NP -> VP
to be older than he
mkVP A2 -> NP -> VP
to be married to him
mkVP AP -> VP
parse error
mkVP N -> VP
to be a woman
mkVP CN -> VP
to be an old woman
mkVP NP -> VP
to be the woman
mkVP Adv -> VP
to be here
mkVP VP -> Adv -> VP
to sleep here
mkVP AdV -> VP -> VP
always to sleep
mkVP VPSlash -> NP -> VP
to paint it black
mkVP VPSlash -> VP
to paint itself black
mkVP Comp -> VP
to be warm
passiveVP V2 -> VP
to be loved
passiveVP V2 -> NP -> VP
to be loved by her
progressiveVP VP -> VP
to be sleeping
reflexiveVP V2 -> VP
to love itself
reflexiveVP VPSlash -> VP paint itself black

VPSlash - verb phrase missing complement

Function Type Example
mkVPSlash V2 -> VPSlash (whom) (she) loves
mkVPSlash V3 -> NP -> VPSlash (whom) (she) gives an apple
mkVPSlash V2A -> AP -> VPSlash (whom) (she) paints red
mkVPSlash V2Q -> QS -> VPSlash (whom) (she) asks who sleeps
mkVPSlash V2S -> S -> VPSlash (whom) (she) tells that we sleep
mkVPSlash V2V -> VP -> VPSlash (whom) (she) forces to sleep
mkVPSlash VV -> VPSlash -> VPSlash want always to buy
mkVPSlash V2V -> NP -> VPSlash -> VPSlash beg me always to buy

VQ - question-complement verb

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

VS - sentence-complement verb

Lexical category, constructors given in lexical paradigms.

VV - verb-phrase-complement verb

Function Type Example
can8know_VV VV can (capacity)
can_VV VV can (possibility)
must_VV VV must
want_VV VV want

Voc - vocative or "please"

Function Type Example
mkVoc NP -> Voc
yes , my friend
please_Voc Voc please

Lexical Paradigms

Paradigms for Bulgarian

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/bulgarian/ParadigmsBul.gf

Function Type Explanation
mkN001 Str -> N numbers refer to Krustev, Bulg. Morph. in 187 Tables
mkN002 Str -> N -
mkN002a Str -> N -
mkN003 Str -> N -
mkN004 Str -> N -
mkN005 Str -> N -
mkN006 Str -> N -
mkN007 Str -> N -
mkN007b Str -> N -
mkN007a Str -> N -
mkN008 Str -> N -
mkN008b Str -> N -
mkN008c Str -> N -
mkN008a Str -> N -
mkN009 Str -> N -
mkN009a Str -> N -
mkN010 Str -> N -
mkN011 Str -> N -
mkN012 Str -> N -
mkN013 Str -> N -
mkN014 Str -> N -
mkN014a Str -> N -
mkN015 Str -> N -
mkN015a Str -> N -
mkN016 Str -> N -
mkN016a Str -> N -
mkN017 Str -> N -
mkN018 Str -> N -
mkN018a Str -> N -
mkN019 Str -> N -
mkN019a Str -> N -
mkN020 Str -> N -
mkN021 Str -> N -
mkN022 Str -> N -
mkN023 Str -> N -
mkN024a Str -> N -
mkN024 Str -> N -
mkN025 Str -> N -
mkN026 Str -> N -
mkN027 Str -> N -
mkN028 Str -> N -
mkN028a Str -> N -
mkN029 Str -> N -
mkN030 Str -> N -
mkN031 Str -> N -
mkN031a Str -> N -
mkN032 Str -> N -
mkN032a Str -> N -
mkN033 Str -> N -
mkN034 Str -> N -
mkN035 Str -> N -
mkN035a Str -> N -
mkN036 Str -> N -
mkN037 Str -> N -
mkN038 Str -> N -
mkN039 Str -> N -
mkN040 Str -> N -
mkN040a Str -> N -
mkN041 Str -> N -
mkN041a Str -> N -
mkN041b Str -> N -
mkN042 Str -> N -
mkN043 Str -> N -
mkN043a Str -> N -
mkN044 Str -> N -
mkN045 Str -> N -
mkN046 Str -> N -
mkN047 Str -> N -
mkN048 Str -> N -
mkN049 Str -> N -
mkN050 Str -> N -
mkN051 Str -> N -
mkN052 Str -> N -
mkN052a Str -> N -
mkN053 Str -> N -
mkN054 Str -> N -
mkN055 Str -> N -
mkN056 Str -> N -
mkN057 Str -> N -
mkN057a Str -> N -
mkN058 Str -> N -
mkN059 Str -> N -
mkN060 Str -> N -
mkN061 Str -> N -
mkN062 Str -> N -
mkN063 Str -> N -
mkN064 Str -> N -
mkN065 Str -> N -
mkN066 Str -> N -
mkN067 Str -> N -
mkN068 Str -> N -
mkN069 Str -> N -
mkN070 Str -> N -
mkN071 Str -> N -
mkN072 Str -> N -
mkN073 Str -> N -
mkN074 Str -> N -
mkN075 Str -> N -
mkA076 Str -> A -
mkA077 Str -> A -
mkA078 Str -> A -
mkA079 Str -> A -
mkA080 Str -> A -
mkA081 Str -> A -
mkA082 Str -> A -
mkA082a Str -> A -
mkA083 Str -> A -
mkA084 Str -> A -
mkA084a Str -> A -
mkA085 Str -> A -
mkA086 Str -> A -
mkA087 Str -> A -
mkA088 Str -> A -
mkA089a Str -> A -
mkV142 Str -> VTable -
mkV143 Str -> VTable -
mkV144 Str -> VTable -
mkV145 Str -> VTable -
mkV145a Str -> VTable -
mkV145b Str -> VTable -
mkV146 Str -> VTable -
mkV146a Str -> VTable -
mkV147 Str -> VTable -
mkV148 Str -> VTable -
mkV149 Str -> VTable -
mkV150 Str -> VTable -
mkV150a Str -> VTable -
mkV151 Str -> VTable -
mkV152 Str -> VTable -
mkV152a Str -> VTable -
mkV153 Str -> VTable -
mkV154 Str -> VTable -
mkV155 Str -> VTable -
mkV156 Str -> VTable -
mkV157 Str -> VTable -
mkV158 Str -> VTable -
mkV159 Str -> VTable -
mkV160 Str -> VTable -
mkV160a Str -> VTable -
mkV161 Str -> VTable -
mkV161a Str -> VTable -
mkV162 Str -> VTable -
mkV163 Str -> VTable -
mkV164 Str -> VTable -
mkV165 Str -> VTable -
mkV166 Str -> VTable -
mkV167 Str -> VTable -
mkV168 Str -> VTable -
mkV169 Str -> VTable -
mkV170 Str -> VTable -
mkV171 Str -> VTable -
mkV172 Str -> VTable -
mkV173 Str -> VTable -
mkV174 Str -> VTable -
mkV175 Str -> VTable -
mkV176 Str -> VTable -
mkV177 Str -> VTable -
mkV178 Str -> VTable -
mkV179 Str -> VTable -
mkV180 Str -> VTable -
mkV181 Str -> VTable -
mkV182 Str -> VTable -
mkV183 Str -> VTable -
mkV184 Str -> VTable -
mkV185 Str -> VTable -
mkV186 Str -> VTable -
mkV187 Str -> VTable -
mkV188 Str -> VTable -
adjAdv A -> Str -> A = -

Paradigms for Catalan

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/catalan/ParadigmsCat.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
accusative Prep -
genitive Prep -
dative Prep -
mkPrep Str -> Prep -
mkN (llum : Str) -> N -
mkN Str -> Gender -> N -
mkN (disc,discos : Str) -> Gender -> N -
compN N -> Str -> N -
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 -
deN2 N -> N2 -
aN2 N -> N2 -
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 -
mkPN (Anna : Str) -> PN -
mkPN (Pilar : Str) -> Gender -> PN -
mkA (sol : Str) -> A -
mkA (fort,forta,forts,fortes,fortament : Str) -> A -
mkA (bo : A) -> (millor : A) -> A -
prefixA A -> A -
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 -
mkAdv Str -> Adv -
mkAdV Str -> AdV -
mkAdA Str -> AdA -
mkV (cantar : Str) -> V -
mkV Verbum -> V -
reflV V -> V -
special_ppV V -> Str -> V -
mkV2 Str -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 -
v2V V2 -> V -
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 parlar, a, de
dirV3 V -> Prep -> V3 donar,(accusative),a
dirdirV3 V -> V3 donar,(dative),(accusative)
mkV0 V -> V0 -
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV plain infinitive: "vull parlar"
deVV V -> VV "acabar de parlar"
aVV V -> VV "aprendre a parlar"
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -
mkAS A -> AS -
mkA2S A -> Prep -> A2S -
mkAV A -> Prep -> AV -
mkA2V A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V -
V0 Type -

Paradigms for Danish

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/danish/ParadigmsDan.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
utrum Gender -
neutrum Gender -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
Case Type -
nominative Case -
genitive Case -
mkPrep Str -> Prep -
noPrep Prep empty string
mkN (bil : Str) -> N -
mkN (hus : Str) -> Gender -> N -
mkN (bil,bilen : Str) -> N -
mkN (bil,bilen,biler : Str) -> N -
mkN (dreng,drengen,drenge,drengene : Str) -> N -
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 -
regN2 Str -> Gender -> N2 -
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 -
mkPN Str -> PN utrum
mkPN Str -> Gender -> PN -
mkPN N -> PN -
mkA (fin : Str) -> A -
mkA (fin,fint : Str) -> A -
mkA (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A -
mkA (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A -
mkA A -> A -/mer/mest norsk
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 -
mkAdv Str -> Adv -
mkAdV Str -> AdV -
mkAdA Str -> AdA -
mkV (snakke : Str) -> V -
mkV (leve,levde : Str) -> V -
mkV (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -> V -
mkV (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V -
mkV V -> Str -> V -
vaereV V -> V -
depV V -> V -
reflV V -> V -
mkV2 Str -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 -
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 snakke, med, om
dirV3 V -> Prep -> V3 give,_,til
dirdirV3 V -> V3 give,_,_
mkV0 V -> V0 -
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV -
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -
mkAS A -> AS -
mkA2S A -> Prep -> A2S -
mkAV A -> AV -
mkA2V A -> Prep -> A2V -
V0 Type -

Paradigms for Dutch

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/dutch/ParadigmsDut.gf

Function Type Explanation
de Gender non-neutrum
het Gender neutrum
mkN (muis : Str) -> N de muis-muisen, with some predictable exceptions
mkN (bit : Str) -> Gender -> N if gender is not predictable
mkN (gat,gaten : Str) -> Gender -> N worst-case for nouns
mkN2 N -> N2 relational noun with preposition van
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 other preposition than van
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 e.g. afstand + van + naar
mkPN Str -> PN proper name
mkA (vers : Str) -> A regular adjective
mkA (goed,goede,goeds,beter,best : Str) -> A irregular adjective
invarA Str -> A adjective with just one form
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 e.g. getrouwd + met
mkAdv Str -> Adv -
mkPrep Str -> Prep -
van_Prep Prep -
te_Prep Prep -
mkV (aaien : Str) -> V regular verb
mkV (breken,brak,gebroken : Str) -> V theme of irregular verb
mkV (breken,brak,braken,gebroken : Str) -> V also past plural irregular
mkV (aai,aait,aaien,aaide,aaide,aaiden,geaaid : Str) -> V worst-case verb
mkV Str -> V -> V add movable suffix, e.g. af + stappen
zijnV V -> V force zijn as auxiliary (default hebben)
reflV V -> V reflexive verb e.g. zich afvragen
mkV3 V -> V3 geven,(accusative),(dative)
mkV3 V -> Prep -> V3 sturen,(accusative),naar
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 praten, met, over
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV -
mkV2V V -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -

Paradigms for English

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/english/ParadigmsEng.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
human Gender -
nonhuman Gender -
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
Case Type -
nominative Case -
genitive Case -
npNumber NP -> Number -
mkN (flash : Str) -> N plural s, incl. flash-flashes, fly-flies
mkN (man,men : Str) -> N irregular plural
mkN (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N irregular genitives
mkN Gender -> N -> N default nonhuman
mkN Str -> N -> N e.g. baby + boom
mkN2 N -> N2 e.g. wife of (default prep. to)
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 e.g. access to
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 e.g. connection from x to y
mkPN Str -> PN -
mkA (happy : Str) -> A regular adj, incl. happy-happier, rude-ruder
mkA (fat,fatter : Str) -> A irreg. comparative
mkA (good,better,best,well : Str) -> A completely irreg.
compoundA A -> A force comparison with more/most
simpleA A -> A force comparison with -er,-est
irregAdv A -> Str -> A adverb irreg, e.g. "fast"
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 absent from
mkAdv Str -> Adv e.g. today
mkAdV Str -> AdV e.g. always
mkAdA Str -> AdA e.g. quite
mkAdN Str -> AdN e.g. approximately
mkPrep Str -> Prep e.g. "in front of"
noPrep Prep no preposition
mkV (cry : Str) -> V regular, incl. cry-cries, kiss-kisses etc
mkV (stop, stopped : Str) -> V reg. with consonant duplication
mkV (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ordinary irregular
mkV (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V totally irregular
mkV Str -> V -> V fix compound, e.g. under+take
partV V -> Str -> V with particle, e.g. switch + on
reflV V -> V reflexive e.g. behave oneself
mkV2 V -> V2 transitive, e.g. hit
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 with preposiiton, e.g. believe in
mkV3 V -> V3 ditransitive, e.g. give,_,_
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 two prepositions, e.g. speak, with, about
mkVS V -> VS sentence-compl e.g. say (that S)
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S e.g. tell (NP) (that S)
mkVV V -> VV e.g. want (to VP)
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V e.g. want (NP) (to VP)
mkVA V -> VA e.g. become (AP)
mkV2A V -> Prep -> V2A e.g. paint (NP) (AP)
mkVQ V -> VQ e.g. wonder (QS)
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q e.g. ask (NP) (QS)

Paradigms for Finnish

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/finnish/ParadigmsFin.gf

Function Type Explanation
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
Case Type -
nominative Case e.g. "talo"
genitive Case e.g. "talon"
partitive Case e.g. "taloa"
essive Case e.g. "talona"
translative Case e.g. "taloksi"
inessive Case e.g. "talossa"
elative Case e.g. "talosta"
illative Case e.g. "taloon"
adessive Case e.g. "talolla"
ablative Case e.g. "talolta"
allative Case e.g. "talolle"
infFirst InfForm e.g. "tehdä"
infElat InfForm e.g. "tekemästä"
infIllat InfForm e.g. "tekemään"
prePrep Case -> Str -> Prep preposition, e.g. partitive "ilman"
postPrep Case -> Str -> Prep postposition, e.g. genitive "takana"
postGenPrep Str -> Prep genitive postposition, e.g. "takana"
casePrep Case -> Prep just case, e.g. adessive
mkN (kukko : Str) -> N predictable nouns, covers 82%
mkN (savi,savia : Str) -> N different pl.part
mkN (vesi,veden,vesiä : Str) -> N also different sg.gen
mkN (vesi,veden,vesiä,vettä : Str) -> N also different sg.part
mkN (olo,n,na,a,oon,jen,ja,ina,issa,ihin : Str) -> N worst case, 10 forms
mkN (pika : Str) -> (juna : N) -> N compound with invariable prefix
mkN (oma : N) -> (tunto : N) -> N compound with inflecting prefix
mkN2 N -> N2 relational noun with genitive
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 relational noun another prep.
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 relation with two complements
mkPN Str -> PN predictable noun made into name
mkPN N -> PN any noun made into name
mkA Str -> A regular noun made into adjective
mkA N -> A any noun made into adjective
mkA N -> (kivempi,kivin : Str) -> A deviating comparison forms
mkA (hyva,prmpi,pras : N) -> (hyvin,pmmin,prhten : Str) -> A worst case adj
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 e.g. "jaollinen" casePrep adessive
mkV (huutaa : Str) -> V predictable verbs, covers 90%
mkV (huutaa,huusi : Str) -> V deviating past 3sg
mkV (huutaa,huudan,huusi : Str) -> V also deviating pres. 1sg
mkV (huutaa,dan,taa,tavat,takaa,detaan,sin,si,sisi,tanut,dettu,tanee : Str) -> V worst-case verb
caseV Case -> V -> V deviating subj. case, e.g. genitive "täytyä"
vOlla V the verb "be"
mkV2 Str -> V2 predictable direct transitive
mkV2 V -> V2 direct transitive
mkV2 V -> Case -> V2 complement just case
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 complement pre/postposition
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 e.g. puhua, allative, elative
dirV3 V -> Case -> V3 siirtää, (accusative), illative
dirdirV3 V -> V3 antaa, (accusative), (allative)
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S e.g. "sanoa" allative
mkVV V -> VV e.g. "alkaa"
mkVVf V -> InfForm -> VV e.g. "ruveta" infIllat
mkV2V V -> Prep -> V2V e.g. "käskeä" genitive
mkV2Vf V -> Prep -> InfForm -> V2V e.g. "kieltää" partitive infElat
mkVA V -> Prep -> VA e.g. "maistua" ablative
mkV2A V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A e.g. "maalata" accusative translative
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q e.g. "kysyä" ablative

Paradigms for French

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/french/ParadigmsFre.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
accusative Prep direct object case
genitive Prep genitive, constructed with "de"
dative Prep dative, usually constructed with "à"
mkPrep Str -> Prep preposition (other than "de" and "à")
mkN (cheval : Str) -> N predictable, with variations like cheval-chevaux
mkN (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N worst-case noun
mkN N -> Str -> N compound noun, e.g. numéro + de téléphone
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 e.g. fille + genitive
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 e.g. connection + genitive + dative
mkPN Str -> PN feminine if ends with "e", otherwise masculine
mkPN Str -> Gender -> PN gender deviant from the simple rule
mkA (cher : Str) -> A predictable, e.g. cher-chère
mkA (sec,seche : Str) -> A unpredictable feminine
mkA (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A worst-case adjective
mkA A -> A -> A irregular comparison, e.g. bon-meilleur
prefixA A -> A adjective that comes before noun, e.g. petit
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 e.g. supérieur + dative
mkAdv Str -> Adv ordinary adverb
mkAdV Str -> AdV sentential adverb, e.g. toujours
mkAdA Str -> AdA modify adjective, e.g. très
mkV (finir : Str) -> V regular 1/2/3 conjugation
mkV (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V 1st conjugation variations
mkV V2 -> V make 2-place to 1-place (e.g. from IrregFre)
etreV V -> V force auxiliary to be être (default avoir)
reflV V -> V reflexive, implies auxiliary être, e.g. se demander
mkV2 V -> V2 direct transitive
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 e.g. se fier + genitive
mkV3 V -> V3 donner (+ accusative + dative)
mkV3 V -> Prep -> V3 placer (+ accusative) + dans
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 parler + dative + genitive
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV plain infinitive: "je veux parler"
deVV V -> VV "j'essaie de parler"
aVV V -> VV "j'arrive à parler"
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -

Paradigms for German

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/german/ParadigmsGer.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
neuter Gender -
Case Type -
nominative Case -
accusative Case -
dative Case -
genitive Case -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
mkN (Stufe : Str) -> N die Stufe-Stufen, der Tisch-Tische
mkN (Bild,Bilder : Str) -> Gender -> N sg and pl nom, and gender
mkN (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> Gender -> N worst case: mann, mann, manne, mannes, männer, männern
mkN2 N -> N2 noun + von
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 noun + other preposition
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 noun + two prepositions
mkPN Str -> PN regular name with genitive in "s"
mkPN (nom,gen : Str) -> PN name with other genitive
mkPN (nom,acc,dat,gen : Str) -> PN name with all case forms
mkA Str -> A regular adjective, works for most cases
mkA (gut,besser,beste : Str) -> A irregular comparison
mkA (gut,gute,besser,beste : Str) -> A irregular positive if ending added
invarA Str -> A invariable, e.g. prima
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 e.g. teilbar + durch
mkAdv Str -> Adv adverbs have just one form anyway
mkPrep Str -> Case -> Prep e.g. "durch" + accusative
accPrep Prep no string, just accusative case
datPrep Prep no string, just dative case
genPrep Prep no string, just genitive case
von_Prep Prep von + dative
zu_Prep Prep zu + dative, with contractions zum, zur
anDat_Prep Prep an + dative, with contraction am
inDat_Prep Prep in + dative, with contraction ins
inAcc_Prep Prep in + accusative, with contraction im
mkV (führen : Str) -> V regular verb
mkV (sehen,sieht,sah,sähe,gesehen : Str) -> V irregular verb theme
mkV (geben, gibt, gib, gab, gäbe, gegeben : Str) -> V worst-case verb
mkV Str -> V -> V movable prefix, e.g. auf+fassen
no_geV V -> V no participle "ge", e.g. "bedeuten"
fixprefixV Str -> V -> V add prefix such as "be"; implies no_ge
seinV V -> V force "sein" as auxiliary
habenV V -> V force "haben" as auxiliary
reflV V -> Case -> V reflexive, with case
mkV2 V -> V2 direct object
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 preposition for complement
mkV2 V -> Case -> V2 just case for complement
accdatV3 V -> V3 geben + acc + dat
dirV3 V -> Prep -> V3 senden + acc + nach
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 sprechen + mit + über
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV -
mkV2V V -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -

Paradigms for Italian

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/italian/ParadigmsIta.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
--Prep Type -
accusative Prep -
genitive Prep -
dative Prep -
mkPrep Str -> Prep -
mkN (cane : Str) -> N -
mkN (carne : Str) -> Gender -> N -
mkN (uomo,uomini : Str) -> Gender -> N -
mkN N -> Str -> N -
mkN2 Str -> N2 -
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 -
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 -
mkPN Str -> PN -
mkPN Str -> Gender -> PN -
mkA (bianco : Str) -> A -
mkA (solo,sola,soli,sole,solamente : Str) -> A -
mkA A -> A -> A -
prefixA A -> A = prefA -
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 -
mkAdv Str -> Adv -
mkAdV Str -> AdV -
mkAdA Str -> AdA -
mkV Str -> V -
mkV Verbo -> V -
mkV (udire,odo,ode,udiamo,udiro,udii,udisti,udi,udirono,odi,udito : Str) -> V -
essereV V -> V -
reflV V -> V -
mkV2 Str -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 -
v2V V2 -> V -
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 parlare, a, di
dirV3 V -> Prep -> V3 dare,_,a
dirdirV3 V -> V3 dare,_,_
mkV0 V -> V0 -
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV plain infinitive: "voglio parlare"
deVV V -> VV "cerco di parlare"
aVV V -> VV "arrivo a parlare"
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -
mkAS A -> AS -
mkA2S A -> Prep -> A2S -
mkAV A -> Prep -> AV -
mkA2V A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V -
V0 Type -

Paradigms for Norwegian

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/norwegian/ParadigmsNor.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
neutrum Gender -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
Case Type -
nominative Case -
genitive Case -
mkPrep Str -> Prep -
noPrep Prep empty string
mkN Str -> N -
mkN Str -> Gender -> N -
mkN (bil,bilen : Str) -> N -
mkN (dreng,drengen,drenger,drengene : Str) -> N -
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 -
regN2 Str -> Gender -> N2 -
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 -
mkPN Str -> PN masculine
mkPN Str -> Gender -> PN -
mkPN N -> PN -
mkA (fin : Str) -> A -
mkA (fin,fint : Str) -> A -
mkA (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A -
mkA (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A -
mkA A -> A -/mer/mest norsk
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 -
mkAdv Str -> Adv e.g. her
mkAdV Str -> AdV e.g. altid
mkAdA Str -> AdA -
mkV (snakke : Str) -> V -
mkV (leve,levde : Str) -> V -
mkV (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -> V -
mkV (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V -
mkV V -> Str -> V -
vaereV V -> V -
depV V -> V -
reflV V -> V -
mkV2 Str -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 -
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 snakke, med, om
dirV3 V -> Prep -> V3 gi,_,til
dirdirV3 V -> V3 gi,_,_
mkV0 V -> V0 -
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV -
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -
mkAS A -> AS -
mkA2S A -> Prep -> A2S -
mkAV A -> AV -
mkA2V A -> Prep -> A2V -
V0 Type -

Paradigms for Polish

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/polish/ParadigmsPol.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type; -
masculineP Gender; personal
masculineA Gender; animate
masculineI Gender; inanimate
feminine Gender; -
neuter Gender; -
personal Animacy; -
Case Type; -
nominative Case; -
genitive Case; -
dative Case; -
accusative Case; -
instrumental Case; -
locative Case; -
vocative Case; -
Number Type; -
singular Number; -
plural Number; -
nKapiel Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-l"
nLodz Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-dź"
nSul Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-l"
nKonew Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-w"
nWies Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-ś"
nDlon Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-ń"
nSiec Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-ć" (sieć),"-ść" (miłość)
nDrzwi Str -> N; drzwi, wnętrzności, usta
nKosc Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-ść"(kość), "-ć" (nić),
nNoc Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-c", "-cz", "-rz", "-ż"
nWesz Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-sz"
nKrolowa Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-wa", but also for "księżna"
nReka Str -> N; feminine "ręka", irregularly noun
nApteka Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-k", -"g", consonant alternation k:c, g:dz
nDroga Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "g", consonant alternation d:dz, vowel alternation o:ó
nMatka Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in -k,consonant alternation k:c, fleeting e
nZiemia Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-ia"
nFala Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-l"
nLilia Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-ia"
nKobieta Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-t"
nLiczba Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-b", "-p", "-n"
nSila Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-ł", "-r"
nDoba Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-b", "-p"
nWoda Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-d"
nSzkola Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-oła", "-ra"
nWojna Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in two consonants: jn, łz, łn, ćm,żw
nWiosna Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in two consonants: sn
nMgla Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-gł"
nGwiazda Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-zd"
nUlica Str -> N; feminine, subject ending mainly in "-c", but also in "-ż", "-rz", "-dz"
nOwca Str -> N; feminine, subject ending in "-c"
nDanie Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-ni"
nSerce Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in a hardened consonant "-c", "-rz"
nNasienie Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-ni" (only for "nasienie")
nMorze Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-rz", "-ż"
nImie Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-ę"
nCiele Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-ę"
nUdo Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in hard consonant + "o"
nPiwo Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in a hard consonant + "o"
nZero Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-r"
nNiebo Str -> N; neuter, declension for "niebo"
nTlo Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-ło"
nZebro Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-r"
nOkno Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-n"
nGniazdo Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-zd", "-st"
nWojsko Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-k"
nJajo Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-j"
nJablko Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-k"
nStudio Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-n"
nDziecko Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-n"
nUcho Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-ch"
nOko Str -> N; neuter, subject ending in "-k"
nFacet Str -> N; masculine personal, subject ending in a hard consonant "-t", -"n", nom pl "-i"
nArab Str -> N; masculine personal, subject ending in a hard consonant "-t", -"n", nom pl "-y"
nPrzyjaciel Str -> N; masculine personal, subject ending in a hard consonant "-l"
nKowal Str -> N; masculine personal, subject ending in a hard consonant "-l"
nLekarz Str -> N; masculine personal ending in -rz, -ż, -cz, -sz (piekarz, lekarz, papież, tłumacz, piwosz)
nKrol Str -> N; masculine personal, subject ending in "-ul"
nMaz Str -> N; masculine personal
nWrog Str -> N; masculine personal, subject ending in "-g"; only for "wróg"
nKsiadz Str -> N; masculine personal
nOjciec Str -> N; masculine personal for "ojciec"
nBrat Str -> N; masculine personal
nBog Str -> N; masculine personal
nChlopiec Str -> N; masculine personal
nMezczyzna Str -> N; masculine personal
nKon Str -> N; masculine animate, for "koń"
nWaz Str -> N; masculine animate, for "wąż"
nPtak Str -> N; masculine animate, subject ending in "-k"
nKot Str -> N; masculine animate, for "kot"
nPies Str -> N; masculine animate, for "pies"
nBat Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nChleb Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nSer Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in "-r"
nZab Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in "-ąb"
nKosciol Str -> N; masculine inanimate, for "kosciół"
nCien Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a week consonant
nPien Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a week consonant
nLisc Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nKoc Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a hardened consonant
nWiersz Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a hardened consonant
nDzien Str -> N; masculine inanimate, for "dzień"
nKajak Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in -g or -k
nMlotek Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in -ek
nMiech Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in -ch
nSad Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a hard consonant
nDym Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a hard consonant
nWal Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nDol Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nOgrod Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nKwiat Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nLas Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nWiatr Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nPopiol Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant
nPokoj Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in -ój
nGaj Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in a vowel + hard consonant j
nBrzeg Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in -g or -k
nRok Str -> Str -> N; masculine inanimate for "rok", form in pl irregular
nProg Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in -óg
nStatek Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in -ek
nDom Str -> N; masculine inanimate, subject ending in -ch and for dom
mkN (nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instrSg, locSg, vocSg, -
mkN2 N -> N2 -
mkFun N -> Prep -> N2; -
nullPrep Prep = {s = []; c= GenNoPrep; lock_Prep=<>}; -
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3; -
mkPrep Str -> Case -> Prep; -
genPrep Prep; -
datPrep Prep; -
accPrep Prep; -
instrPrep Prep; -
bez_Prep Prep; --without -
dla_Prep Prep; --for -
do_Prep Prep; --to -
dookola_Prep Prep; --(a)round -
kolo_Prep Prep; --near -
obok_Prep Prep; --beside, next to -
od_Prep Prep; --from -
oprocz_Prep Prep; --out of -
podczas_Prep Prep; --during -
mimo_Prep Prep; despite
spod_Prep Prep; --under -
u_Prep Prep; --by, with (I was by Peter last sunday.) -
wzdluz_Prep Prep; --along -
z_Prep Prep; --from (I come from Italy.), of/ from (The ring is made of silver.) -
zamiast_Prep Prep; --instead of -
znad_Prep Prep; --over, above -
zza_Prep Prep; --behind -
dzieki_Prep Prep; thanks for
przeciw_Prep Prep; against

Paradigms for Romanian

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/romanian/ParadigmsRon.gf

Function Type Explanation
NGender Type -
masculine NGender -
feminine NGender -
neuter NGender -
Gender Type -
Masculine Gender -
Feminine Gender -
Anim Type -
animate Anim -
inanimate Anim; -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
Preposition Type -
NCase Type -
Acc NCase -
Dat NCase -
Gen NCase -
Nom NCase -
mkPrep Str -> NCase-> Bool -> Prep -
mkPrep Str -> NCase -> Prep; -
noPrep NCase -> Prep -
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 -
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 -
mkPN Str -> PN -
mkPN Str -> Str -> Gender -> Number -> PN -
mkPN Str -> Gender -> PN -
mkPN Str -> Gender -> Number -> PN -
mkInAn PN -> PN -
mkPropNoun Str -> Gender -> PN -
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 -
mkV Str -> V -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -
mkAS A -> AS -
mkA2S A -> Prep -> A2S -
mkAV A -> Prep -> AV -
mkA2V A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V -

Paradigms for Russian

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/russian/ParadigmsRus.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
neuter Gender -
Case Type -
nominative Case -
genitive Case -
dative Case -
accusative Case -
instructive Case -
prepositional Case -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
mkN (karta : Str) -> N -
mkN (tigr : Str) -> Animacy -> N -
mkN (nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg, prepos2Sg, nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N -
mkN2 N -> N2 -
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 -
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 -
mkPN Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> PN "Иван", "Маша"
nounPN N -> PN -
mkA (positive : Str) -> A -
mkA (positive, comparative : Str) -> A -
mkA2 A -> Str -> Case -> A2 "делим на"
mkAdv Str -> Adv -
mkV Aspect -> (presentSgP1,presentSgP2,presentSgP3, -
pastSgP1,imperative,infinitive Str) -> V -
mkV2 V -> Str -> Case -> V2 "войти в дом"; "в", accusative
mkV3 V -> Str -> Str -> Case -> Case -> V3 "сложить письмо в конверт"
dirV2 V -> V2 "видеть", "любить"
tvDirDir V -> V3 -

Paradigms for Spanish

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/spanish/ParadigmsSpa.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
accusative Prep -
genitive Prep -
dative Prep -
mkPrep Str -> Prep -
mkN (luz : Str) -> N -
mkN Str -> Gender -> N -
mkN (baston,bastones : Str) -> Gender -> N -
compN N -> Str -> N -
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 -
deN2 N -> N2 -
aN2 N -> N2 -
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 -
mkPN (Anna : Str) -> PN -
mkPN (Pilar : Str) -> Gender -> PN -
mkA (util : Str) -> A -
mkA (solo,sola,solos,solas,solamente : Str) -> A -
mkA (bueno : A) -> (mejor : A) -> A -
prefixA A -> A -
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 -
mkAdv Str -> Adv -
mkAdV Str -> AdV -
mkAdA Str -> AdA -
mkV (pagar : Str) -> V -
mkV (mostrar,muestro : Str) -> V -
mkV Verbum -> V -
reflV V -> V -
special_ppV V -> Str -> V -
mkV2 Str -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> V2 -
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 -
v2V V2 -> V -
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 hablar, a, di
dirV3 V -> Prep -> V3 dar,(accusative),a
dirdirV3 V -> V3 dar,(dative),(accusative)
mkV0 V -> V0 -
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV plain infinitive: "quiero hablar"
deVV V -> VV "terminar de hablar"
aVV V -> VV "aprender a hablar"
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -
mkAS A -> AS -
mkA2S A -> Prep -> A2S -
mkAV A -> Prep -> AV -
mkA2V A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V -
V0 Type -

Paradigms for Swedish

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/swedish/ParadigmsSwe.gf

Function Type Explanation
Gender Type -
utrum Gender the "en" gender
neutrum Gender the "ett" gender
Number Type -
singular Number -
plural Number -
mkPrep Str -> Prep e.g. "till"
noPrep Prep empty string
mkN (apa : Str) -> N predictable nouns: apa-apor, rike-riken, or bil-bilar
mkN (nyckel,nycklar : Str) -> N singular and plural suffice for most nouns
mkN (museum,museet,museer,museerna : Str) -> N worst case for nouns
mkN2 N -> Prep -> N2 e.g. syster - till
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 e.g. flyg - från - till
mkPN Str -> PN default gender utrum
mkPN Str -> Gender -> PN set other gender
mkPN (jesus,jesu : Str) -> Gender -> PN irregular genitive
mkA (billig : Str) -> A -
mkA (bred,brett : Str) -> A predictable adjective
mkA (tung,tyngre,tyngst : Str) -> A irregular comparison
mkA (god,gott,goda,battre,bast : Str) -> A very irregular
mkA (liten,litet,lilla,sma,mindre,minst,minsta : Str) -> A worst case
compoundA A -> A force comparison by mera - mest
mkA2 A -> Prep -> A2 e.g. delbar - med
mkAdv Str -> Adv postverbal, e.g. här
mkAdV Str -> AdV preverbal, e.g. alltid
mkAdA Str -> AdA modify adjective, e.g. tämligen
mkV (stämmer : Str) -> V predictable verb: use present indicative
mkV (dricka,drack,druckit : Str) -> V the theme of an irregular verb
mkV (gå,går,gå,gick,gått,gången : Str) -> V worst case
mkV V -> Str -> V particle verb, e.g. passa - på
depV V -> V deponent verb, e.g. andas
reflV V -> V reflexive verb, e.g. ångra sig
mkV2 V -> V2 direct transitive
mkV2 V -> Prep -> V2 preposition for complement
mkV3 V -> V3 direct ditransitive
mkV3 V -> Prep -> V3 preposition for last argument
mkV3 V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 prepositions for both complements
mkVS V -> VS -
mkV2S V -> Prep -> V2S -
mkVV V -> VV -
mkV2V V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V -
mkVA V -> VA -
mkV2A V -> Prep -> V2A -
mkVQ V -> VQ -
mkV2Q V -> Prep -> V2Q -

Paradigms for Urdu

source http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/resource/src/urdu/ParadigmsUrd.gf

Function Type Explanation
masculine Gender -
feminine Gender -
singular Number; -
plural Number; -
mkN Str -> N Regular nouns like lRka, gender is judged from noun ending
mkN Str -> Gender -> N nouns whose gender is irregular like Admy
mkN (x1,_,_,_,_,x6 : Str) -> Gender -> N worst case
mkN2 N -> Prep -> Str -> N2; e.g maN ky
mkN3 N -> Prep -> Str -> Str-> N3 e.g faSlh - sE - ka
mkCmpdNoun Str -> N -> N e.g t-alb elm
mkPN Str -> PN = \s -> let n -
personalPN Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> UPerson -> Pron -
demoPN Str -> Str -> Str -> Quant -
mkDet Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Number -> Det -
mkIP (x1,x2,x3:Str) -> Number -> Gender -> IP -
mkAdN Str -> AdN -
mkA Str-> A e.g ach'a
mkA Str -> Str -> A2 e.g sE Xady krna
mkA2 A -> Str -> A2 -
mkV Str -> V regular verbs like swna
mkV2 Str -> V2 e.g pyna
mkV2 V -> V2 e.g pyna
mkV2 V -> Str -> V2 e.g bnd krna
mkV3 V -> Str -> Str -> V3; e.g bycna
mkV2V V -> Str -> Str -> Bool -> V2V e.g eltja krna - sE - kw
dirdirV3 V -> V3 -
compoundV Str -> V -> V e.g barX hwna
compoundV Str -> V2 -> V e.g bnd krna
mkAdv Str -> Adv e.g yhaN
mkPrep Str -> Str -> Prep e.g ka - ky
mkConj Str -> Conj and (plural agreement)
mkConj Str -> Number -> Conj or (agrement number given as argument)
mkConj Str -> Str -> Conj both ... and (plural)
mkConj Str -> Str -> Number -> Conj either ... or (agrement number given as argument)
mkVS V -> VS; e.g drna
mkVV V -> VV e.g cahna
mkAdA Str -> AdA -
mkVQ V -> VQ e.g janna

Browsing the libraries with GF commands

New: Browsing by syntax editor directly on the web.

All of the following assume

    cd $GF_LIB_PATH

To try out inflection paradigms:

    > i -path=alltenses -retain alltenses/ParadigmsGer.gfo
    > cc mkN "Farbe"

To try out overloaded syntax, test lexicon, and inflection paradigms:

    > i -path=alltenses -retain alltenses/TryGer.gfo
    > cc mkCl (mkNP this_Quant (mkN "Farbe")) (mkA "dunkel")

An Example of Usage

The standard way of building an application has the following modules.

An abstract syntax:

    abstract Music = {    
    cat 
      Kind, 
      Property ;
    fun 
      PropKind : Kind -> Property -> Kind ; 
      Song : Kind ;
      American : Property ;
    }

A domain lexicon interface:

    interface LexMusic = open Cat in {
    oper
      song_N : N ;
      american_A : A ;
    }

A functor on Syntax and the domain lexicon interface:

    incomplete concrete MusicI of Music = open Syntax, MusicLex in {
    lincat 
      Kind = CN ;
      Property = AP ;
    lin
      PropKind k p = mkCN p k ;
      Song = mkCN song_N ;
      American = mkAP american_A ;
    }

For each language, an instance of the domain lexicon:

    instance LexMusicGer of LexMusic = CatGer ** open ParadigmsGer in {    
    oper
      song_N = mkN "Lied" "Lieder" neuter ;
      american_A = mkA "amerikanisch" ;
    }

For each language, an instantiation of the functor:

    --# -path=.:present:prelude
  
    concrete MusicGer of Music = MusicI with
      (Syntax = SyntaxGer),
      (LexMusic = LexMusicGer) ;

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