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<title>GF - Grammatical Framework</title>
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<h1 class="display-4" style="text-shadow: 1px 1px 5px #999;">Grammatical Framework</h1>
<h4 class="text-black-50">A programming language for multilingual grammar applications</h4>
</div>
<div class="row mt-4">
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3 mb-4">
<h3>Get started</h3>
<ul class="mb-2">
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1LFbDQhbso">Google Tech Talk</a></li>
<li>
<a href="//cloud.grammaticalframework.org/">
GF Cloud
<img src="src/www/P/gf-cloud.png" style="height:30px" class="ml-2" alt="Cloud logo">
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.html">Tutorial</a>
/
<a href="lib/doc/rgl-tutorial/index.html">RGL Tutorial</a>
</li>
<li><a href="doc/gf-video-tutorials.html">Video Tutorials</a></li>
</ul>
<a href="download/index.html" class="btn btn-primary ml-3">
<i class="fas fa-download mr-1"></i>
Download GF
</a>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3 mb-4">
<h3>Learn more</h3>
<ul class="mb-2">
<li><a href="gf-book">The GF Book</a></li>
<li><a href="doc/gf-refman.html">Reference Manual</a></li>
<li><a href="doc/gf-shell-reference.html">Shell Reference</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.molto-project.eu/sites/default/files/MOLTO_D2.3.pdf">Best Practices</a> <small>[PDF]</small></li>
<li><a href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/COLI_a_00378">Scaling Up (Computational Linguistics 2020)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://inariksit.github.io/blog/">GF blog</a></li>
</ul>
<a href="lib/doc/synopsis/index.html" class="btn btn-primary ml-3">
<i class="fab fa-readme mr-1"></i>
RGL API
</a>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3 mb-4">
<h3>Develop</h3>
<ul class="mb-2">
<li><a href="doc/gf-developers.html">Developers Guide</a></li>
<!-- <li><a href="/~hallgren/gf-experiment/browse/">Browse Source Code</a></li> -->
<li>PGF library API:<br>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://hackage.haskell.org/package/gf/docs/PGF.html">Haskell</a>
</li><li><a href="doc/runtime-api.html#python">Python</a>
</li><li><a href="doc/runtime-api.html">C&nbsp;runtime</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://hackage.haskell.org/package/gf/docs/GF.html">GF compiler API</a></li>
<!-- <li><a href="src/ui/android/README">GF on Android (new)</a></li>
<li><a href="/android/">GF on Android (old) </a></li> -->
<li><a href="doc/gf-editor-modes.html">Text Editor Support</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/~john/rgl-browser/">RGL source browser</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-3 mb-4">
<h3>Contribute</h3>
<ul class="mb-2">
<li>
<a href="https://discord.gg/EvfUsjzmaz">
<i class="fab fa-discord"></i>
Discord
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/gf">
<i class="fab fa-stack-overflow"></i>
Stack Overflow
</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">Mailing List</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
<li><a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/">Summer School</a></li>
<li><a href="doc/gf-people.html">Authors</a></li>
</ul>
<a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/" class="btn btn-primary ml-3">
<i class="fab fa-github mr-1"></i>
GF on GitHub
</a>
</div>
</div>
<h2>What is GF?</h2>
<p>
GF, Grammatical Framework, is a programming language for
<strong>multilingual grammar applications</strong>. It is
</p>
<ul>
<li>a <strong>special-purpose language for grammars</strong>, like
<a href="http://dinosaur.compilertools.net/yacc/">YACC</a>,
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/">Bison</a>,
<a href="http://www.haskell.org/happy/">Happy</a>,
<a href="http://bnfc.digitalgrammars.com/">BNFC</a>,
but not restricted to programming languages
</li>
<li>a <strong>functional programming language</strong>, like
<a href="http://www.haskell.org/">Haskell</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)">Lisp</a>,
<a href="http://ocaml.org/">OCaml</a>,
<a href="http://www.smlnj.org/">SML</a>,
<a href="http://schemers.org/">Scheme</a>,
but specialized to grammar writing
</li>
<li>a <strong>development platform for natural language grammars</strong>, like
<a href="http://moin.delph-in.net/LkbTop">LKB</a>,
<a href="http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/">XLE</a>,
<a href="http://www.issco.unige.ch/en/research/projects/regulus/news.shtml">Regulus</a>,
but based on functional programming and type theory
</li>
<li>a <strong>categorial grammar formalism</strong>, like
<a href="http://www.loria.fr/equipes/calligramme/acg/">ACG</a>,
<a href="http://openccg.sourceforge.net/">CCG</a>,
but specialized for multilingual grammars,
</li>
<li>a <strong>logical framework</strong>, like
<a href="http://wiki.portal.chalmers.se/agda/pmwiki.php">Agda</a>,
<a href="http://coq.inria.fr/">Coq</a>,
<a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/hvg/Isabelle/">Isabelle</a>,
but equipped with concrete syntax in addition to logic
</li>
<li>a <strong>platform for machine translation</strong>, like
<a href="http://www.statmt.org/moses/">Moses</a>,
<a href="http://www.apertium.org/">Apertium</a>,
but based on deep structural analysis (and usually applied for
limited fragments of language).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Don't worry if you don't know most of the references above - but if you do know at
least one, it may help you to get a first idea of what GF is.
</p>
<hr>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<h2>Applications & availability</h2>
<p>
GF can be used for building
<a href="//cloud.grammaticalframework.org/translator/">translation systems</a>,
<a href="//cloud.grammaticalframework.org/minibar/minibar.html">multilingual web gadgets</a>,
<a href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~hallgren/Alfa/Tutorial/GFplugin.html">natural-language interfaces</a>,
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bfaYHWS6zU">dialogue systems</a>, and
<a href="lib/doc/synopsis/index.html">natural language resources</a>.
</p>
<p>
GF is <strong>open-source</strong>, licensed under <a href="LICENSE">GPL</a> (the program) and
<a href="LICENSE">LGPL</a> and <a href="LICENSE">BSD</a> (the libraries). It
is available for
</p>
<ul>
<li>Linux</li>
<li>macOS</li>
<li>Windows</li>
<li>Android mobile platform (via Java; runtime)</li>
<li>iOS mobile platform (iPhone, iPad)</li>
<li>via compilation to JavaScript, almost any platform that has a web browser (runtime)</li>
</ul>
<h2>Programming in GF</h2>
<p>
GF is easy to learn by following the <a href="doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.html">tutorial</a>.
You can write your first translator in 15 minutes.
</p>
<p>
GF has an interactive command interpreter, as well as a batch compiler.
Grammars can be compiled to parser and translator code in many different
formats. These components can then be embedded in applications written
in other programming languages. The formats currently supported are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Haskell</li>
<li>Java, in particular the Android platform</li>
<li>JavaScript</li>
<li>Speech recognition: HTK/ATK, Nuance, JSGF</li>
</ul>
<p>
The GF programming language is high-level and advanced, featuring:
</p>
<ul>
<li>static type checking</li>
<li>higher-order functions</li>
<li>dependent types</li>
<li>pattern matching with data constructors and regular expressions</li>
<li>module system with multiple inheritance and parametrized modules</li>
</ul>
<h3>Getting help</h3>
<p>
If you need some help with GF, the first places to start are the <a href="doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial.html">Tutorial</a> and <a href="doc/gf-refman.html">Reference</a> pages.
The printed <a href="gf-book">book</a> contains all the material in the tutorial and some extra bits, and is the recommended reference for GF.
</p>
<p>
We run the <a href="https://discord.gg/EvfUsjzmaz">GF server on Discord</a>, where you are welcome to look for help with small questions or just start a general discussion.
</p>
<p>
For bug reports and feature requests, please create an issue in the
<a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core/issues">GF Core</a> or
<a href="https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-rgl/issues">RGL</a> repository.
For programming questions, consider asking them on <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/gf">Stack Overflow with the <code>gf</code> tag</a>.
If you have a more general question to the community, we recommend you ask it on the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/gf-dev">mailing list</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<h2>News</h2>
<dl class="row">
<dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2025-08-08</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">
<strong>GF 3.12 released.</strong>
<a href="download/release-3.12.html">Release notes</a>
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2025-01-18</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">
<a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2025/">9th GF Summer School</a>, in Gothenburg, Sweden, 18 &ndash; 29 August 2025.
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2023-01-24</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">
<a href="//school.grammaticalframework.org/2023/">8th GF Summer School</a>, in Tampere, Finland, 14 &ndash; 25 August 2023.
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2021-07-25</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">
<strong>GF 3.11 released.</strong>
<a href="download/release-3.11.html">Release notes</a>
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2021-05-05</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">
<a href="https://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/wordnet/">GF WordNet</a> now supports languages for which there are no other WordNets. New additions: Afrikaans, German, Korean, Maltese, Polish, Somali, Swahili.
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3 text-center text-nowrap">2020-09-29</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">
<a href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/COLI_a_00378">Abstract Syntax as Interlingua</a>: Scaling Up the Grammatical Framework from Controlled Languages to Robust Pipelines. A paper in Computational Linguistics (2020) summarizing much of the development in GF in the past ten years.
</dd>
</dl>
<h2>Projects</h2>
<p>
GF was first created in 1998 at
<a href="http://www.xrce.xerox.com/">Xerox Research Centre Europe</a>,
Grenoble, in the project
Multilingual Document Authoring. At Xerox, it was used for prototypes including
a restaurant phrase book,
a database query system,
a formalization of an alarm system instructions with translations to 5 languages, and
an authoring system for medical drug descriptions.
</p>
<p>
Later projects using GF and involving third parties include, in chronological order:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~hallgren/Alfa/Tutorial/GFplugin.html">GF-Alfa</a>:
natural language interface to formal proofs
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://efficient.citi.tudor.lu/index_noframe.html">Efficient</a>:
authoring tool for business models.
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://www.key-project.org/">GF-KeY</a>:
authoring and translation of software specifications
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://www.talk-project.org">TALK</a>:
multilingual and multimodal spoken dialogue systems
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://webalt.math.helsinki.fi/">WebALT</a>:
multilingual generation of mathematical exercises (commercial project)
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://spraakbanken.gu.se/sal/">SALDO</a>:
Swedish morphological dictionary based on rules developed for GF and
<a href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/alumni/markus/FM/">Functional Morphology</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="//www.molto-project.eu">MOLTO</a>:
multilingual online translation
</li>
<li>
<a href="//remu.grammaticalframework.org">REMU</a>:
reliable multilingual digital communication
</li>
</ul>
<!-- <p>
Here is a <a
href="http://videos.xrce.xerox.com/index.php/videos/index/618">talk
about GF at XRCE</a>,
14 years later.
</p> -->
<p>
Academically, GF has been used in at least ten PhD theses and resulted
in more than a hundred scientific publications.
<!-- (see <a href="doc/gf-bibliography.html">GF publication list</a>). -->
</p>
<h2>Libraries</h2>
<p>
Libraries are at the heart of modern software engineering. In natural language
applications, libraries are a way to cope with thousands of details involved in
syntax, lexicon, and inflection. The
<a href="lib/doc/synopsis/index.html">GF resource grammar library</a> (RGL) has
support for an increasing number of languages, currently including
Afrikaans,
Amharic (partial),
Arabic (partial),
Basque (partial),
Bulgarian,
Catalan,
Chinese,
Czech (partial),
Danish,
Dutch,
English,
Estonian,
Finnish,
French,
German,
Greek ancient (partial),
Greek modern,
Hebrew (fragments),
Hindi,
Hungarian (partial),
Interlingua,
Italian,
Japanese,
Korean (partial),
Latin (partial),
Latvian,
Maltese,
Mongolian,
Nepali,
Norwegian bokmål,
Norwegian nynorsk,
Persian,
Polish,
Punjabi,
Romanian,
Russian,
Sindhi,
Slovak (partial),
Slovene (partial),
Somali (partial),
Spanish,
Swahili (fragments),
Swedish,
Thai,
Turkish (fragments),
and
Urdu.
</p>
<p>
Adding a language to the resource library takes 3 to 9
months - contributions
are welcome! You can start with the <a href="lib/doc/rgl-tutorial/index.html">resource grammarian's tutorial</a>.
</p>
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Grammatical Framework is free and open source,<br>
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