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373 lines
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HTML
373 lines
14 KiB
HTML
<html>
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<body>
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<i> Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</i>
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<p>
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<h1> The Ontology of the Phrasebook</h1>
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<h2> Syntactic Structures of the Phrasebook</h2>
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This module contains phrases that can be defined by a functor over the
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resource grammar API. The phrases that are likely to have different implementations
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are in the module Words. But the distinction is not quite sharp; thus it may happen
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that the functor instantiations make exceptions.
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<pre>
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abstract Sentences = Numeral ** {
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</pre>
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The ontology of the phrasebook is defined by the following types. The commented ones
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are defined in other modules.
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<pre>
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cat
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Phrase ; -- complete phrase, the unit of translation e.g. "Where are you?"
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Sentence ; -- declarative sentence e.g. "I am in the bar"
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Question ; -- question, either yes/no or wh e.g. "where are you"
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-- Greeting ; -- idiomatic phrase, not inflected, e.g. "hello"
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Proposition ; -- can be turned into sentence or question e.g. "this pizza is good"
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Object ; -- the object of wanting, ordering, etc e.g. "three pizzas and a beer"
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PrimObject ; -- single object of wanting, ordering, etc e.g. "three pizzas"
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Item ; -- a single entity e.g. "this pizza"
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Kind ; -- a type of an item e.g. "pizza"
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MassKind ; -- a type mass (uncountable) e.g. "water"
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Quality ; -- qualification of an item, can be complex e.g. "very good"
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Property ; -- basic property of an item, one word e.g. "good"
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Place ; -- location e.g. "the bar"
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PlaceKind ; -- type of location e.g. "bar"
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Currency ; -- currency unit e.g. "leu"
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Price ; -- number of currency units e.g. "eleven leu"
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Person ; -- agent wanting or doing something e.g. "you"
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Action ; -- proposition about a Person e.g. "you are here"
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Nationality ; -- complex of language, property, country e.g. "Swedish, Sweden"
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Language ; -- language (can be without nationality) e.g. "Flemish"
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Citizenship ; -- property (can be without language) e.g. "Belgian"
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Country ; -- country (can be without language) e.g. "Belgium"
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Day ; -- weekday type e.g. "Friday"
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Date ; -- definite date e.g. "on Friday"
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Name ; -- name of person e.g. "NN"
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Number ; -- number expression 1 .. 999,999 e.g. "twenty"
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Transport ; -- transportation device e.g. "car"
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ByTransport ; -- mean of transportation e.g. "by tram"
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Superlative ; -- superlative modifiers of places e.g. "the best restaurant"
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</pre>
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Many of the categories are accessible as Phrases, i.e. as translation units.
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<pre>
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fun
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PSentence : Sentence -> Phrase ;
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PQuestion : Question -> Phrase ;
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PObject : Object -> Phrase ;
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PKind : Kind -> Phrase ;
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PMassKind : MassKind -> Phrase ;
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PQuality : Quality -> Phrase ;
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PNumber : Number -> Phrase ;
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PPlace : Place -> Phrase ;
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PPlaceKind : PlaceKind -> Phrase ;
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PCurrency : Currency -> Phrase ;
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PPrice : Price -> Phrase ;
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PLanguage : Language -> Phrase ;
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PCitizenship : Citizenship -> Phrase ;
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PCountry : Country -> Phrase ;
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PDay : Day -> Phrase ;
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PByTransport : ByTransport -> Phrase ;
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PTransport : Transport -> Phrase ;
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PYes, PNo, PYesToNo : Phrase ; -- yes, no, si/doch (pos. answer to neg. question)
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</pre>
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This is the way to build propositions about inanimate items.
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<pre>
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Is : Item -> Quality -> Proposition ; -- this pizza is good
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</pre>
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To use propositions on higher levels.
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<pre>
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SProp : Proposition -> Sentence ; -- this pizza is good
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SPropNot : Proposition -> Sentence ; -- this pizza isn't good
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QProp : Proposition -> Question ; -- is this pizza good
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WherePlace : Place -> Question ; -- where is the bar
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WherePerson : Person -> Question ; -- where are you
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</pre>
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This is the way to build propositions about persons.
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<pre>
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PropAction : Action -> Proposition ; -- (you (are|aren't) | are you) Swedish
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</pre>
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Here are some general syntactic constructions.
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<pre>
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ObjItem : Item -> PrimObject ; -- this pizza
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ObjNumber : Number -> Kind -> PrimObject ; -- five pizzas
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ObjIndef : Kind -> PrimObject ; -- a pizza
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ObjPlural : Kind -> PrimObject ; -- pizzas
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ObjMass : MassKind -> PrimObject ; -- water
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ObjAndObj : PrimObject -> Object -> Object ; -- this pizza and a beer
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OneObj : PrimObject -> Object ; -- this pizza
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SuchKind : Quality -> Kind -> Kind ; -- Italian pizza
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SuchMassKind : Quality -> MassKind -> MassKind ; -- Italian water
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Very : Property -> Quality ; -- very Italian
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Too : Property -> Quality ; -- too Italian
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PropQuality : Property -> Quality ; -- Italian
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</pre>
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Determiners.
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<pre>
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This, That, These, Those : Kind -> Item ; -- this pizza,...,those pizzas
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The, Thes : Kind -> Item ; -- the pizza, the pizzas
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ThisMass, ThatMass, TheMass : MassKind -> Item ; -- this/that/the water
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AmountCurrency : Number -> Currency -> Price ; -- five euros
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ThePlace : PlaceKind -> Place ; -- the bar
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APlace : PlaceKind -> Place ; -- a bar
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IMale, IFemale, -- I, said by man/woman (affects agreement)
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YouFamMale, YouFamFemale, -- familiar you, said to man/woman (affects agreement)
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YouPolMale, YouPolFemale : Person ; -- polite you, said to man/woman (affects agreement)
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LangNat : Nationality -> Language ; -- Swedish
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CitiNat : Nationality -> Citizenship ; -- Swedish
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CountryNat : Nationality -> Country ; -- Sweden
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PropCit : Citizenship -> Property ; -- Swedish
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OnDay : Day -> Date ; -- on Friday
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Today : Date ; -- today
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PersonName : Name -> Person ; -- person referred by name
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NameNN : Name ; -- the name "NN"
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</pre>
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<pre>
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NNumeral : Numeral -> Number ; -- numeral in words, e.g. "twenty"
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</pre>
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Actions are typically language-dependent, not only lexically but also
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structurally. However, these ones are mostly functorial.
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<pre>
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SHave : Person -> Object -> Sentence ; -- you have beer
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SHaveNo : Person -> Kind -> Sentence ; -- you have no apples
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SHaveNoMass : Person -> MassKind -> Sentence ; -- you have no beer
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QDoHave : Person -> Object -> Question ; -- do you have beer
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AHaveCurr : Person -> Currency -> Action ; -- you have dollars
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ACitizen : Person -> Citizenship -> Action ; -- you are Swedish
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ABePlace : Person -> Place -> Action ; -- you are in the bar
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ByTransp : Transport -> ByTransport ; -- by bus
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}
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</pre>
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<h2> Words and idiomatic phrases of the Phrasebook</h2>
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<pre>
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abstract Words = Sentences ** {
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fun
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</pre>
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kinds of items (so far mostly food stuff)
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<pre>
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Apple : Kind ;
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Beer : MassKind ;
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Bread : MassKind ;
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Cheese : MassKind ;
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Chicken : MassKind ;
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Coffee : MassKind ;
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Fish : MassKind ;
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Meat : MassKind ;
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Milk : MassKind ;
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Pizza : Kind ;
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Salt : MassKind ;
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Tea : MassKind ;
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Water : MassKind ;
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Wine : MassKind ;
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</pre>
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properties of kinds (so far mostly of food)
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<pre>
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Bad : Property ;
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Boring : Property ;
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Cheap : Property ;
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Cold : Property ;
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Delicious : Property ;
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Expensive : Property ;
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Fresh : Property ;
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Good : Property ;
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Suspect : Property ;
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Warm : Property ;
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</pre>
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kinds of places
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<pre>
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Airport : PlaceKind ;
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AmusementPark : PlaceKind ;
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Bank : PlaceKind ;
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Bar : PlaceKind ;
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Cafeteria : PlaceKind ;
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Center : PlaceKind ;
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Cinema : PlaceKind ;
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Church : PlaceKind ;
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Disco : PlaceKind ;
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Hospital : PlaceKind ;
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Hotel : PlaceKind ;
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Museum : PlaceKind ;
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Park : PlaceKind ;
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Parking : PlaceKind ;
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Pharmacy : PlaceKind ;
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PostOffice : PlaceKind ;
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Pub : PlaceKind ;
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Restaurant : PlaceKind ;
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School : PlaceKind ;
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Shop : PlaceKind ;
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Station : PlaceKind ;
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Supermarket : PlaceKind ;
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Theatre : PlaceKind ;
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Toilet : PlaceKind ;
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University : PlaceKind ;
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Zoo : PlaceKind ;
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CitRestaurant : Citizenship -> PlaceKind ;
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</pre>
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currency units
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<pre>
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DanishCrown : Currency ;
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Dollar : Currency ;
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Euro : Currency ; -- Germany, France, Italy, Finland, Spain, The Netherlands
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Lei : Currency ; -- Romania
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Leva : Currency ; -- Bulgaria
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NorwegianCrown : Currency ;
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Pound : Currency ; -- UK
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Rouble : Currency ; -- Russia
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SwedishCrown : Currency ;
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Zloty : Currency ; -- Poland
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</pre>
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nationalities, countries, languages, citizenships
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<pre>
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Belgian : Citizenship ;
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Belgium : Country ;
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Bulgarian : Nationality ;
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Catalan : Nationality ;
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Danish : Nationality ;
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Dutch : Nationality ;
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English : Nationality ;
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Finnish : Nationality ;
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Flemish : Language ;
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French : Nationality ;
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German : Nationality ;
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Italian : Nationality ;
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Norwegian : Nationality ;
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Polish : Nationality ;
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Romanian : Nationality ;
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Russian : Nationality ;
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Spanish : Nationality ;
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Swedish : Nationality ;
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</pre>
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means of transportation
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<pre>
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Bike : Transport ;
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Bus : Transport ;
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Car : Transport ;
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Ferry : Transport ;
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Plane : Transport ;
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Subway : Transport ;
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Taxi : Transport ;
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Train : Transport ;
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Tram : Transport ;
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ByFoot : ByTransport ;
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</pre>
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Actions (which can be expressed by different structures in different languages).
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Notice that also negations and questions can be formed from these.
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<pre>
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AHasAge : Person -> Number -> Action ; -- I am seventy years
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AHasChildren: Person -> Number -> Action ; -- I have six children
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AHasName : Person -> Name -> Action ; -- my name is Bond
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AHasRoom : Person -> Number -> Action ; -- you have a room for five persons
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AHasTable : Person -> Number -> Action ; -- you have a table for five persons
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AHungry : Person -> Action ; -- I am hungry
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AIll : Person -> Action ; -- I am ill
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AKnow : Person -> Action ; -- I (don't) know
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ALike : Person -> Item -> Action ; -- I like this pizza
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ALive : Person -> Country -> Action ; -- I live in Sweden
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ALove : Person -> Person -> Action ; -- I love you
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AMarried : Person -> Action ; -- I am married
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AReady : Person -> Action ; -- I am ready
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AScared : Person -> Action ; -- I am scared
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ASpeak : Person -> Language -> Action ; -- I speak Finnish
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AThirsty : Person -> Action ; -- I am thirsty
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ATired : Person -> Action ; -- I am tired
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AUnderstand : Person -> Action ; -- I (don't) understand
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AWant : Person -> Object -> Action ; -- I want two apples
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AWantGo : Person -> Place -> Action ; -- I want to go to the hospital
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</pre>
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Miscellaneous phrases. Notice that also negations and questions can be formed from
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propositions.
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<pre>
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QWhatAge : Person -> Question ; -- how old are you
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QWhatName : Person -> Question ; -- what is your name
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HowMuchCost : Item -> Question ; -- how much does the pizza cost
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ItCost : Item -> Price -> Proposition ; -- the pizza costs five euros
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PropOpen : Place -> Proposition ; -- the museum is open
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PropClosed : Place -> Proposition ; -- the museum is closed
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PropOpenDate : Place -> Date -> Proposition ; -- the museum is open today
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PropClosedDate : Place -> Date -> Proposition ; -- the museum is closed today
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PropOpenDay : Place -> Day -> Proposition ; -- the museum is open on Mondays
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PropClosedDay : Place -> Day -> Proposition ; -- the museum is closed on Mondays
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PSeeYouPlaceDate : Place -> Date -> Phrase ; -- see you in the bar on Monday
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PSeeYouPlace : Place -> Phrase ; -- see you in the bar
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PSeeYouDate : Date -> Phrase ; -- see you on Monday
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</pre>
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family relations
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<pre>
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Wife, Husband : Person -> Person ; -- my wife, your husband
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Son, Daughter : Person -> Person ; -- my son, your husband
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Children : Person -> Person ; -- my children
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</pre>
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week days
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<pre>
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Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday : Day ;
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Tomorrow : Date ;
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</pre>
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transports
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<pre>
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HowFar : Place -> Question ; -- how far is the zoo ?
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HowFarFrom : Place -> Place -> Question ; -- how far is the center from the hotel ?
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HowFarFromBy : Place -> Place -> ByTransport -> Question ;
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-- how far is the airport from the hotel by taxi ?
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HowFarBy : Place -> ByTransport -> Question ; -- how far is the museum by bus ?
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WhichTranspPlace : Transport -> Place -> Question ; -- which bus goes to the hotel
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IsTranspPlace : Transport -> Place -> Question ; -- is there a metro to the airport ?
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</pre>
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modifiers of places
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<pre>
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TheBest : Superlative ;
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TheClosest : Superlative ;
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TheCheapest : Superlative ;
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TheMostExpensive : Superlative ;
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TheMostPopular : Superlative ;
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TheWorst : Superlative ;
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SuperlPlace : Superlative -> PlaceKind -> Place ; -- the best bar
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}
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</pre>
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</body>
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</html>
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