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193 lines
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HTML
193 lines
5.3 KiB
HTML
<html>
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<body>
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<i> Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</i>
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<p>
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<h1></h1>
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# -path=.:../romance:../abstract:../../prelude
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<h1> Italian Lexical Paradigms</h1>
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<p>
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Aarne Ranta 2003
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<p>
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This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
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expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <tt>resource.Abs.gf</tt>.
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<p>
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The main difference with <tt>MorphoIta.gf</tt> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, not stems, as string
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arguments of the paradigms.
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<p>
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The following modules are presupposed:
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<pre>
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resource ParadigmsIta =
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open Prelude, (Types = TypesIta), SyntaxIta, MorphoIta,
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ResourceIta in {
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</pre>
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<h2> Parameters </h2>
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<p>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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<pre>
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oper
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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</pre>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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<pre>
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</pre>
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To abstract over case names, we define the following. (Except for
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some pronouns, the accusative is equal to the nominative, the
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dative is formed by the preposition <i>a</i>, and the genitive by the
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preposition <i>di</i>.)
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<pre>
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nominative : Case ;
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accusative : Case ;
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dative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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prep_a : Case ;
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prep_di : Case ;
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prep_da : Case ;
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prep_in : Case ;
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prep_su : Case ;
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prep_con : Case ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Nouns</h2>
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Worst case: two forms (singular + plural),
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and the gender.
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<pre>
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mkN : (_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> N ; -- uomo, uomini, masculine
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</pre>
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Often it is enough with one form. If it ends with
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<i>o</i> or <i>a</i>, no gender is needed; if with something else,
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the gender must be given.
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<pre>
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nVino : Str -> N ; -- vino (, vini, masculine)
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nRana : Str -> N ; -- rana (, rane, feminine)
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nSale : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- sale (, sali), masculine
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nTram : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- tram (, tram), masculine
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</pre>
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Nouns used as functions need a case and a preposition. The most common is <i>di</i>.
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Recall that the prepositions <i>a</i>, <i>di</i>, <i>da</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>su</i>, <i>con</i> are treated
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as part of the case (cf. above).
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<pre>
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funPrep : N -> Preposition -> Fun ;
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funCase : N -> Case -> Fun ;
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funDi : N -> Fun ;
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</pre>
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Proper names, with their gender.
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<pre>
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mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- Giovanni, masculine
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</pre>
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On the top level, it is maybe <tt>CN</tt> that is used rather than <tt>N</tt>, and
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<tt>NP</tt> rather than <tt>PN</tt>.
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<pre>
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mkCN : N -> CN ;
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mkNP : Str -> Gender -> NP ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Adjectives</h2>
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Non-comparison one-place adjectives need four forms in the worst case.
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A parameter tells if they are pre- or postpositions in modification.
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<pre>
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Position : Type ;
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prepos : Position ;
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postpos : Position ;
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mkAdj1 : (solo,sola,soli,sole,solamente : Str) -> Position -> Adj1 ;
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</pre>
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Adjectives ending with <i>o</i> and <i>e</i>, and invariable adjectives,
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are the most important regular patterns.
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<pre>
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adj1Solo : (solo : Str) -> Bool -> Adj1 ;
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adj1Tale : (tale : Str) -> Bool -> Adj1 ;
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adj1Blu : (blu : Str) -> Bool -> Adj1 ;
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</pre>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.
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<pre>
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mkAdj2 : Adj1 -> Preposition -> Case -> Adj2 ; -- divisibile per
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</pre>
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Comparison adjectives may need two adjectives, corresponding to the
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positive and other forms.
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<pre>
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mkAdjDeg : (buono, migliore : Adj1) -> AdjDeg ;
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</pre>
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In the completely regular case, the comparison forms are constructed by
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the particle <i>più</i>.
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<pre>
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aSolo : Str -> Position -> AdjDeg ; -- lento (, più lento)
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aTale : Str -> Position -> AdjDeg ; -- grave (, più grave)
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aBlu : Str -> Position -> AdjDeg ; -- blu (, più blu)
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</pre>
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On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
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just to use a one-place adjective.
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<pre>
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apSolo : Str -> Position -> AP ;
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apTale : Str -> Position -> AP ;
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apBlu : Str -> Position -> AP ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Verbs</h2>
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<p>
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The fragment only has present tense so far, but in all persons.
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The worst case needs nine forms (and is not very user-friendly).
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<pre>
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mkV : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> V ;
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</pre>
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These are examples of standard conjugations. Other conjugations
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can be extracted from the Italian functional morphology, which has full
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<i>Bescherelle</i> tables.
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<pre>
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vAmare : Str -> V ;
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vDormire : Str -> V ;
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vFinire : Str -> V ;
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vCorrere : (_,_ : Str) -> V ;
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</pre>
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The verbs 'be' and 'have' are special.
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<pre>
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vEssere : V ;
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vAvere : V ;
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</pre>
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Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that
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a particle can be included in a <tt>V</tt>.
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<pre>
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mkTV : V -> Preposition -> Case -> TV ;
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tvDir : V -> TV ;
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</pre>
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The idiom with <i>avere</i> and an invariable noun, such as <i>paura</i>, <i>fame</i>,
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and a two-place variant with <i>di</i> + complement.
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<pre>
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averCosa : Str -> V ;
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averCosaDi : Str -> TV ;
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</pre>
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The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
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hidden from the document.
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</body>
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</html>
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