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218 lines
6.7 KiB
HTML
218 lines
6.7 KiB
HTML
<html>
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<body>
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<i> Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</i>
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<p>
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<h1></h1>
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# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
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<h1> Swedish Lexical Paradigms</h1>
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<p>
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Aarne Ranta 2003
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<p>
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This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
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expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <tt>Structural.gf</tt>.
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<p>
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The main difference with <tt>MorphoSwe.gf</tt> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, not stems, as string
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arguments of the paradigms.
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<p>
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The following modules are presupposed:
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<pre>
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resource ParadigmsSwe = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, SyntaxSwe, ResourceSwe in {
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</pre>
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<h2> Parameters </h2>
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<p>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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<pre>
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oper
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utrum : Gender ;
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neutrum : Gender ;
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masculine : Sex ;
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nonmasculine : Sex ;
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</pre>
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To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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<pre>
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nominative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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</pre>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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<pre>
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Nouns</h2>
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Worst case: give all nominative forms and the gender.
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The genitive is formed automatically, even when the nominative
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ends with an <i>s</i>.
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<pre>
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mkN : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> Sex -> N ;
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-- man, mannen, män, männen
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</pre>
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Here are some common patterns, corresponding to school-gramamr declensions.
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Except <tt>nPojke</tt>, <tt>nKarl</tt>, and <tt>nMurare</tt>,
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they are defined to be <tt>nonmasculine</tt>, which means that they don't create
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the definite adjective form with <i>e</i> but with <i>a</i>.
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<pre>
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nApa : Str -> N ; -- apa (apan, apor, aporna) ; utrum
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nBil : Str -> N ; -- bil (bilen, bilar, bilarna) ; utrum
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nKarl : Str -> N ; -- karl (karlen, karlar, karlarna) ; utrum ; masculine
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nPojke : Str -> N ; -- pojke (pojken, pojkar, pojkarna) ; utrum ; masculine
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nNyckel : Str -> N ; -- nyckel (nyckeln, nycklar, nycklarna) ; utrum
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nRisk : Str -> N ; -- risk (risken, risker, riskerna) ; utrum
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nDike : Str -> N ; -- dike (diket, diken, dikena) ; neutrum
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nRep : Str -> N ; -- rep (repet, rep, repen) ; neutrum
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nPapper : Str -> N ; -- papper (pappret, papper, pappren) ; neutrum
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nMurare : Str -> N ; -- murare (muraren, murare, murarna) ; utrum ; masculine
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nKikare : Str -> N ; -- kikare (kikaren, kikare, kikarna) ; utrum
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</pre>
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Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common ones are <i>av</i>,
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<i>på</i>, and <i>till</i>. A preposition is a string.
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<pre>
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mkFun : N -> Str -> Fun ;
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funAv : N -> Fun ;
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funPaa : N -> Fun ;
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funTill : N -> Fun ;
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</pre>
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Proper names, with their possibly
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irregular genitive. The regular genitive is <i>s</i>, omitted after <i>s</i>.
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<pre>
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mkPN : (_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> Sex -> PN ; -- Karolus, Karoli
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pnReg : Str -> Gender -> Sex -> PN ; -- Johan,Johans ; Johannes, Johannes
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pnS : Str -> Gender -> Sex -> PN ; -- "Burger King(s)"
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</pre>
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On the top level, it is maybe <tt>CN</tt> that is used rather than <tt>N</tt>, and
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<tt>NP</tt> rather than <tt>PN</tt>.
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<pre>
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mkCN : N -> CN ;
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mkNP : (Karolus, Karoli : Str) -> Gender -> NP ;
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npReg : Str -> Gender -> NP ; -- Johann, Johanns
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</pre>
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<h2> Adjectives</h2>
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Non-comparison one-place adjectives need four forms in the worst case:
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strong singular, weak singular, plural.
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<pre>
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mkAdj1 : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Adj1 ; -- liten, litet, lilla, små
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</pre>
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Special cases needing one form each are: regular adjectives,
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adjectives with unstressed <i>e</i> in the last syllable, those
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ending with <i>n</i> as a further special case, and invariable
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adjectives.
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<pre>
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adjReg : Str -> Adj1 ; -- billig (billigt, billiga, billiga)
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adjNykter : Str -> Adj1 ; -- nykter (nyktert, nyktra, nyktra)
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adjGalen : Str -> Adj1 ; -- galen (galet, galna, galna)
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adjInvar : Str -> Adj1 ; -- bra
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</pre>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.
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<pre>
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mkAdj2 : Adj1 -> Str -> Adj2 ; -- delbar, med
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mkAdj2Reg : Str -> Str -> Adj2 ; --
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</pre>
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Comparison adjectives may need the three four forms for the positive case, plus
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three more forms for the comparison cases.
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<pre>
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mkAdjDeg : (liten, litet, lilla, sma, mindre, minst, minsta : Str) -> AdjDeg ;
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</pre>
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Some comparison adjectives are completely regular.
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<pre>
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aReg : Str -> AdjDeg ;
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</pre>
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On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
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just to use a one-place adjective. The variation in <tt>adjGen</tt> is taken
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into account.
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<pre>
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apReg : Str -> AP ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Adverbs</h2>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position not
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before the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. <i>alltid</i>).
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<pre>
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mkAdv : Str -> AdV ;
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mkAdvPre : Str -> AdV ;
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</pre>
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Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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<pre>
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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mkAdS : Str -> AdS ;
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</pre>
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Prepositional phrases are another productive form of adverbials.
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<pre>
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mkPP : Str -> NP -> AdV ;
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</pre>
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<h2> Verbs</h2>
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<p>
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The fragment only has present tense so far.
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The worst case needs three forms: the infinitive, the indicative, and the
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imperative.
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<pre>
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mkV : (_,_,_ : Str) -> V ; -- vara, är, var; trivas, trivs, trivs
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</pre>
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The main conjugations need one string each.
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<pre>
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vKoka : Str -> V ; -- tala (talar, tala)
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vSteka : Str -> V ; -- leka (leker, lek)
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vBo : Str -> V ; -- bo (bor, bo)
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vAndas : Str -> V ; -- andas [all forms the same: also "slåss"]
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vTrivas : Str -> V ; -- trivas (trivs, trivs)
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</pre>
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The verbs 'be' and 'have' are special.
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<pre>
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vVara : V ;
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vHa : V ;
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</pre>
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Particle verbs are formed by putting together a verb and a particle.
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If the verb already has a particle, it is replaced by the new one.
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<pre>
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mkPartV : V -> Str -> V ; -- stänga av ;
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</pre>
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Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object.
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<pre>
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mkTV : V -> Str -> TV ; -- tycka, om
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tvDir : V -> TV ; -- gilla
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</pre>
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Ditransitive verbs.
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<pre>
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mkV3 : V -> Str -> Str -> V3 ; -- prata, med, om
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v3Dir : V -> Str -> V3 ; -- ge,_,till
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v3DirDir : V -> V3 ; -- ge,_,_
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</pre>
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The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
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hidden from the document.
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</body>
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</html>
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