GitHub/gf-core
1
0
Fork 1
mirror of https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git synced 2026-04-11 13:59:31 -06:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
Files
06eb01ac7ea015c05a899598244f90cdabfc4c49
gf-core/lib/resource/doc/gfdoc/ParadigmsDan.html
aarne 4ea58bce2c resource lib name changed
2007-12-12 20:30:11 +00:00

411 lines
10 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
<TITLE> Danish Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Danish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
<FONT SIZE="4">
<I>Last update: 2007-07-06 10:12:24 CEST</I><BR>
</FONT></CENTER>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Verbs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs with a particle.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs with 'være' as auxiliary</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Deponent verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Two-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Three-place verbs</A>
<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Other complement patterns</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<P></P>
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
<P></P>
<P>
Produced by
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
</P>
<P>
Aarne Ranta 2005 - 2006
</P>
<P>
This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
</P>
<P>
Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
</P>
<P>
The main difference with <CODE>MorphoDan.gf</CODE> is that the types
referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
</P>
<P>
The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
separate module <A HREF="../../danish/IrregDan.gf"><CODE>IrregDan</CODE></A>,
which haves a list of irregular verbs.
</P>
<PRE>
resource ParadigmsDan =
open
(Predef=Predef),
Prelude,
CommonScand,
ResDan,
MorphoDan,
CatDan in {
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
<H2>Parameters</H2>
<P>
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
</P>
<PRE>
oper
Gender : Type ;
utrum : Gender ;
neutrum : Gender ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
To abstract over number names, we define the following.
</P>
<PRE>
Number : Type ;
singular : Number ;
plural : Number ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
To abstract over case names, we define the following.
</P>
<PRE>
Case : Type ;
nominative : Case ;
genitive : Case ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.
</P>
<PRE>
mkPrep : Str -&gt; Prep ;
noPrep : Prep ; -- empty string
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
<H2>Nouns</H2>
<PRE>
mkN : overload {
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The regular function takes the singular indefinite form
and computes the other forms and the gender by a heuristic.
The heuristic is that all nouns are <CODE>utrum</CODE> with the
plural ending <I>er</I> or <I>r</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (bil : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Giving gender manually makes the heuristic more reliable.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (hus : Str) -&gt; Gender -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
This function takes the singular indefinite and definite forms; the
gender is computed from the definite form.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (bil,bilen : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
This function takes the singular indefinite and definite and the plural
indefinite
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (bil,bilen,biler : Str) -&gt; N ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the
last letter of the second form (if <I>n</I>, then <CODE>utrum</CODE>, otherwise <CODE>neutrum</CODE>).
</P>
<PRE>
mkN : (dreng,drengen,drenge,drengene : Str) -&gt; N ;
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
<P>
All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
such as <I>fodbold</I>.
</P>
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
<P>
Relational nouns (<I>datter til x</I>) need a preposition.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN2 : N -&gt; Prep -&gt; N2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The most common preposition is <I>af</I>, and the following is a
shortcut for regular relational nouns with <I>af</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
regN2 : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; N2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Use the function <CODE>mkPrep</CODE> or see the section on prepositions below to
form other prepositions.
</P>
<P>
Three-place relational nouns (<I>forbindelse fra x til y</I>)
need two prepositions.
</P>
<PRE>
mkN3 : N -&gt; Prep -&gt; Prep -&gt; N3 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
<P>
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
relational noun (e.g. <I>tidligere kone til</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
</P>
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
<P>
Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
</P>
<PRE>
mkPN : overload {
mkPN : Str -&gt; PN ; -- utrum
mkPN : Str -&gt; Gender -&gt; PN ;
mkPN : N -&gt; PN ;
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
<H2>Adjectives</H2>
<P>
The regular pattern works for many adjectives, e.g. those ending
with <I>ig</I>. Two, five, or at worst five forms are sometimes needed.
</P>
<PRE>
mkA : overload {
mkA : (fin : Str) -&gt; A ;
mkA : (fin,fint : Str) -&gt; A ;
mkA : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -&gt; A ;
mkA : (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -&gt; A ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
If comparison is formed by <I>mer</I>, <I>mest</I>, as in general for
long adjective, the following pattern is used:
</P>
<PRE>
mkA : A -&gt; A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
<P>
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
</P>
<PRE>
mkA2 : A -&gt; Prep -&gt; A2 ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
<H2>Adverbs</H2>
<P>
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
after the verb. Some can be close to the verb like the negation
<I>ikke</I> (e.g. <I>altid</I>).
</P>
<PRE>
mkAdv : Str -&gt; Adv ;
mkAdV : Str -&gt; AdV ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
</P>
<PRE>
mkAdA : Str -&gt; AdA ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
<H2>Verbs</H2>
<PRE>
mkV : overload {
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The 'regular verb' function is the first conjugation.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV : (snakke : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The almost regular verb function needs the infinitive and the preteritum.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV : (leve,levde : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module <CODE>IrregDan</CODE>.
In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
The worst case needs six forms.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV : (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc11"></A>
<H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3>
<P>
The particle, such as in <I>lukke op</I>, is given as a string.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV : V -&gt; Str -&gt; V ;
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc12"></A>
<H3>Verbs with 'være' as auxiliary</H3>
<P>
By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>være</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
vaereV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc13"></A>
<H3>Deponent verbs</H3>
<P>
Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>undres</I>, some as
reflexive e.g. <I>forestille sig</I>.
</P>
<PRE>
depV : V -&gt; V ;
reflV : V -&gt; V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc14"></A>
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
<P>
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
(transitive verbs). Notice that, if a particle is needed, it comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV2 : overload {
mkV2 : Str -&gt; V2 ;
mkV2 : V -&gt; V2 ;
mkV2 : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; V2 ;
} ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc15"></A>
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
<P>
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
the first one or both can be absent.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV3 : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; Prep -&gt; V3 ; -- snakke, med, om
dirV3 : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,til
dirdirV3 : V -&gt; V3 ; -- give,_,_
</PRE>
<P></P>
<A NAME="toc16"></A>
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
<P>
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
</P>
<PRE>
mkV0 : V -&gt; V0 ;
mkVS : V -&gt; VS ;
mkV2S : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; V2S ;
mkVV : V -&gt; VV ;
mkV2V : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; Prep -&gt; V2V ;
mkVA : V -&gt; VA ;
mkV2A : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; V2A ;
mkVQ : V -&gt; VQ ;
mkV2Q : V -&gt; Prep -&gt; V2Q ;
mkAS : A -&gt; AS ;
mkA2S : A -&gt; Prep -&gt; A2S ;
mkAV : A -&gt; AV ;
mkA2V : A -&gt; Prep -&gt; A2V ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<P>
Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
</P>
<PRE>
V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
</PRE>
<P></P>
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.3 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml -\-toc danish/ParadigmsDan.txt -->
</BODY></HTML>
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink