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<HTML>
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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
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<TITLE> French Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> French Lexical Paradigms</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2007-07-06 09:17:50 CEST</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Verbs</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Other complement patterns</A>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</P>
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<P>
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Aarne Ranta 2001 - 2006
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</P>
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<P>
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This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
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expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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</P>
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<P>
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
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</P>
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<P>
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The main difference with <CODE>MorphoFre.gf</CODE> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
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</P>
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<P>
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The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
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first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
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regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
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escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
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However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
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separate module <A HREF="../../french/IrregFre.gf"><CODE>IrregFre</CODE></A>,
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which covers all irregularly inflected verbs.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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resource ParadigmsFre =
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open
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(Predef=Predef),
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Prelude,
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CommonRomance,
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ResFre,
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MorphoFre,
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CatFre in {
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flags optimize=all ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc1"></A>
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<H2>Parameters</H2>
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<P>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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oper
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Gender : Type ;
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Number : Type ;
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Prepositions used in many-argument functions are either strings
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(including the 'accusative' empty string) or strings that
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amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' <I>de</I> and the
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'dative' <I>à</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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accusative : Prep ;
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genitive : Prep ;
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dative : Prep ;
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mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Nouns</H2>
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<PRE>
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mkN : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular function uses heuristics to compute the
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plural and the gender from the singular. The plural
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heuristic currently
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covers the cases <I>pas-pas</I>, <I>prix-prix</I>, <I>nez-nez</I>,
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<I>bijou-bijoux</I>, <I>cheveu-cheveux</I>, <I>plateau-plateaux</I>, <I>cheval-chevaux</I>.
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The gender heuristic is less reliable: it treats as feminine all
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nouns ending with <I>e</I> and <I>ion</I>, all others as masculine.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (cheval : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Adding gender information widens the scope of the regular pattern.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (foie : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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In the worst case, both singular and plural forms and the gender are needed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
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<P>
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Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
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the second part is not inflected. e.g. <I>numéro de téléphone</I>.
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They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since
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they are frequent in lexica.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : N -> Str -> N
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
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<P>
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Relational nouns (<I>fille de x</I>) need a case and a preposition.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The most common cases are the genitive <I>de</I> and the dative <I>à</I>,
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with the empty preposition.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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deN2 : N -> N2 ;
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aN2 : N -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Three-place relational nouns (<I>la connection de x à y</I>) need two prepositions.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc5"></A>
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<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
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relational noun (e.g. <I>la vieille église de</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
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<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
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and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc6"></A>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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Proper names need a string and a gender. If no gender is given, the
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feminine is used for strings ending with <I>e</I>, the masculine for other strings.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPN : overload {
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mkPN : Str -> PN ;
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mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc7"></A>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<PRE>
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mkA : overload {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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For regular adjectives, all forms are derived from the
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masculine singular. The heuristic takes into account certain
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deviant endings: <I>banal-banale-banaux</I>, <I>chinois-chinoise-chinois</I>,
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<I>heureux-heureuse-heureux</I>, <I>italien-italienne</I>, <I>jeune-jeune</I>,
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<I>amer-amère</I>, <I>carré- - -carrément</I>, <I>joli- - -joliment</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (cher : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Often just the feminine singular is deviant.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (sec,seche : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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This is the worst-case paradigm for the positive forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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If comparison forms are irregular (i.e. not formed by <I>plus</I>, e.g.
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<I>bon-meilleur</I>), the positive and comparative can be given as separate
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adjectives.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : A -> A -> A
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The functions create by default postfix adjectives. To switch
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them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in
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modification, as in <I>petite maison</I>), the following function is
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provided.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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prefixA : A -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<H2>Adverbs</H2>
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<P>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
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after the verb.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Some appear next to the verb (e.g. <I>toujours</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H2>Verbs</H2>
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<P>
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Irregular verbs are given in the module <CODE>IrregFre</CODE>.
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If a verb should be missing in that list, the module
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<CODE>BeschFre</CODE> gives all the patterns of the <I>Bescherelle</I> book.
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</P>
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<P>
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Regular verbs are ones with the infinitive <I>er</I> or <I>ir</I>, the
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latter with plural present indicative forms as <I>finissons</I>.
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The regular verb function in the first conjugation recognizes
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these endings, as well as the variations among
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<I>aimer, céder, placer, peser, jeter, placer, manger, assiéger, payer</I>.
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</P>
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<P>
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Sometimes, however, it is not predictable which variant of the <I>er</I>
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conjugation is to be selected. Then it is better to use the function
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that gives the third person singular present indicative and future
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((<I>il</I>) <I>jette</I>, <I>jettera</I>) as second argument.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : overload {
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mkV : (finir : Str) -> V ;
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mkV : (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The <CODE>IrregFre</CODE> list gives some verbs as two-place. These verbs can be
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reused as one-place verbs.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : V2 -> V
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The function <CODE>mkV</CODE> gives the default compound auxiliary <I>avoir</I>.
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To change it to <I>être</I>, use the following function.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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etreV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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This function turns a verb into reflexive, which implies the auxiliary <I>être</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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reflV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
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(transitive verbs).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV2 = overload {
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mkV2 : V -> V2 = dirV2 ;
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 = mmkV2
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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the first one or both can be absent.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV3 : overload {
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mkV3 : V -> V3 ; -- donner,_,_
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- placer,_,dans
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 -- parler, à, de
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} ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
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mkVS : V -> VS ;
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mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
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mkVV : V -> VV ; -- plain infinitive: "je veux parler"
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deVV : V -> VV ; -- "j'essaie de parler"
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aVV : V -> VV ; -- "j'arrive à parler"
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mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
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mkVA : V -> VA ;
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mkV2A : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A ;
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mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
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mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
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mkAS : A -> AS ;
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mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
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mkAV : A -> Prep -> AV ;
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mkA2V : A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
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just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
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as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
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<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type ;
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AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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