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124 lines
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124 lines
3.7 KiB
HTML
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<HTML>
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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
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<TITLE> The construction of verb phrases</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> The construction of verb phrases</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2006-02-27 09:41:31 CET</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Complementization rules</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Other ways of forming verb phrases</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Complements to copula</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Coercions</A>
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</UL>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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abstract Verb = Cat ** {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc1"></A>
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<H2>Complementization rules</H2>
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<P>
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Verb phrases are constructed from verbs by providing their
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complements. There is one rule for each verb category.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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fun
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UseV : V -> VP ; -- sleep
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ComplV2 : V2 -> NP -> VP ; -- use it
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ComplV3 : V3 -> NP -> NP -> VP ; -- send a message to her
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ComplVV : VV -> VP -> VP ; -- want to run
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ComplVS : VS -> S -> VP ; -- know that she runs
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ComplVQ : VQ -> QS -> VP ; -- ask if she runs
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ComplVA : VA -> AP -> VP ; -- look red
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ComplV2A : V2A -> NP -> AP -> VP ; -- paint the house red
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Other ways of forming verb phrases</H2>
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<P>
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Verb phrases can also be constructed reflexively and from
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copula-preceded complements.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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ReflV2 : V2 -> VP ; -- use itself
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UseComp : Comp -> VP ; -- be warm
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Passivization of two-place verbs is another way to use
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them. In many languages, the result is a participle that
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is used as complement to a copula (<I>is used</I>), but other
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auxiliary verbs are possible (Ger. <I>wird angewendet</I>, It.
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<I>viene usato</I>), as well as special verb forms (Fin. <I>käytetään</I>,
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Swe. <I>används</I>).
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</P>
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<P>
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<B>Note</B>. the rule can be overgenerating, since the <CODE>V2</CODE> need not
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take a direct object.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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PassV2 : V2 -> VP ; -- be used
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Adverbs can be added to verb phrases. Many languages make
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a distinction between adverbs that are attached in the end
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vs. next to (or before) the verb.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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AdvVP : VP -> Adv -> VP ; -- sleep here
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AdVVP : AdV -> VP -> VP ; -- always sleep
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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<B>Agents of passives</B> are constructed as adverbs with the
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preposition <A HREF="Structural.html">Structural</A><CODE>.8agent_Prep</CODE>.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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<H2>Complements to copula</H2>
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<P>
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Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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CompAP : AP -> Comp ; -- (be) small
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CompNP : NP -> Comp ; -- (be) a soldier
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CompAdv : Adv -> Comp ; -- (be) here
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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<H2>Coercions</H2>
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<P>
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Verbs can change subcategorization patterns in systematic ways,
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but this is very much language-dependent. The following two
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work in all the languages we cover.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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UseVQ : VQ -> V2 ; -- ask (a question)
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UseVS : VS -> V2 ; -- know (a secret)
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}
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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