mirror of
https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-core.git
synced 2026-04-21 18:59:32 -06:00
418 lines
11 KiB
HTML
418 lines
11 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
|
|
<HTML>
|
|
<HEAD>
|
|
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
|
|
<TITLE> Spanish Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
|
|
</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
|
|
<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Spanish Lexical Paradigms</H1>
|
|
<FONT SIZE="4">
|
|
<I>Last update: 2006-03-20 12:03:25 CET</I><BR>
|
|
</FONT></CENTER>
|
|
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Comparison adjectives</A>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Two-place verbs</A>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Three-place verbs</A>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Other complement patterns</A>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<LI><A HREF="#toc15">The definitions of the paradigms</A>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Produced by
|
|
gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
|
|
(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Aarne Ranta 2003
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
|
|
for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
|
|
expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
|
|
accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The main difference with <CODE>MorphoSpa.gf</CODE> is that the types
|
|
referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
|
|
had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
|
|
than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
|
|
first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
|
|
regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
|
|
escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
resource ParadigmsSpa =
|
|
open
|
|
(Predef=Predef),
|
|
Prelude,
|
|
CommonRomance,
|
|
ResSpa,
|
|
MorphoSpa,
|
|
BeschSpa,
|
|
CatSpa in {
|
|
|
|
flags optimize=all ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc1"></A>
|
|
<H2>Parameters</H2>
|
|
<P>
|
|
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
oper
|
|
Gender : Type ;
|
|
|
|
masculine : Gender ;
|
|
feminine : Gender ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
To abstract over number names, we define the following.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
Number : Type ;
|
|
|
|
singular : Number ;
|
|
plural : Number ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Prepositions used in many-argument functions are either strings
|
|
(including the 'accusative' empty string) or strings that
|
|
amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' <I>de</I> and the
|
|
'dative' <I>à</I>).
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
Preposition : Type ;
|
|
|
|
accusative : Preposition ;
|
|
genitive : Preposition ;
|
|
dative : Preposition ;
|
|
|
|
mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc2"></A>
|
|
<H2>Nouns</H2>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Worst case: two forms (singular + plural),
|
|
and the gender.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkN : (_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> N ; -- uomo, uomini, masculine
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The regular function takes the singular form and the gender,
|
|
and computes the plural and the gender by a heuristic.
|
|
The heuristic says that the gender is feminine for nouns
|
|
ending with <I>a</I> or <I>z</I>, and masculine for all other words.
|
|
Nouns ending with <I>a</I>, <I>o</I>, <I>e</I> have the plural with <I>s</I>,
|
|
those ending with <I>z</I> have <I>ces</I> in plural; all other nouns
|
|
have <I>es</I> as plural ending. The accent is not dealt with.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
regN : Str -> N ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
To force a different gender, use one of the following functions.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mascN : N -> N ;
|
|
femN : N -> N ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc3"></A>
|
|
<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
|
|
the second part is not inflected. e.g. <I>numéro de téléphone</I>.
|
|
They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since
|
|
they are frequent in lexica.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
compN : N -> Str -> N ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc4"></A>
|
|
<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Relational nouns (<I>fille de x</I>) need a case and a preposition.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkN2 : N -> Preposition -> N2 ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The most common cases are the genitive <I>de</I> and the dative <I>a</I>,
|
|
with the empty preposition.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
deN2 : N -> N2 ;
|
|
aN2 : N -> N2 ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Three-place relational nouns (<I>la connessione di x a y</I>) need two prepositions.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkN3 : N -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc5"></A>
|
|
<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
|
|
relational noun (e.g. <I>the old town hall of</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
|
|
<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
|
|
and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc6"></A>
|
|
<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Proper names need a string and a gender.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- Jean
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
To form a noun phrase that can also be plural,
|
|
you can use the worst-case function.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkNP : Str -> Gender -> Number -> NP ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc7"></A>
|
|
<H2>Adjectives</H2>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst
|
|
case (masc and fem singular, masc plural, adverbial).
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkA : (solo,sola,soli,sole, solamente : Str) -> A ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
For regular adjectives, all other forms are derived from the
|
|
masculine singular. The types of adjectives that are recognized are
|
|
<I>alto</I>, <I>fuerte</I>, <I>util</I>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
regA : Str -> A ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
These functions create postfix adjectives. To switch
|
|
them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in
|
|
modification, as in <I>petite maison</I>), the following function is
|
|
provided.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
prefA : A -> A ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc8"></A>
|
|
<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkA2 : A -> Preposition -> A2 ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc9"></A>
|
|
<H3>Comparison adjectives</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two
|
|
adjectives: the positive (<I>bueno</I>), and the comparative (<I>mejor</I>).
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkADeg : A -> A -> A ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
If comparison is formed by <I>mas</I>, as usual in Spanish,
|
|
the following pattern is used:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
compADeg : A -> A ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The regular pattern is the same as <CODE>regA</CODE> for plain adjectives,
|
|
with comparison by <I>mas</I>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
regADeg : Str -> A ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc10"></A>
|
|
<H2>Adverbs</H2>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
|
|
after the verb.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Some appear next to the verb (e.g. <I>siempre</I>).
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc11"></A>
|
|
<H2>Verbs</H2>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Regular verbs are ones inflected like <I>cortar</I>, <I>deber</I>, or <I>vivir</I>.
|
|
The regular verb function is the first conjugation (<I>ar</I>) recognizes
|
|
the variations corresponding to the patterns
|
|
<I>actuar, cazar, guiar, pagar, sacar</I>. The module <CODE>BeschSpa</CODE> gives
|
|
the complete set of <I>Bescherelle</I> conjugations.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
regV : Str -> V ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The module <CODE>BeschSpa</CODE> gives all the patterns of the <I>Bescherelle</I>
|
|
book. To use them in the category <CODE>V</CODE>, wrap them with the function
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
verboV : Verbum -> V ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
To form reflexive verbs:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
reflV : V -> V ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Verbs with a deviant passive participle: just give the participle
|
|
in masculine singular form as second argument.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
special_ppV : V -> Str -> V ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc12"></A>
|
|
<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
|
|
(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkV2 : V -> Preposition -> V2 ;
|
|
|
|
dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can reuse a <CODE>V2</CODE> verb in <CODE>V</CODE>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
v2V : V2 -> V ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc13"></A>
|
|
<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
|
|
the first one or both can be absent.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkV3 : V -> Preposition -> Preposition -> V3 ; -- parler, à, de
|
|
dirV3 : V -> Preposition -> V3 ; -- donner,_,à
|
|
dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- donner,_,_
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc14"></A>
|
|
<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
|
|
questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
|
|
mkVS : V -> VS ;
|
|
mkV2S : V -> Preposition -> V2S ;
|
|
mkVV : V -> VV ; -- plain infinitive: "je veux parler"
|
|
deVV : V -> VV ; -- "j'essaie de parler"
|
|
aVV : V -> VV ; -- "j'arrive à parler"
|
|
mkV2V : V -> Preposition -> Preposition -> V2V ;
|
|
mkVA : V -> VA ;
|
|
mkV2A : V -> Preposition -> Preposition -> V2A ;
|
|
mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
|
|
mkV2Q : V -> Preposition -> V2Q ;
|
|
|
|
mkAS : A -> AS ;
|
|
mkA2S : A -> Preposition -> A2S ;
|
|
mkAV : A -> Preposition -> AV ;
|
|
mkA2V : A -> Preposition -> Preposition -> A2V ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
|
|
just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
|
|
as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
|
|
<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
V0, V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type ;
|
|
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P></P>
|
|
<A NAME="toc15"></A>
|
|
<H2>The definitions of the paradigms</H2>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
|
|
hidden from the document.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- html code generated by txt2tags 2.3 (http://txt2tags.sf.net) -->
|
|
<!-- cmdline: txt2tags -thtml -\-toc spanish/ParadigmsSpa.txt -->
|
|
</BODY></HTML>
|