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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
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<TITLE> Italian Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Italian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2006-12-07 11:27:52 CET</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Comparison adjectives</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Other complement patterns</A>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</P>
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<P>
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Aarne Ranta 2003
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</P>
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<P>
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This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
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expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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</P>
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<P>
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural.gf</CODE>.
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</P>
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<P>
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The main difference with <CODE>MorphoIta.gf</CODE> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
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</P>
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<P>
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The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
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first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
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regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
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escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
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However, this function should only seldom be needed. For verbs, we have a
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separate module <A HREF="../../italian/BeschIta.gf"><CODE>BeschIta</CODE></A>,
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which covers the <I>Bescherelle</I> verb conjugations.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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resource ParadigmsIta =
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open
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(Predef=Predef),
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Prelude,
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CommonRomance,
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ResIta,
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MorphoIta,
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BeschIta,
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CatIta in {
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flags optimize=all ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc1"></A>
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<H2>Parameters</H2>
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<P>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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oper
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Gender : Type ;
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Number : Type ;
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Prepositions used in many-argument functions are either strings
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(including the 'accusative' empty string) or strings that
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amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' <I>di</I> and the
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'dative' <I>a</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Prep : Type ;
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accusative : Prep ;
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genitive : Prep ;
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dative : Prep ;
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mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The following prepositions also have special contracted forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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con_Prep, da_Prep, in_Prep, su_Prep : Prep ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Nouns</H2>
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<P>
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Worst case: give both two forms and the gender.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (uomo,uomini : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular function takes the singular form and the gender,
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and computes the plural and the gender by a heuristic.
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The heuristic says that the gender is feminine for nouns
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ending with <I>a</I>, and masculine for all other words.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regN : Str -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To force a different gender, use one of the following functions.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mascN : N -> N ;
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femN : N -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
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<P>
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Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
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the second part is not inflected. e.g. <I>numero di telefono</I>.
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They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since
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they are frequent in lexica.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compN : N -> Str -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
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<P>
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Relational nouns (<I>figlio di x</I>) need a case and a preposition.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The most common cases are the genitive <I>di</I> and the dative <I>a</I>,
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with the empty preposition.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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diN2 : N -> N2 ;
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aN2 : N -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Three-place relational nouns (<I>la connessione di x a y</I>) need two prepositions.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc5"></A>
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<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
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relational noun (e.g. <I>la vecchia chiesa di</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
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<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
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and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc6"></A>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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Proper names need a string and a gender.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ;
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regPN : Str -> PN ; -- feminine if "-a", otherwise masculine
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To form a noun phrase that can also be plural,
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you can use the worst-case function.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkNP : Str -> Gender -> Number -> NP ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc7"></A>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<P>
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Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst
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case (masc and fem singular, masc plural, adverbial).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (solo,sola,soli,sole, solamente : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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For regular adjectives, all other forms are derived from the
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masculine singular.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regA : Str -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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These functions create postfix adjectives. To switch
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them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in
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modification, as in <I>vecchia chiesa</I>), the following function is
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provided.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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prefA : A -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<H3>Comparison adjectives</H3>
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<P>
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Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two
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adjectives: the positive (<I>buono</I>), and the comparative (<I>migliore</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkADeg : A -> A -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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If comparison is formed by <I>più</I>, as usual in Italian,
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the following pattern is used:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compADeg : A -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular pattern is the same as <CODE>regA</CODE> for plain adjectives,
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with comparison by <I>più</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regADeg : Str -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H2>Adverbs</H2>
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<P>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
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after the verb.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Some appear next to the verb (e.g. <I>sempre</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<H2>Verbs</H2>
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<P>
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Regular verbs are ones with the infinitive <I>are</I> or <I>ire</I>, the
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latter with singular present indicative forms as <I>finisco</I>.
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The regular verb function is the first conjugation recognizes
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these endings, as well as the variations among
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<I>amare, cominciare, mangiare, legare, cercare</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regV : Str -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The module <CODE>BeschIta</CODE> gives (almost) all the patterns of the <I>Bescherelle</I>
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book. To use them in the category <CODE>V</CODE>, wrap them with the function
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</P>
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<PRE>
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verboV : Verbo -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The function <CODE>regV</CODE> gives all verbs the compound auxiliary <I>avere</I>.
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To change it to <I>essere</I>, use the following function.
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Reflexive implies <I>essere</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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essereV : V -> V ;
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reflV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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If <CODE>BeschIta</CODE> does not give the desired result or feels difficult
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to consult, here is a worst-case function for <I>-ire</I> and <I>-ere</I> verbs,
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taking 11 arguments.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV :
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(udire,odo,ode,udiamo,udiro,udii,udisti,udi,udirono,odi,udito : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
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(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
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dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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You can reuse a <CODE>V2</CODE> verb in <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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v2V : V2 -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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the first one or both can be absent.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- parlare, a, di
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dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- dare,_,a
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dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- dare,_,_
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc14"></A>
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<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
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mkVS : V -> VS ;
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mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
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mkVV : V -> VV ; -- plain infinitive: "voglio parlare"
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deVV : V -> VV ; -- "cerco di parlare"
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aVV : V -> VV ; -- "arrivo a parlare"
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mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
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mkVA : V -> VA ;
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mkV2A : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A ;
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mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
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mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
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mkAS : A -> AS ;
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mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
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mkAV : A -> Prep -> AV ;
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mkA2V : A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
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just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
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as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
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<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type ;
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AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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