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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
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<TITLE> Norwegian Lexical Paradigms</TITLE>
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</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
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<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1> Norwegian Lexical Paradigms</H1>
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<FONT SIZE="4">
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<I>Last update: 2006-06-26 13:24:17 CEST</I><BR>
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</FONT></CENTER>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc1">Parameters</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc2">Nouns</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc3">Compound nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc4">Relational nouns</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc5">Relational common noun phrases</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc6">Proper names and noun phrases</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc7">Adjectives</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc8">Two-place adjectives</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc9">Adverbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc10">Verbs</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc11">Verbs with 'være' as auxiliary</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc12">Verbs with a particle.</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc13">Deponent verbs.</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc14">Two-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc15">Three-place verbs</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#toc16">Other complement patterns</A>
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</UL>
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</UL>
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<P></P>
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<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Produced by
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gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator.
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(c) Aarne Ranta (<A HREF="mailto:aarne@cs.chalmers.se">aarne@cs.chalmers.se</A>) 2002 under GNU GPL.
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</P>
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<P>
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Aarne Ranta 2003
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</P>
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<P>
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This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
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for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
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expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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It covers the <I>bokmål</I> variant of Norwegian.
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</P>
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<P>
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Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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accessed through the resource syntax API, <CODE>Structural</CODE>.
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</P>
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<P>
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The main difference with <CODE>MorphoNor.gf</CODE> is that the types
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referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
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had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
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than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
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</P>
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<P>
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The structure of functions for each word class <CODE>C</CODE> is the following:
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first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
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regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function <CODE>mkC</CODE>, which serves as an
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escape to construct the most irregular words of type <CODE>C</CODE>.
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However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
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separate module <A HREF="../../norwegian/IrregNor"><CODE>IrregNor</CODE></A>,
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which covers irregularly inflected verbs.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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resource ParadigmsNor =
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open
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(Predef=Predef),
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Prelude,
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CommonScand,
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ResNor,
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MorphoNor,
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CatNor in {
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc1"></A>
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<H2>Parameters</H2>
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<P>
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To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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oper
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Gender : Type ;
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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neutrum : Gender ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Number : Type ;
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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Case : Type ;
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nominative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
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noPrep : Prep ; -- empty string
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc2"></A>
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<H2>Nouns</H2>
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<P>
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Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the
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last letter of the second form (if <I>n</I>, then <CODE>utrum</CODE>, otherwise <CODE>neutrum</CODE>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN : (dreng,drengen,drenger,drengene : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular function takes the singular indefinite form
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and computes the other forms and the gender by a heuristic.
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The heuristic is that nouns ending <I>e</I> are feminine like <I>kvinne</I>,
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all others are masculine like <I>bil</I>.
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If in doubt, use the <CODE>cc</CODE> command to test!
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regN : Str -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Giving gender manually makes the heuristic more reliable.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regGenN : Str -> Gender -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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This function takes the singular indefinite and definite forms; the
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gender is computed from the definite form.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mk2N : (bil,bilen : Str) -> N ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc3"></A>
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<H3>Compound nouns</H3>
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<P>
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All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
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such as <I>fotboll</I>.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc4"></A>
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<H3>Relational nouns</H3>
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<P>
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Relational nouns (<I>datter til x</I>) need a preposition.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The most common preposition is <I>av</I>, and the following is a
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shortcut for regular, <CODE>nonhuman</CODE> relational nouns with <I>av</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regN2 : Str -> Gender -> N2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Use the function <CODE>mkPrep</CODE> or see the section on prepositions below to
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form other prepositions.
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</P>
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<P>
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Three-place relational nouns (<I>forbindelse fra x til y</I>)
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need two prepositions.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc5"></A>
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<H3>Relational common noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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In some cases, you may want to make a complex <CODE>CN</CODE> into a
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relational noun (e.g. <I>den gamle kongen av</I>). However, <CODE>N2</CODE> and
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<CODE>N3</CODE> are purely lexical categories. But you can use the <CODE>AdvCN</CODE>
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and <CODE>PrepNP</CODE> constructions to build phrases like this.
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</P>
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<A NAME="toc6"></A>
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<H3>Proper names and noun phrases</H3>
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<P>
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Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regPN : Str -> PN ; -- utrum
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regGenPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. <I>Bank</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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nounPN : N -> PN ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular
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genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc7"></A>
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<H2>Adjectives</H2>
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<P>
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Non-comparison one-place adjectives need three forms:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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For regular adjectives, the other forms are derived.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regA : Str -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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In most cases, two forms are enough.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc8"></A>
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<H3>Two-place adjectives</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Comparison adjectives may need as many as five forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkADeg : (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The regular pattern works for many adjectives, e.g. those ending
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with <I>ig</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regADeg : Str -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Just the comparison forms can be irregular.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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irregADeg : (tung,tyngre,tyngst : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Sometimes just the positive forms are irregular.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mk3ADeg : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A ;
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mk2ADeg : (bred,bredt : Str) -> A ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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If comparison is formed by <I>mer</I>, <I>mest</I>, as in general for
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long adjective, the following pattern is used:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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compoundA : A -> A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc9"></A>
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<H2>Adverbs</H2>
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<P>
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Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
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after the verb. Some follow the verb (e.g. <I>altid</I>).
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdv : Str -> Adv ; -- e.g. her
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mkAdV : Str -> AdV ; -- e.g. altid
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc10"></A>
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<H2>Verbs</H2>
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<P>
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The worst case needs six forms.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV : (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The 'regular verb' function is the first conjugation.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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regV : (snakke : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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The almost regular verb function needs the infinitive and the preteritum.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mk2V : (leve,levde : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module <CODE>IrregNor</CODE>.
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In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc11"></A>
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<H3>Verbs with 'være' as auxiliary</H3>
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<P>
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By default, the auxiliary is <I>have</I>. This function changes it to <I>være</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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vaereV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc12"></A>
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<H3>Verbs with a particle.</H3>
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<P>
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The particle, such as in <I>lukke opp</I>, is given as a string.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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partV : V -> Str -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc13"></A>
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<H3>Deponent verbs.</H3>
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<P>
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Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. <I>trives</I>, some as
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reflexive e.g. <I>forestille seg</I>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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depV : V -> V ;
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reflV : V -> V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc14"></A>
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<H3>Two-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
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(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
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dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc15"></A>
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<H3>Three-place verbs</H3>
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<P>
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Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
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the first one or both can be absent.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- snakke, med, om
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dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- gi,_,til
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dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- gi,_,_
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<A NAME="toc16"></A>
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<H3>Other complement patterns</H3>
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<P>
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Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
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questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
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mkVS : V -> VS ;
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mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
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mkVV : V -> VV ;
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mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
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mkVA : V -> VA ;
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mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ;
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mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
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mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
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mkAS : A -> AS ;
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mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
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mkAV : A -> AV ;
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mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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<P>
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Notice: categories <CODE>V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q</CODE> are in v 1.0 treated
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just as synonyms of <CODE>V2</CODE>, and the second argument is given
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as an adverb. Likewise <CODE>AS, A2S, AV, A2V</CODE> are just <CODE>A</CODE>.
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<CODE>V0</CODE> is just <CODE>V</CODE>.
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</P>
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<PRE>
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V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
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AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
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</PRE>
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<P></P>
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