A Guided Tour of LANGUAGE Grammar
Aarne Ranta


%!style(html) : utf8


This is an introduction to the basic grammar of LANGUAGE. 
It is guided by a computer program that knows the rules of the grammar.
All examples shown during the tour have been produced by that program.
You can read this document as it is, to get an
overview of LANGUAGE grammar. 
However, really to exploit the linguistic knowledge included in the program,
you should try out every rule by itself and also vary the rules in
interaction with the computer. 

The same tour is (or will be) available for 17 languages.
- [Arabic tourAra.html]
- [Bulgarian tourBul.html]
- [Catalan tourCat.html]
- [Danish tourDan.html]
- [Dutch tourDut.html]
- [English tourEng.html]
- [Finnish tourFin.html]
- [French tourFre.html]
- [German tourGer.html]
- [Italian tourIta.html]
- [Norwegian tourNor.html]
- [Polish tourPol.html]
- [Romanian tourRon.html]
- [Russian tourRus.html]
- [Spanish tourSpa.html]
- [Swedish tourSwe.html]
- [Urdu tourUrd.html]


See the last section of this document for how to contribute support for 
new languages as a developer.


=Computer prerequisites=

To use the LANGUAGE grammar program and test the grammar yourself, you need
- a computer with Linux, Mac OS, or Windows
- the program GF (Grammatical Framework), downloadable from
  the [GF website http://grammaticalframework.org]
- the grammar package ``Demo.pgf``, downloadable from 
  [here http://grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/Demo.pgf.gz]


In the future, we plan to provide a web-based version of this grammar tour,
so that you can ran the program without downloading or installing anything.

After installing GF (see instructions at GF website), just start it by
the shell command
```
  gf Demo.pgf
```
Then initialize the shell with a couple of handy commands:

| ``%forms``     | show the forms of a word or a phrase in LANGUAGE |
| ``%numeral``   | translate a number to a LANGUAGE numeral expression |
| ``%table``     | show the inflection table a word or a phrase in LANGUAGE |
| ``%translate`` | translate an utterance from English to LANGUAGE |


Initialization is made with the command macro definitions in GF:
```
> dc translate ps -lextext ?0 | parse -cat=Utt -lang=Eng | linearize -lang=LNG
> dc table linearize -table -lang=LNG ?0
> dc forms linearize -list -lang=LNG ?0
> dc numeral ps -chars ?0 | p -cat=Digits -lang=LNG | pt -transfer=digits2num | l -bind -lang=LNG
```
This is just to save you some work afterwards and to make this document
clearer; you could quite as well use the basic commands that are predifined
in GF, and for some less frequent cases we'll actually use them directly.

The **prompt** sign ``>`` is produced by GF, and you should only
write what is after it. In this document, we will use two kinds of markings
of type-written lines:
- ``>`` followed by a command you type
- ``*`` followed by output from GF


=Words and inflection=

We are ready to start the tour. 
We begin in the same way as grammar books usually do:
from words and their forms. We will also show the most basic 
syntactic combinations, to explain how the words are used, but
syntax proper is treated in the next chapter.


==Nouns==

The inflection forms of nouns are shown in the following example:
```
> %table flower_N
* s Sg Indef Nom : blomma
* s Sg Indef Gen : blommas
* s Sg Def Nom : blomman
* s Sg Def Gen : blommans
* s Pl Indef Nom : blommor
* s Pl Indef Gen : blommors
* s Pl Def Nom : blommorna
* s Pl Def Gen : blommornas
```
The forms together are an example of an **inflection pattern**.
Here are some inflection patterns.
#Swe They show the declensions 1 to 5.
```
> %forms flower_N
* blomma, blommas, blomman, blommans, blommor, blommors, blommorna, blommornas

> %forms car_N
* bil, bils, bilen, bilens, bilar, bilars, bilarna, bilarnas

> %forms cat_N
* katt, katts, katten, kattens, katter, katters, katterna, katternas

> %forms apple_N
* äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas

> %forms house_N
* hus, hus, huset, husets, hus, hus, husen, husens
```
The symbol ``N`` is used in the program to denote nouns. Here it is suffixed to
English words to indicate the meanings of the LANGUAGE nouns. This meaning
can be approximative, or just cover one of the possible senses.

In addition to inflection forms,
LANGUAGE nouns also have a gender. The gender is reflected, among
other things, in the indefinite article used with the nouns.
```
> %translate "a man"
* en man

> %translate "a woman"
* en kvinna

> %translate "a house"
* ett hus
```
The grammar training program has a small lexicon, with just 182 nouns. To see 
all there nouns, together with their inflection forms and senses explained in
English, you can do as follows:
```
> generate_trees -cat=N -number=5 | linearize -treebank -list -lang=LNG

* airplane_N
* flygplan, flygplans, flygplanet, flygplanets, flygplan, flygplans, flygplanen, flygplanens

* animal_N
* djur, djurs, djuret, djurets, djur, djurs, djuren, djurens
```

===Quizzes with nouns===

If you already know some LANGUAGE,
you can try out a **morphology quiz**, which lets you train your knowledge
of LANGUAGE noun inflection. You can later train your inflection skills with
other parts of speech, just changing the symbol ``N`` to some other symbol.
```
  morpho_quiz -cat=N -lang=LNG

  Welcome to GF Morphology Quiz.
  The quiz is over when you have done at least 10 examples
  with at least 75 % success.
  You can interrupt the quiz by entering a line consisting of a dot ('.').

  vetenskap s Sg Def Gen
  vetenskapens
  > Yes.
  Score 1/1

  kyrka s Pl Indef Nom
  kyrker
  > No, not kyrker, but
  kyrkor
  Score 1/2
```
(The above quiz example is swedish for all languages, for technical reasons.)

The quiz questions are randomly generated, so you can use the same
quiz for increasing your LANGUAGE skills over and over again.

Another quiz is the **translation quiz**, which lets you to train translations
of nouns from English to LANGUAGE (or, in fact, of any part of speech from any
language to any other one). Here is how it goes 
(to Swedish, for the sake of example):
```
  translation_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe -cat=N
  Welcome to GF Translation Quiz.
  The quiz is over when you have done at least 10 examples
  with at least 75 % success.
  You can interrupt the quiz by entering a line consisting of a dot ('.').
 
  ceiling
  tak
  > Yes.
  Score 1/1
  night
  nat
  > No, not nat, but
  natt
```


==Numerals and determiners==

Numerals are in LANGUAGE the easiest way to build complex noun phrases from nouns,
since their forms are independent of the noun; the noun is just inflected in
the plural indefinite. This is with the exception of "one", whose form depends
on the gender of the noun. Here is a quick way to generate the numerals from 1 
to 9:
```
> generate_trees -cat=Sub10 -number=9 | l -lang=Eng,LNG
* en
* två
* tre
* fyra
* fem
* sex
* sju
* åtta
* nio
```
Any sequence of digits from 1 to 999999 can be translated 
to a LANGUAGE numeral with the ``%numeral`` command:
```
> %numeral "10"
* tio
> %numeral "11"
* elva
> %numeral "20"
* tjugo
> %numeral "123"
* ett hundra tjugo tre
> %numeral "999999"
* nio hundra nittio nio tusen nio hundra nittio nio
```
Numerals can be combined with nouns to form **noun phrases**:
```
> %translate "one boy"
* en pojke
> %translate "one apple"
* ett äpple
> %translate "two boys"
* två pojkar
> %translate "eleven cars"
* elva bilar
```
Numerals are a special case of **determiners**: words that are 
combined with nouns to
form **noun phrases**. Articles are anouther special case; 
we already saw the indefinite articles:
```
> %translate "a man"
* en man

> %translate "a woman"
* en kvinna

> %translate "a car"
* bilen

> %translate "a house"
* ett hus
```
Here are examples with definite articles.
#Swe In LANGUAGE, they are expressed by inflecting the noun 
#Swe rather than adding a word like English //the//.
```
> %translate "the man"
* mannen

> %translate "the woman"
* kvinnan

> %translate "the car"
* bilen

> %translate "the house"
* huset
```
Definite articles in the plural:
```
> %translate "the men"
* männen

> %translate "the women"
* kvinnorna

> %translate "the cars"
* bilarna

> %translate "the houses"
* husen
```
The indefinite forms in the plural form look as follows.
English, like many other languages, have no explicit indefinite article: 
just use the plural form of the noun.
```
> %translate "men"
* män

> %translate "women"
* kvinnor

> %translate "cars"
* bilar

> %translate "houses"
* hus
```
Other common determiners are shown in the following:
```
> %translate "this car"
* den här bilen

> %translate "that car"
* den där bilen

> %translate "these cars"
* de här bilarna

> %translate "those cars"
* de där bilarna

> %translate "some cars"
* några bilar

> %translate "all cars"
* alla bilar
```
Generate more examples of nouns with determiners:
```
> gr -number=11 (UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?))) | l -lang=Eng,LNG
* much reason
* mycket anledning
* 
* few grammars
* få grammatiker
* 
* some teacher
* någon lärare
```
You will find out that other determiners can combine with numerals, such as in
```
> %translate "these seven sisters"
* de här sju systrarna

> %translate "the seven sisters"
* de sju systrarna
```
#Swe thus with a numeral, the definite article suddenly appears as a word.

The random generation above used a **pattern** for generating
expressions of the form ``(UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?)))``, where just the
question marks may vary. Such patterns can also be used to fine-tune quizzes.
For instance, here is a translation quiz for nouns with determiners:
```
  trans_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoLNG (UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?)))
```


==Adjectives==

Adjectives generally have more forms than nouns. Here is an example showing the
available forms for LANGUAGE adjectives:
```
> %table warm_A
* s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Utr))) Nom) : varm
* s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Utr))) Gen) : varms
* s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Neutr))) Nom) : varmt
* s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Neutr))) Gen) : varmts
* s (AF (APosit (Strong GPl)) Nom) : varma
* s (AF (APosit (Strong GPl)) Gen) : varmas
* s (AF (APosit (Weak Sg)) Nom) : varma
* s (AF (APosit (Weak Sg)) Gen) : varmas
* s (AF (APosit (Weak Pl)) Nom) : varma
* s (AF (APosit (Weak Pl)) Gen) : varmas
* s (AF ACompar Nom) : varmare
* s (AF ACompar Gen) : varmares
* s (AF (ASuperl SupStrong) Nom) : varmast
* s (AF (ASuperl SupStrong) Gen) : varmasts
* s (AF (ASuperl SupWeak) Nom) : varmaste
* s (AF (ASuperl SupWeak) Gen) : varmastes
```
The comparative and superlative forms are often formed syntactically, by using 
words similar to //more// and //most//.

Here are some examples of adjective inflections:
```
> %forms good_A
* god, gods, gott, gotts, goda, godas, goda, godas, goda, godas, bättre, bättres, bäst, bästs, bästa, bästas

> %forms bad_A
* dålig, dåligs, dåligt, dåligts, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, sämre, sämres, sämst, sämsts, sämsta, sämstas

> %forms rotten_A
* rutten, ruttens, ruttet, ruttets, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttnare, ruttnares, ruttnast, ruttnasts, ruttnaste, ruttnastes

> %forms important_A
* viktig, viktigs, viktigt, viktigts, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktigare, viktigares, viktigast, viktigasts, viktigaste, viktigastes

> %forms stupid_A
* dum, dums, dumt, dumts, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dummare, dummares, dummast, dummasts, dummaste, dummastes
```
The morpho quiz for adjectives is as one would expect:
```
  morpho_quiz -cat=A -lang=DemoLNG
```

==The use of adjectives==

Adjectives can be used to **modify** nouns.
The form of the adjective may then depend on the gender of the noun.
```
> %translate "old man"
* gammal man

> %translate "old woman"
* gammal kvinna

> %translate "old house"
* gammalt hus
```
The adjective+noun combination is inflected for the same forms as the
bare noun:
```
> parse -cat=CN "old house" | %forms
* gammalt hus, gammalt hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla huset, gamla husets, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla husen, gamla husens
```
Here are the quizzes for training the adjectival modification of nouns:
```
  translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoLNG (AdjCN (PositA ?) (UseN ?))
  
  morpho_quiz -lang=DemoLNG (AdjCN (PositA ?) (UseN ?))
```
Adjectives can be combined to **adjectival phrases** (AP). One way to do this
is by means of **adadjectives**, such as //very// and //too//:
```
> p -lang=Eng -cat=AP "very old" | l -lang=LNG
* mycket gammal

> p -lang=Eng -cat=AP "too heavy" | l -lang=LNG
* för tung
```
The **comparative** forms can be used for building adjectival phrases together
with noun phrase complements:
```
> p -lang=Eng -cat=AP  "warmer than the sun" | l -lang=LNG
* varmare än solen
```
Also these complex AP's can modify common nouns. The word order can be different
from modification with simple adjectives.
```
> p -lang=Eng -cat=CN  "country warmer than the sun" | l -lang=LNG
* land varmare än solen

> p -lang=Eng -cat=CN  "very warm country" | l -lang=LNG
* mycket varmt land
```
Quizzes for such constructions are as follows:
```
  translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoLNG (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))
  
  morpho_quiz -lang=DemoLNG (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))
```


==Personal pronouns==

Personal pronouns have many forms:
```
> %table we_Pron
* s NPNom : vi
* s NPAcc : oss
* s (NPPoss (GSg Utr)) : vår
* s (NPPoss (GSg Neutr)) : vårt
* s (NPPoss GPl) : våra
```
Here are the forms of all personal pronouns of LANGUAGE:
```
> %forms i_Pron
* jag, mig, min, mitt, mina

> %forms youSg_Pron
* du, dig, din, ditt, dina

> %forms youPol_Pron
* ni, er, er, ert, era

> %forms he_Pron
* han, honom, hans, hans, hans

> %forms she_Pron
* hon, henne, hennes, hennes, hennes

> %forms we_Pron
* vi, oss, vår, vårt, våra

> %forms youPl_Pron
* ni, er, er, ert, era

> %forms they_Pron
* de, dem, deras, deras, deras
```
Notice the polite and plural forms of //you//, which English doesn't have.

The **possessive** forms of pronouns are used as determiners:
```
> %translate "her house , my car and our children"
* hennes hus , min bil och våra barn
```
Here's the pattern for training the combination of possessive pronouns and
nouns, with the ``morpho_quiz`` and ``translate_quiz`` commands:
```
  (DetCN (DetQuant (PossPron ?) ?) (UseN ?))
```

==Prepositions==

Prepositions are not inflected. But when attached to noun phrases, they may
affect the inflection of the noun phrase. In some languages, no preposition
word may be shown, but just a different form of the noun phrase.
```
> %translate "my yellow house"
* mitt gula hus

> %translate "in my yellow house"
* i mitt gula hus

> %translate "to my yellow house"
* till mitt gula hus

> %translate "from my yellow house"
* från mitt gula hus

> %translate "with my yellow house"
* med mitt gula hus

> %translate "without my yellow house"
* utan mitt gula hus
```
Pronouns show in some languages even more variation.

To train prepositional phrases, use the pattern
```
  (PrepNP ? ?)
```


==Verbs==

Verbs usually have more inflection forms than any other words:
```
> %table sleep_V
* s (VF (VPres Act)) : sover
* s (VF (VPres Pass)) : sovs
* s (VF (VPret Act)) : sov
* s (VF (VPret Pass)) : sovs
* s (VF (VImper Act)) : sov
* s (VF (VImper Pass)) : sovs
* s (VI (VInfin Act)) : sova
* s (VI (VInfin Pass)) : sovas
* s (VI (VSupin Act)) : sovit
* s (VI (VSupin Pass)) : sovits
* s (VI (VPtPret (Strong (GSg Utr)) Nom)) : soven
* s (VI (VPtPret (Strong (GSg Utr)) Gen)) : sovens
* s (VI (VPtPret (Strong (GSg Neutr)) Nom)) : sovet
* s (VI (VPtPret (Strong (GSg Neutr)) Gen)) : sovets
* s (VI (VPtPret (Strong GPl) Nom)) : sovna
* s (VI (VPtPret (Strong GPl) Gen)) : sovnas
* s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Sg) Nom)) : sovna
* s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Sg) Gen)) : sovnas
* s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Pl) Nom)) : sovna
* s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Pl) Gen)) : sovnas
```
Here are some inflection examples:
```
> %forms speak_V2
* talar, talas, talade, talades, tala, talas, tala, talas, talat, talats, talad, talads, talat, talats, talade, talades, talade, talades, talade, talades,

> %forms play_V2
* spelar, spelas, spelade, spelades, spela, spelas, spela, spelas, spelat, spelats, spelad, spelads, spelat, spelats, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades,

> %forms buy_V2
* köper, köps, köpte, köptes, köp, köps, köpa, köpas, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, , 

> %forms run_V
* springer, springs, sprang, sprangs, spring, springs, springa, springas, sprungit, sprungits, sprungen, sprungens, sprunget, sprungets, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, 

> %forms walk_V
* går, gås, gick, gicks, gå, gås, gå, gås, gått, gåtts, gången, gångens, gånget, gångets, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, 
```
In some languages, verbs can be very irregular.

There are different **subcategories** of verbs: intransitive verbs (V), two-place
verbs (V2), sentence-complement verbs (VS). The differences have to do with
syntax, and will be discussed later.



=Syntactic combinations=

Above, we have discussed some syntactic combinations:
determination (//the car//, //this car//) and adjectival modification
(//old car//). In this chapter, we concentrate on the formation of
sentences.


==Predication==

In **predication**, a verb is give its **arguments**: 
the **subject** (the one who does something)
and the **complements** (what is done, to whom it is done, etc). The simplest
predication is with **intransitive verbs**, which only have the subject:
```
> %translate "he walks"
* han går

> %translate "we sleep"
* vi sover

> %translate "the very old woman sings"
* den mycket gamla kvinnan sjunger
```
A predication forms a **clause**, which corresponds to many different
**sentences**. Each sentence is built by fixing a **tense**, a **polarity**
(yes or no), and possibly a word order (inverted question, subordinate clause),
a mood (indicative, subjunctive). Here is a table showing what forms a clause
can have in LANGUAGE:
```
> p -cat=Cl -lang=Eng "the man walks" | %table
* s Pres Simul Pos Main : mannen går
* s Pres Simul Pos Inv : går mannen
* s Pres Simul Pos Sub : mannen går
* s Pres Simul Neg Main : mannen går inte
* s Pres Simul Neg Inv : går mannen inte
* s Pres Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte går
* s Pres Anter Pos Main : mannen har gått
* s Pres Anter Pos Inv : har mannen gått
* s Pres Anter Pos Sub : mannen har gått
* s Pres Anter Neg Main : mannen har inte gått
* s Pres Anter Neg Inv : har mannen inte gått
* s Pres Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte har gått
* s Past Simul Pos Main : mannen gick
* s Past Simul Pos Inv : gick mannen
* s Past Simul Pos Sub : mannen gick
* s Past Simul Neg Main : mannen gick inte
* s Past Simul Neg Inv : gick mannen inte
* s Past Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte gick
* s Past Anter Pos Main : mannen hade gått
* s Past Anter Pos Inv : hade mannen gått
* s Past Anter Pos Sub : mannen hade gått
* s Past Anter Neg Main : mannen hade inte gått
* s Past Anter Neg Inv : hade mannen inte gått
* s Past Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte hade gått
* s Fut Simul Pos Main : mannen ska gå
* s Fut Simul Pos Inv : ska mannen gå
* s Fut Simul Pos Sub : mannen ska gå
* s Fut Simul Neg Main : mannen ska inte gå
* s Fut Simul Neg Inv : ska mannen inte gå
* s Fut Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte ska gå
* s Fut Anter Pos Main : mannen ska ha gått
* s Fut Anter Pos Inv : ska mannen ha gått
* s Fut Anter Pos Sub : mannen ska ha gått
* s Fut Anter Neg Main : mannen ska inte ha gått
* s Fut Anter Neg Inv : ska mannen inte ha gått
* s Fut Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte ska ha gått
* s Cond Simul Pos Main : mannen skulle gå
* s Cond Simul Pos Inv : skulle mannen gå
* s Cond Simul Pos Sub : mannen skulle gå
* s Cond Simul Neg Main : mannen skulle inte gå
* s Cond Simul Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte gå
* s Cond Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle gå
* s Cond Anter Pos Main : mannen skulle ha gått
* s Cond Anter Pos Inv : skulle mannen ha gått
* s Cond Anter Pos Sub : mannen skulle ha gått
* s Cond Anter Neg Main : mannen skulle inte ha gått
* s Cond Anter Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte ha gått
* s Cond Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle ha gått
```
The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of intransitive
clauses:
```
  morpho_quiz -lang=DemoLNG (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseV ?))
```
The following quiz translates English sentences in random tenses and polarities:
```
  translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoLNG (UseCl ? ? (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseV ?)))
```

==Verbs with different predication patterns==

Transitive verbs take an object in the accusative case (if there is a case):
```
> %translate "he loves her"
* han älskar henne
```
A generalization is two-place verbs, where the object is in some other case, or
has a preposition. What is transitive in one language can often require a 
preposition in another language:
```
> %translate "he waits for her"
* han väntar på henne

> %translate "he likes her"
* han tycker om henne
```
Three-place verbs usually take an object and another argument:
```
> %translate "the king gave the city to the queen"
* kungen gav staden till drottningen
```
There are also verbs that have a sentence or a question as an argument,
possibly with an object:
```
> %translate "he said that the man walks"
* han sade att mannen går

> %translate "he wonders who sleeps"
* han undrar vem som sover

> %translate "he asked me who sleeps"
* han frågade mig vem som sover

> %translate "we answer to him that everybody sleeps"
* vi svarar till honom att alla sover
```
There are also verbs that take other verbs (with their complements) as arguments:
```
> %translate "we must sleep"
* vi måste sova

> %translate "we want to wait for her"
* vi vill vänta på henne
```
The verb //to be// takes adjectives and noun phrases as arguments:
```
> %translate "he is very old"
* han är mycket gammal

> %translate "he is an old man"
* han är en gammal man
```
The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of clauses with 
any verb:
```
  morpho_quiz -lang=DemoLNG (PredVP (UsePron ?) ?)
```
The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of clauses with 
//to be//:
```
  morpho_quiz -lang=DemoLNG (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseComp ?))
```
The following quiz translates English sentences in random tenses and polarities:
```
  translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoLNG (UseCl ? ? (PredVP (UsePron ?) ?))
```


==Questions==

Questions are similar to sentences, but can have a different word order:
```
> %translate "is he very old"
* är han mycket gammal

> %translate "would I sleep"
* skulle jag sova
```
Questions can moreover have **interrogatives** as their arguments,
instead of norman nouns:
```
> %translate "who doesn't sleep"
* vem sover inte

> %translate "whom did she see"
* vem såg hon
```
Sentences without interrogatives can be made to questions with
**interrogative adverbs**:
```
> %translate "where will we sleep"
* var ska vi sova

> %translate "why didn't she wait for us"
* varför väntade hon inte på oss
```


=For developers=

There are three levels of involvement, from the easiest to the hardest,
+ create the default tour for a language that is in the GF resource grammar library
  (takes less than a minute, if you have the tools listed below)
+ customize the tour for a language that is in the library
  (worth spending a couple of hours on)
+ add a language to the library and build the tour for it
  (an undertaking of a few months)


1. To create the tour for a language that is in the library, e.g. Spanish, 
just run
```
  make Spa
```
in the directory ``GF/lib/doc/tour``. You need the following things for this 
to work out
- the program GF (Grammatical Framework), downloadable from
  the [GF website http://grammaticalframework.org]
- the precompiled grammar package ``Demo.pgf``, downloadable from 
  [here http://grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/Demo.pgf.gz] or makeable in
  ``GF/lib/src`` with ``make demo``
- the command ``runghc`` available in any [GHC http://www.haskell.org/ghc] installation
- the command [``txt2tags`` http://txt2tags.sourceforge.net/]


2. To customize the tour, edit the master file ``GF/lib/doc/tour/tour.txt``. 
The customization mainly proceeds by adding lines marked ``#Spa`` (if Spanish is
your target language). This can be done both for text lines, e.g.
```
  #Spa LANGUAGE has separate second-person plural pronouns for both genders.
```
and for GF command lines, e.g.
```
  #Spa %translate "you are very old"
```
In both cases, one can also add ``#Spa`` to the existing markings if they are
adequate, e.g.
```
  #Fre,Spa LANGUAGE has two genders: the masculine and the feminine.
```
It's in particular for this purpose that we recommend using the variable ``LANGUAGE``
rather than the constant ``Spanish``. The ``make`` procedure replaces the variable with
the constant automatically. Similarly, the language code ``Spa`` used in GF commands
should be avoided and the variable ``LNG`` used instead.

In general, the master file ``tour.txt`` is processed line by line. It has five kinds
of lines, distinguished by the prefix of the line:
- ``#`` //LANGS// ``>`` //COMMAND// : language-specific GF command
- ``#`` //LANGS// //TEXT// : language-specific text
- ``>`` //COMMAND// : language-independent GF command
- ``*`` : ignored; included for the sake of documentation
- any other text : language-independet text


Here //LANGS// is a comma-separated list of 3-letter language codes,
such as ``Fre,Spa,Ita``.


3. To contribute a new language to the library, see the
[GF Resource Grammar Project http://grammaticalframework.org/doc/gfss].

In cases (2) and (3), please contribute your work to the GF community!




