diff --git a/src/abstract/Extend.gf b/src/abstract/Extend.gf
index ea9f9f3b..718ffdac 100644
--- a/src/abstract/Extend.gf
+++ b/src/abstract/Extend.gf
@@ -45,6 +45,13 @@ abstract Extend = Cat ** {
     MkVPS      : Temp -> Pol -> VP -> VPS ;  -- hasn't slept
     ConjVPS    : Conj -> [VPS] -> VPS ;      -- has walked and won't sleep
     PredVPS    : NP   -> VPS -> S ;          -- she [has walked and won't sleep]
+    SQuestVPS  : NP   -> VPS -> QS ;         -- has she walked
+    QuestVPS   : IP   -> VPS -> QS ;         -- who has walked
+
+-- existentials that work in the absence of Cl
+    ExistS     : Temp -> Pol -> NP -> S ;    -- there was a party
+    ExistNPQS  : Temp -> Pol -> NP -> QS ;   -- was there a party
+    ExistIPQS  : Temp -> Pol -> IP -> QS ;   -- what was there
 
     MkVPI      : VP -> VPI ;                 -- to sleep (TODO: Ant and Pol)
     ConjVPI    : Conj -> [VPI] -> VPI ;      -- to sleep and to walk
diff --git a/src/common/ExtendFunctor.gf b/src/common/ExtendFunctor.gf
index c07d3435..73847677 100644
--- a/src/common/ExtendFunctor.gf
+++ b/src/common/ExtendFunctor.gf
@@ -117,6 +117,14 @@ lin
   UttDatIP ip = UttAccIP (lin IP ip) ; -- whom (dative) ; DEFAULT who
   UttVPShort = UttVP ; -- have fun, as opposed to "to have fun" ; DEFAULT UttVP
 
+  SQuestVPS = variants {} ; -- : NP   -> VPS -> QS ;         -- has she walked
+  QuestVPS = variants {} ; --  : IP   -> VPS -> QS ;         -- who has walked
+
+-- these will probably not need language-specific implementations
+  ExistS t p np = UseCl t p (ExistNP np) ;
+  ExistNPQS t p np = UseQCl t p (QuestCl (ExistNP np)) ;
+  ExistIPQS t p np = UseQCl t p (ExistIP np) ;
+
 oper
   quoted : Str -> Str = \s -> "\"" ++ s ++ "\"" ; ---- TODO bind ; move to Prelude?