%translate |
translate an utterance from English to Swedish |
@@ -126,43 +185,74 @@ Then initialize the shell with a couple of handy commands:
Initialization is made with the command macro definitions in GF:
+
+
> dc translate ps -lextext ?0 | parse -cat=Utt -lang=Eng | linearize -lang=Swe
+
> dc table linearize -table -lang=Swe ?0
+
> dc forms linearize -list -lang=Swe ?0
+
> dc numeral ps -chars ?0 | p -cat=Digits -lang=Swe | pt -transfer=digits2num | l -bind -lang=Swe
+
+
This is just to save you some work afterwards and to make this document
+
+
clearer; you could quite as well use the basic commands that are predifined
+
+
in GF, and for some less frequent cases we'll actually use them directly.
The prompt sign > is produced by GF, and you should only
+
+
write what is after it. In this document, we will use two kinds of markings
+
+
of type-written lines:
+
> followed by a command you type
+
* followed by output from GF
Words and inflection
+
We are ready to start the tour.
+
+
We begin in the same way as grammar books usually do:
+
+
from words and their forms. We will also show the most basic
+
+
syntactic combinations, to explain how the words are used, but
+
+
syntax proper is treated in the next chapter.
+
Nouns
+
The inflection forms of nouns are shown in the following example:
+
+
> %table flower_N
+
s Sg Indef Nom : blomma
s Sg Indef Gen : blommas
s Sg Def Nom : blomman
@@ -171,342 +261,545 @@ The inflection forms of nouns are shown in the following example:
s Pl Indef Gen : blommors
s Pl Def Nom : blommorna
s Pl Def Gen : blommornas
-
+ co : blomma
+
The forms together are an example of an inflection pattern.
+
+
Here are some inflection patterns.
+
+
They show the declensions 1 to 5.
+
+
> %forms flower_N
- blomma, blommas, blomman, blommans, blommor, blommors, blommorna, blommornas
+
+ blomma, blommas, blomman, blommans, blommor, blommors, blommorna, blommornas, blomma
+
> %forms car_N
- bil, bils, bilen, bilens, bilar, bilars, bilarna, bilarnas
+
+ bil, bils, bilen, bilens, bilar, bilars, bilarna, bilarnas, bil
+
> %forms cat_N
- katt, katts, katten, kattens, katter, katters, katterna, katternas
+
+ katt, katts, katten, kattens, katter, katters, katterna, katternas, katt
+
> %forms apple_N
- äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas
+
+ äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas, äpple, äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas, äppel
+
> %forms house_N
- hus, hus, huset, husets, hus, hus, husen, husens
+
+ hus, hus, huset, husets, hus, hus, husen, husens, hus
+
The symbol N is used in the program to denote nouns. Here it is suffixed to
+
+
English words to indicate the meanings of the Swedish nouns. This meaning
+
+
can be approximative, or just cover one of the possible senses.
In addition to inflection forms,
+
+
Swedish nouns also have a gender. The gender is reflected, among
+
+
other things, in the indefinite article used with the nouns.
+
+
> %translate "a man"
+
en man
+
> %translate "a woman"
+
en kvinna
+
> %translate "a house"
+
ett hus
+
The grammar training program has a small lexicon, with just 182 nouns. To see
+
+
all there nouns, together with their inflection forms and senses explained in
+
+
English, you can do as follows:
+
+
> generate_trees -cat=N -number=5 | linearize -treebank -list -lang=Swe
- Demo: airplane_N
- DemoSwe: flygplan, flygplans, flygplanet, flygplanets, flygplan, flygplans, flygplanen, flygplanens
- Demo: animal_N
- DemoSwe: djur, djurs, djuret, djurets, djur, djurs, djuren, djurens
- Demo: apartment_N
- DemoSwe: lägenhet, lägenhets, lägenheten, lägenhetens, lägenheter, lägenheters, lägenheterna, lägenheternas
- Demo: apple_N
- DemoSwe: äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas
- Demo: art_N
- DemoSwe: konst, konsts, konsten, konstens, konster, konsters, konsterna, konsternas
+
+ ResourceDemo: airplane_N
+ ResourceDemoSwe: flygplan, flygplans, flygplanet, flygplanets, flygplan, flygplans, flygplanen, flygplanens, flygplan
+ ResourceDemo: animal_N
+ ResourceDemoSwe: djur, djurs, djuret, djurets, djur, djurs, djuren, djurens, djur
+ ResourceDemo: apple_N
+ ResourceDemoSwe: äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas, äpple, äpple, äpples, äpplet, äpplets, äpplen, äpplens, äpplena, äpplenas, äppel
+ ResourceDemo: baby_N
+ ResourceDemoSwe: bebis, bebis, bebisen, bebisens, bebisar, bebisars, bebisarna, bebisarnas, bebis
+ ResourceDemo: beer_N
+ ResourceDemoSwe: öl, öls, ölet, ölets, öl, öls, ölen, ölens, öl
+
+
-
+
Quizzes with nouns
+
If you already know some Swedish,
+
+
you can try out a morphology quiz, which lets you train your knowledge
+
+
of Swedish noun inflection. You can later train your inflection skills with
+
+
other parts of speech, just changing the symbol N to some other symbol.
+
+
morpho_quiz -cat=N -lang=Swe
+
+
Welcome to GF Morphology Quiz.
+
The quiz is over when you have done at least 10 examples
+
with at least 75 % success.
+
You can interrupt the quiz by entering a line consisting of a dot ('.').
+
+
vetenskap s Sg Def Gen
+
vetenskapens
+
> Yes.
+
Score 1/1
+
+
kyrka s Pl Indef Nom
+
kyrker
+
> No, not kyrker, but
+
kyrkor
+
Score 1/2
+
+
(The above quiz example is swedish for all languages, for technical reasons.)
The quiz questions are randomly generated, so you can use the same
+
+
quiz for increasing your Swedish skills over and over again.
Another quiz is the translation quiz, which lets you to train translations
+
+
of nouns from English to Swedish (or, in fact, of any part of speech from any
+
+
language to any other one). Here is how it goes
+
+
(to Swedish, for the sake of example):
+
+
translation_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe -cat=N
+
Welcome to GF Translation Quiz.
+
The quiz is over when you have done at least 10 examples
+
with at least 75 % success.
+
You can interrupt the quiz by entering a line consisting of a dot ('.').
+
+
ceiling
+
tak
+
> Yes.
+
Score 1/1
+
night
+
nat
+
> No, not nat, but
+
natt
+
-
+
Numerals and determiners
+
Numerals are in Swedish the easiest way to build complex noun phrases from nouns,
+
+
since their forms are independent of the noun; the noun is just inflected in
+
+
the plural indefinite. This is with the exception of "one", whose form depends
+
+
on the gender of the noun. Here is a quick way to generate the numerals from 1
+
+
to 9:
+
+
> generate_trees -cat=Sub10 -number=9 | l -lang=Eng,Swe
+
two
två
- three
+ three
tre
- four
+ four
fyra
- five
+ five
fem
- six
+ six
sex
- seven
+ seven
sju
- eight
+ eight
åtta
- nine
+ nine
nio
- two
- två
+ one
+ en
+
Any sequence of digits from 1 to 999999 can be translated
+
+
to a Swedish numeral with the %numeral command:
+
+
> %numeral "10"
- tio
> %numeral "11"
- elva
> %numeral "20"
- tjugo
> %numeral "123"
- etthundra tjugotre
> %numeral "999999"
- niohundra nittioniotusen niohundra nittionio
+
Numerals can be combined with nouns to form noun phrases:
+
+
> %translate "one boy"
+
en pojke
> %translate "one apple"
+
ett äpple
> %translate "two boys"
+
två pojkar
> %translate "eleven cars"
+
elva bilar
+
Numerals are a special case of determiners: words that are
+
+
combined with nouns to
+
+
form noun phrases. Articles are anouther special case;
+
+
we already saw the indefinite articles:
+
+
> %translate "a man"
+
en man
+
> %translate "a woman"
+
en kvinna
+
> %translate "a car"
+
en bil
+
> %translate "a house"
+
ett hus
+
Here are examples with definite articles.
+
+
In Swedish, they are expressed by inflecting the noun
+
+
rather than adding a word like English the.
+
+
> %translate "the man"
+
mannen
+
> %translate "the woman"
+
kvinnan
+
> %translate "the car"
+
bilen
+
> %translate "the house"
+
huset
+
Definite articles in the plural:
+
+
> %translate "the men"
+
männen
+
> %translate "the women"
+
kvinnorna
+
> %translate "the cars"
+
bilarna
+
> %translate "the houses"
+
husen
+
The indefinite forms in the plural form look as follows.
+
+
English, like many other languages, have no explicit indefinite article:
+
+
just use the plural form of the noun.
+
+
> %translate "men"
+
män
+
> %translate "women"
+
kvinnor
+
> %translate "cars"
+
bilar
+
> %translate "houses"
+
hus
+
Other common determiners are shown in the following:
+
+
> %translate "this car"
+
den här bilen
+
> %translate "that car"
+
den där bilen
+
> %translate "these cars"
+
de här bilarna
+
> %translate "those cars"
+
de där bilarna
+
> %translate "some cars"
- några bilar
+
+
> %translate "all cars"
+
+
Generate more examples of nouns with determiners:
+
+
> gr -number=11 (UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?))) | l -lang=Eng,Swe
- some sister
- någon syster
- many men
- många män
- those dusts
- de där dammen
- many pens
- många pennor
- some sticks
- några pinnar
- every boss
- varje chef
- few houses
- få hus
- some wars
- några krig
- some school
- någon skola
- many moons
- många månar
- a flower
- en blomma
+
+ a bike
+ en cykel
+ that year
+ det där året
+ a husband
+ en make
+ one hundred and eleven thousand songs
+ ett &+ hundra elva tusen sånger
+ these newspapers
+ de här tidningarna
+ these breads
+ de här bröden
+ the hills
+ kullarna
+ those nights
+ de där nätterna
+ trains
+ tåg
+ this train
+ det här tåget
+ the boots
+ stövlarna
+
You will find out that other determiners can combine with numerals, such as in
+
+
> %translate "these seven sisters"
- de här sju systrarna
+
+
> %translate "the seven sisters"
- de sju systrarna
+
+
thus with a numeral, the definite article suddenly appears as a word.
The random generation above used a pattern for generating
+
+
expressions of the form (UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?))), where just the
+
+
question marks may vary. Such patterns can also be used to fine-tune quizzes.
+
+
For instance, here is a translation quiz for nouns with determiners:
+
+
trans_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (UttNP (DetCN ? (UseN ?)))
+
-
+
Adjectives
+
Adjectives generally have more forms than nouns. Here is an example showing the
+
+
available forms for Swedish adjectives:
+
+
> %table warm_A
+
s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Utr))) Nom) : varm
s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Utr))) Gen) : varms
s (AF (APosit (Strong (GSg Neutr))) Nom) : varmt
@@ -523,209 +816,333 @@ available forms for Swedish adjectives:
s (AF (ASuperl SupStrong) Gen) : varmasts
s (AF (ASuperl SupWeak) Nom) : varmaste
s (AF (ASuperl SupWeak) Gen) : varmastes
-
+ s AAdv : varmt
+
The comparative and superlative forms are often formed syntactically, by using
+
+
words similar to more and most.
Here are some examples of adjective inflections:
+
+
> %forms good_A
- god, gods, gott, gotts, goda, godas, goda, godas, goda, godas, bättre, bättres, bäst, bästs, bästa, bästas
+
+ god, gods, gott, gotts, goda, godas, goda, godas, goda, godas, bättre, bättres, bäst, bästs, bästa, bästas, gott
+
> %forms bad_A
- dålig, dåligs, dåligt, dåligts, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, sämre, sämres, sämst, sämsts, sämsta, sämstas
+
+ dålig, dåligs, dåligt, dåligts, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, dåliga, dåligas, sämre, sämres, sämst, sämsts, sämsta, sämstas, dåligt
+
> %forms rotten_A
- rutten, ruttens, ruttet, ruttets, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttnare, ruttnares, ruttnast, ruttnasts, ruttnaste, ruttnastes
+
+ rutten, ruttens, ruttet, ruttets, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttna, ruttnas, ruttnare, ruttnares, ruttnast, ruttnasts, ruttnaste, ruttnastes, ruttet
+
> %forms important_A
- viktig, viktigs, viktigt, viktigts, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktigare, viktigares, viktigast, viktigasts, viktigaste, viktigastes
+
+ viktig, viktigs, viktigt, viktigts, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktiga, viktigas, viktigare, viktigares, viktigast, viktigasts, viktigaste, viktigastes, viktigt
+
> %forms stupid_A
- dum, dums, dumt, dumts, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dummare, dummares, dummast, dummasts, dummaste, dummastes
+
+ dum, dums, dumt, dumts, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dumma, dummas, dummare, dummares, dummast, dummasts, dummaste, dummastes, dumt
+
The morpho quiz for adjectives is as one would expect:
+
+
morpho_quiz -cat=A -lang=DemoSwe
+
-
+
The use of adjectives
+
Adjectives can be used to modify nouns.
+
+
The form of the adjective may then depend on the gender of the noun.
+
+
> %translate "old man"
+
gammal man
+
> %translate "old woman"
+
gammal kvinna
+
> %translate "old house"
+
gammalt hus
+
The adjective+noun combination is inflected for the same forms as the
+
+
bare noun:
+
+
> parse -cat=CN "old house" | %forms
+
gammalt hus, gammalt hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla huset, gamla husets, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla hus, gamla husen, gamla husens
+
Here are the quizzes for training the adjectival modification of nouns:
+
+
translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (AdjCN (PositA ?) (UseN ?))
+
+
morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (AdjCN (PositA ?) (UseN ?))
+
+
Adjectives can be combined to adjectival phrases (AP). One way to do this
+
+
is by means of adadjectives, such as very and too:
+
+
> p -lang=Eng -cat=AP "very old" | l -lang=Swe
+
mycket gammal
+
> p -lang=Eng -cat=AP "too heavy" | l -lang=Swe
- för tung
+
+
The comparative forms can be used for building adjectival phrases together
+
+
with noun phrase complements:
+
+
> p -lang=Eng -cat=AP "warmer than the sun" | l -lang=Swe
+
+
Also these complex AP's can modify common nouns. The word order can be different
+
+
from modification with simple adjectives.
+
+
> p -lang=Eng -cat=CN "country warmer than the sun" | l -lang=Swe
+
+
> p -lang=Eng -cat=CN "very warm country" | l -lang=Swe
+
mycket varmt land
+
Quizzes for such constructions are as follows:
+
+
translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))
+
+
morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (AdjCN ? (UseN ?))
+
-
+
Personal pronouns
+
Personal pronouns have many forms:
+
+
> %table we_Pron
+
s NPNom : vi
s NPAcc : oss
- s (NPPoss (GSg Utr)) : vår
- s (NPPoss (GSg Neutr)) : vårt
- s (NPPoss GPl) : våra
-
+ s (NPPoss (GSg Utr) Nom) : vår
+ s (NPPoss (GSg Utr) Gen) : vårs
+ s (NPPoss (GSg Neutr) Nom) : vårt
+ s (NPPoss (GSg Neutr) Gen) : vårts
+ s (NPPoss GPl Nom) : våra
+ s (NPPoss GPl Gen) : våras
+
Here are the forms of all personal pronouns of Swedish:
+
+
> %forms i_Pron
- jag, mig, min, mitt, mina
+
+ jag, mig, min, mins, mitt, mitts, mina, minas
+
> %forms youSg_Pron
- du, dig, din, ditt, dina
+
+ du, dig, din, dins, ditt, ditts, dina, dinas
+
> %forms youPol_Pron
- ni, er, er, ert, era
+
+ ni, er, er, ers, ert, erts, era, eras
+
> %forms he_Pron
- han, honom, hans, hans, hans
+
+ han, honom, hans, hans, hans, hans, hans, hans
+
> %forms she_Pron
- hon, henne, hennes, hennes, hennes
+
+ hon, henne, hennes, hennes, hennes, hennes, hennes, hennes
+
> %forms we_Pron
- vi, oss, vår, vårt, våra
+
+ vi, oss, vår, vårs, vårt, vårts, våra, våras
+
> %forms youPl_Pron
- ni, er, er, ert, era
+
+ ni, er, er, ers, ert, erts, era, eras
+
> %forms they_Pron
- de, dem, deras, deras, deras
+
+ de, dem, deras, deras, deras, deras, deras, deras
+
Notice the polite and plural forms of you, which English doesn't have.
The possessive forms of pronouns are used as determiners:
+
+
> %translate "her house , my car and our children"
+
+
Here's the pattern for training the combination of possessive pronouns and
+
+
nouns, with the morpho_quiz and translate_quiz commands:
+
+
(DetCN (DetQuant (PossPron ?) ?) (UseN ?))
+
-
+
Prepositions
+
Prepositions are not inflected. But when attached to noun phrases, they may
+
+
affect the inflection of the noun phrase. In some languages, no preposition
+
+
word may be shown, but just a different form of the noun phrase.
+
+
> %translate "my yellow house"
+
mitt gula hus
+
> %translate "in my yellow house"
+
i mitt gula hus
+
> %translate "to my yellow house"
- till mitt gula hus
+
+
> %translate "from my yellow house"
- från mitt gula hus
+
+
> %translate "with my yellow house"
+
med mitt gula hus
+
> %translate "without my yellow house"
- utan mitt gula hus
+
+
Pronouns show in some languages even more variation.
To train prepositional phrases, use the pattern
+
+
(PrepNP ? ?)
+
-
+
Verbs
+
Verbs usually have more inflection forms than any other words:
+
+
> %table sleep_V
+
s (VF (VPres Act)) : sover
s (VF (VPres Pass)) : sovs
s (VF (VPret Act)) : sov
@@ -746,340 +1163,551 @@ Verbs usually have more inflection forms than any other words:
s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Sg) Gen)) : sovnas
s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Pl) Nom)) : sovna
s (VI (VPtPret (Weak Pl) Gen)) : sovnas
+ s (VI (VPtPres Sg Indef Nom)) : sovande
+ s (VI (VPtPres Sg Indef Gen)) : sovandes
+ s (VI (VPtPres Sg Def Nom)) : sovandet
+ s (VI (VPtPres Sg Def Gen)) : sovandets
+ s (VI (VPtPres Pl Indef Nom)) : sovanden
+ s (VI (VPtPres Pl Indef Gen)) : sovandens
+ s (VI (VPtPres Pl Def Nom)) : sovandena
+ s (VI (VPtPres Pl Def Gen)) : sovandenas
part :
-
+
Here are some inflection examples:
+
+
> %forms speak_V2
- talar, talas, talade, talades, tala, talas, tala, talas, talat, talats, talad, talads, talat, talats, talade, talades, talade, talades, talade, talades, ,
+
+ talar, talas, talade, talades, tala, talas, tala, talas, talat, talats, talad, talads, talat, talats, talade, talades, talade, talades, talade, talades, talande, talandes, talandet, talandets, talanden, talandens, talandena, talandenas, ,
+
> %forms play_V2
- spelar, spelas, spelade, spelades, spela, spelas, spela, spelas, spelat, spelats, spelad, spelads, spelat, spelats, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, ,
+
+ spelar, spelas, spelade, spelades, spela, spelas, spela, spelas, spelat, spelats, spelad, spelads, spelat, spelats, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, spelade, spelades, spelande, spelandes, spelandet, spelandets, spelanden, spelandens, spelandena, spelandenas, ,
+
> %forms buy_V2
- köper, köps, köpte, köptes, köp, köps, köpa, köpas, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, ,
+
+ köper, köps, köpte, köptes, köp, köps, köpa, köpas, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpt, köpts, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, köpta, köptas, köpande, köpandes, köpandet, köpandets, köpanden, köpandens, köpandena, köpandenas, ,
+
> %forms run_V
- springer, springs, sprang, sprangs, spring, springs, springa, springas, sprungit, sprungits, sprungen, sprungens, sprunget, sprungets, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas,
+
+ springer, springs, sprang, sprangs, spring, springs, springa, springas, sprungit, sprungits, sprungen, sprungens, sprunget, sprungets, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, sprungna, sprungnas, springande, springandes, springandet, springandets, springanden, springandens, springandena, springandenas,
+
> %forms walk_V
- går, gås, gick, gicks, gå, gås, gå, gås, gått, gåtts, gången, gångens, gånget, gångets, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas,
+
+ går, gås, gick, gicks, gå, gås, gå, gås, gått, gåtts, gången, gångens, gånget, gångets, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, gångna, gångnas, gående, gåendes, gåendet, gåendets, gåenden, gåendens, gåendena, gåendenas,
+
In some languages, verbs can be very irregular.
There are different subcategories of verbs: intransitive verbs (V), two-place
+
+
verbs (V2), sentence-complement verbs (VS). The differences have to do with
+
+
syntax, and will be discussed later.
+
Syntactic combinations
+
Above, we have discussed some syntactic combinations:
+
+
determination (the car, this car) and adjectival modification
+
+
(old car). In this chapter, we concentrate on the formation of
+
+
sentences.
+
Predication
+
In predication, a verb is give its arguments:
+
+
the subject (the one who does something)
+
+
and the complements (what is done, to whom it is done, etc). The simplest
+
+
predication is with intransitive verbs, which only have the subject:
+
+
> %translate "he walks"
+
han går
+
> %translate "we sleep"
+
vi sover
+
> %translate "the very old woman sings"
+
den mycket gamla kvinnan sjunger
+
A predication forms a clause, which corresponds to many different
+
+
(yes or no), and possibly a word order (inverted question, subordinate clause),
+
+
a mood (indicative, subjunctive). Here is a table showing what forms a clause
+
+
can have in Swedish:
+
- > p -cat=Cl -lang=Eng "the man walks" | %table
- s Pres Simul Pos Main : mannen går
- s Pres Simul Pos Inv : går mannen
- s Pres Simul Pos Sub : mannen går
- s Pres Simul Neg Main : mannen går inte
- s Pres Simul Neg Inv : går mannen inte
- s Pres Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte går
- s Pres Anter Pos Main : mannen har gått
- s Pres Anter Pos Inv : har mannen gått
- s Pres Anter Pos Sub : mannen har gått
- s Pres Anter Neg Main : mannen har inte gått
- s Pres Anter Neg Inv : har mannen inte gått
- s Pres Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte har gått
- s Past Simul Pos Main : mannen gick
- s Past Simul Pos Inv : gick mannen
- s Past Simul Pos Sub : mannen gick
- s Past Simul Neg Main : mannen gick inte
- s Past Simul Neg Inv : gick mannen inte
- s Past Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte gick
- s Past Anter Pos Main : mannen hade gått
- s Past Anter Pos Inv : hade mannen gått
- s Past Anter Pos Sub : mannen hade gått
- s Past Anter Neg Main : mannen hade inte gått
- s Past Anter Neg Inv : hade mannen inte gått
- s Past Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte hade gått
- s Fut Simul Pos Main : mannen ska gå
- s Fut Simul Pos Inv : ska mannen gå
- s Fut Simul Pos Sub : mannen ska gå
- s Fut Simul Neg Main : mannen ska inte gå
- s Fut Simul Neg Inv : ska mannen inte gå
- s Fut Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte ska gå
- s Fut Anter Pos Main : mannen ska ha gått
- s Fut Anter Pos Inv : ska mannen ha gått
- s Fut Anter Pos Sub : mannen ska ha gått
- s Fut Anter Neg Main : mannen ska inte ha gått
- s Fut Anter Neg Inv : ska mannen inte ha gått
- s Fut Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte ska ha gått
- s Cond Simul Pos Main : mannen skulle gå
- s Cond Simul Pos Inv : skulle mannen gå
- s Cond Simul Pos Sub : mannen skulle gå
- s Cond Simul Neg Main : mannen skulle inte gå
- s Cond Simul Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte gå
- s Cond Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle gå
- s Cond Anter Pos Main : mannen skulle ha gått
- s Cond Anter Pos Inv : skulle mannen ha gått
- s Cond Anter Pos Sub : mannen skulle ha gått
- s Cond Anter Neg Main : mannen skulle inte ha gått
- s Cond Anter Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte ha gått
- s Cond Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle ha gått
+ > p -cat=Cl -lang=Eng "the man walks" | %table
+
+ s SPres Simul Pos Main : mannen går
+ s SPres Simul Pos Inv : går mannen
+ s SPres Simul Pos Sub : mannen går
+ s SPres Simul Neg Main : mannen går inte
+ s SPres Simul Neg Inv : går mannen inte
+ s SPres Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte går
+ s SPres Anter Pos Main : mannen har gått
+ s SPres Anter Pos Inv : har mannen gått
+ s SPres Anter Pos Sub : mannen har gått
+ s SPres Anter Neg Main : mannen har inte gått
+ s SPres Anter Neg Inv : har mannen inte gått
+ s SPres Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte har gått
+ s SPast Simul Pos Main : mannen gick
+ s SPast Simul Pos Inv : gick mannen
+ s SPast Simul Pos Sub : mannen gick
+ s SPast Simul Neg Main : mannen gick inte
+ s SPast Simul Neg Inv : gick mannen inte
+ s SPast Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte gick
+ s SPast Anter Pos Main : mannen hade gått
+ s SPast Anter Pos Inv : hade mannen gått
+ s SPast Anter Pos Sub : mannen hade gått
+ s SPast Anter Neg Main : mannen hade inte gått
+ s SPast Anter Neg Inv : hade mannen inte gått
+ s SPast Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte hade gått
+ s SFut Simul Pos Main : mannen ska gå
+ s SFut Simul Pos Inv : ska mannen gå
+ s SFut Simul Pos Sub : mannen ska gå
+ s SFut Simul Neg Main : mannen ska inte gå
+ s SFut Simul Neg Inv : ska mannen inte gå
+ s SFut Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte ska gå
+ s SFut Anter Pos Main : mannen ska ha gått
+ s SFut Anter Pos Inv : ska mannen ha gått
+ s SFut Anter Pos Sub : mannen ska ha gått
+ s SFut Anter Neg Main : mannen ska inte ha gått
+ s SFut Anter Neg Inv : ska mannen inte ha gått
+ s SFut Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte ska ha gått
+ s SFutKommer Simul Pos Main : mannen kommer att gå
+ s SFutKommer Simul Pos Inv : kommer mannen att gå
+ s SFutKommer Simul Pos Sub : mannen kommer att gå
+ s SFutKommer Simul Neg Main : mannen kommer inte att gå
+ s SFutKommer Simul Neg Inv : kommer mannen inte att gå
+ s SFutKommer Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte kommer att gå
+ s SFutKommer Anter Pos Main : mannen kommer att ha gått
+ s SFutKommer Anter Pos Inv : kommer mannen att ha gått
+ s SFutKommer Anter Pos Sub : mannen kommer att ha gått
+ s SFutKommer Anter Neg Main : mannen kommer inte att ha gått
+ s SFutKommer Anter Neg Inv : kommer mannen inte att ha gått
+ s SFutKommer Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte kommer att ha gått
+ s SCond Simul Pos Main : mannen skulle gå
+ s SCond Simul Pos Inv : skulle mannen gå
+ s SCond Simul Pos Sub : mannen skulle gå
+ s SCond Simul Neg Main : mannen skulle inte gå
+ s SCond Simul Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte gå
+ s SCond Simul Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle gå
+ s SCond Anter Pos Main : mannen skulle ha gått
+ s SCond Anter Pos Inv : skulle mannen ha gått
+ s SCond Anter Pos Sub : mannen skulle ha gått
+ s SCond Anter Neg Main : mannen skulle inte ha gått
+ s SCond Anter Neg Inv : skulle mannen inte ha gått
+ s SCond Anter Neg Sub : mannen inte skulle ha gått
+
The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of intransitive
+
+
clauses:
+
+
morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseV ?))
+
+
The following quiz translates English sentences in random tenses and polarities:
+
+
translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (UseCl ? ? (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseV ?)))
+
-
+
Verbs with different predication patterns
+
Transitive verbs take an object in the accusative case (if there is a case):
+
+
> %translate "he loves her"
+
han älskar henne
+
A generalization is two-place verbs, where the object is in some other case, or
+
+
has a preposition. What is transitive in one language can often require a
+
+
preposition in another language:
+
+
> %translate "he waits for her"
+
han väntar på henne
+
> %translate "he likes her"
+
han tycker om henne
+
Three-place verbs usually take an object and another argument:
+
+
> %translate "the king gave the city to the queen"
- kungen gav staden till drottningen
+
+
There are also verbs that have a sentence or a question as an argument,
+
+
possibly with an object:
+
+
> %translate "he said that the man walks"
+
han sade att mannen går
+
> %translate "he wonders who sleeps"
+
han undrar vem som sover
+
> %translate "he asked me who sleeps"
- han frågade mig vem som sover
+
+
> %translate "we answer to him that everybody sleeps"
- vi svarar till honom att alla sover
+
+
There are also verbs that take other verbs (with their complements) as arguments:
+
+
> %translate "we must sleep"
+
vi måste sova
+
> %translate "we want to wait for her"
+
vi vill vänta på henne
+
The verb to be takes adjectives and noun phrases as arguments:
+
+
> %translate "he is very old"
+
han är mycket gammal
+
> %translate "he is an old man"
+
+ han är en gammal man
han är en gammal man
+
The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of clauses with
+
+
any verb:
+
+
morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (PredVP (UsePron ?) ?)
+
+
The following quiz can be used for training the inflection of clauses with
+
+
to be:
+
+
morpho_quiz -lang=DemoSwe (PredVP (UsePron ?) (UseComp ?))
+
+
The following quiz translates English sentences in random tenses and polarities:
+
+
translate_quiz -from=DemoEng -to=DemoSwe (UseCl ? ? (PredVP (UsePron ?) ?))
+
-
+
Questions
+
Questions are similar to sentences, but can have a different word order:
+
+
> %translate "is he very old"
+
är han mycket gammal
+
> %translate "would I sleep"
+
skulle jag sova
+
Questions can moreover have interrogatives as their arguments,
+
+
instead of norman nouns:
+
+
> %translate "who doesn't sleep"
+
vem sover inte
+
> %translate "whom did she see"
+
vem såg hon
+
Sentences without interrogatives can be made to questions with
+
+
> %translate "where will we sleep"
+
var ska vi sova
+
> %translate "why didn't she wait for us"
+
varför väntade hon inte på oss
-
+
For developers
+
There are three levels of involvement, from the easiest to the hardest,
+
- create the default tour for a language that is in the GF resource grammar library
+
(takes less than a minute, if you have the tools listed below)
+
- customize the tour for a language that is in the library
+
(worth spending a couple of hours on)
+
- add a language to the library and build the tour for it
+
(an undertaking of a few months)
1. To create the tour for a language that is in the library, e.g. Spanish,
+
+
just run
+
+
make Spa
+
+
in the directory GF/lib/doc/tour. You need the following things for this
+
+
to work out
+
- the program GF (Grammatical Framework), downloadable from
+
the GF website
+
- the precompiled grammar package
Demo.pgf, downloadable from
+
here or makeable in
+
GF/lib/src with make demo
+
- the command
runghc available in any GHC installation
+
- the command
txt2tags
2. To customize the tour, edit the master file GF/lib/doc/tour/tour.txt.
+
+
The customization mainly proceeds by adding lines marked #Spa (if Spanish is
+
+
your target language). This can be done both for text lines, e.g.
+
+
#Spa Swedish has separate second-person plural pronouns for both genders.
+
+
and for GF command lines, e.g.
+
+
#Spa %translate "you are very old"
+
+
In both cases, one can also add #Spa to the existing markings if they are
+
+
adequate, e.g.
+
+
#Fre,Spa Swedish has two genders: the masculine and the feminine.
+
+
It's in particular for this purpose that we recommend using the variable Swedish
+
+
rather than the constant Spanish. The make procedure replaces the variable with
+
+
the constant automatically. Similarly, the language code Spa used in GF commands
+
+
should be avoided and the variable Swe used instead.
In general, the master file tour.txt is processed line by line. It has five kinds
+
+
of lines, distinguished by the prefix of the line:
+
# LANGS > COMMAND : language-specific GF command
+
# LANGS TEXT : language-specific text
+
> COMMAND : language-independent GF command
+
* : ignored; included for the sake of documentation
+
- any other text : language-independet text
Here LANGS is a comma-separated list of 3-letter language codes,
+
+
such as Fre,Spa,Ita.
3. To contribute a new language to the library, see the
+
+
GF Resource Grammar Project.
In cases (2) and (3), please contribute your work to the GF community!
-
+
diff --git a/src/german/ExtendGer.gf b/src/german/ExtendGer.gf
index b86b4d20..e6abf28a 100644
--- a/src/german/ExtendGer.gf
+++ b/src/german/ExtendGer.gf
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ concrete ExtendGer of Extend =
VPS, ListVPS, VPI, ListVPI,
MkVPS, BaseVPS, ConsVPS, ConjVPS, PredVPS,
MkVPI, BaseVPI, ConsVPI, ConjVPI, ComplVPIVV,
- CardCNCard
+ CardCNCard, PassVPSlash, PassAgentVPSlash, CompoundN
]
with
(Grammar = GrammarGer) **
@@ -150,4 +150,26 @@ lin FullName gn sn = {
g = sex2gender gn.g ;
n = Sg
} ;
+
+lin PassVPSlash vp =
+ insertObj (\\_ => (PastPartAP vp).s ! APred) (predV werdenPass) **
+ { c1 = subjPrep vp.c2 } ;
+ -- this also gives "mit dir wird gerechnet" ;
+ -- the alternative linearisation ("es wird mit dir gerechnet") is not implemented
+
+lin PassAgentVPSlash vp np = ---- "von" here, "durch" in StructuralGer
+ insertObj (\\_ => (PastPartAgentAP (lin VPSlash vp) (lin NP np)).s ! APred) (predV werdenPass) ;
+
+lin CompoundN a x =
+ let s = a.co in
+ lin N {
+ s = \\n,c => s ++ Predef.BIND ++ x.uncap.s ! n ! c ;
+ co = s ++ Predef.BIND ++ x.uncap.co ;
+ uncap = {
+ s = \\n,c => a.uncap.co ++ Predef.BIND ++ x.uncap.s ! n ! c ;
+ co = a.uncap.co ++ Predef.BIND ++ x.uncap.co ;
+ } ;
+ g = x.g
+ } ;
+
}