diff --git a/src/arabic/CatAra.gf b/src/arabic/CatAra.gf
index e4cfd520..48e5d221 100644
--- a/src/arabic/CatAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/CatAra.gf
@@ -70,8 +70,7 @@ concrete CatAra of Cat = CommonX - [Utt]  ** open ResAra, Prelude, ParamX in {
 
 -- Structural
 
-    Conj = {s : Str ; n : ResAra.Number} ;
---    DConj = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : ResAra.Number} ;
+    Conj = {s1,s2 : Str; n : ResAra.Number} ;
     Subj = {s : Str ; o : Order} ;
     Prep = ResAra.Preposition ;
 
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ concrete CatAra of Cat = CommonX - [Utt]  ** open ResAra, Prelude, ParamX in {
     V2, V2A = ResAra.Verb2 ;
     VV = ResAra.Verb2 ** {sc : Preposition} ; -- c2 is for verb
     V2S, V2Q = ResAra.Verb2 ;
-    VS = ResAra.Verb ** {o : Order} ;
+    VS = ResAra.Verb ** {o : Order; s2 : Str} ;
     V3 = ResAra.Verb3 ;
     V2V = ResAra.Verb3 ** {sc : Preposition} ; -- c3 is for verb, c2 is for dir.obj
 
diff --git a/src/arabic/ConjunctionAra.gf b/src/arabic/ConjunctionAra.gf
index 0db6abd1..24b16903 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ConjunctionAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ConjunctionAra.gf
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ lin
 
   BaseAdv = twoSS ;
   ConsAdv = consrSS comma ;
-  ConjAdv = conjunctSS ;
+  ConjAdv = conjunctDistrSS ;
 
   BaseS = twoTable Order ;
   ConsS = consrTable Order comma ;
-  ConjS = conjunctTable Order ;
+  ConjS = conjunctDistrTable Order ;
 
   BaseNP x y = twoTable Case x y ** {
     a = conjAgr x.a y.a ;
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ lin
     a = conjAgr xs.a x.a ;
     empty = []
     } ;
-  ConjNP conj ss = conjunctTable Case conj ss ** {
+  ConjNP conj ss = conjunctDistrTable Case conj ss ** {
     a = let gn = pgn2gn ss.a.pgn in 
         {pgn = Per3 gn.g (conjNumber conj.n gn.n) ; isPron = False} ;
     empty = []
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ lin
 
   BaseAP = twoTable5 Species Gender Number State Case ;
   ConsAP = consrTable5 Species Gender Number State Case comma ;
-  ConjAP = conjunctTable5 Species Gender Number State Case ;
+  ConjAP = conjunctDistrTable5 Species Gender Number State Case ;
 
 
 oper
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ oper
     \P,Q,R,T,S,or,xs ->
     {s = \\p,q,r,t,s => xs.s1 ! p ! q ! r ! t ! s ++ or.s ++ xs.s2 ! p ! q ! r ! t ! s} ;
 
-  -- conjunctDistrTable5 : 
-  --   (P,Q,R,T,S : PType) -> ConjunctionDistr -> ListTable5 P Q R T S -> 
-  --      {s : P => Q => R => T => S => Str} = 
-  --   \P,Q,R,T,S,or,xs ->
-  --   {s = \\p,q,r,t,s => or.s1++ xs.s1 ! p ! q ! r ! t ! s ++ or.s2 ++ xs.s2 ! p ! q ! r ! t ! s} ;
+  conjunctDistrTable5 : 
+    (P,Q,R,T,S : PType) -> ConjunctionDistr -> ListTable5 P Q R T S -> 
+       {s : P => Q => R => T => S => Str} = 
+    \P,Q,R,T,S,or,xs ->
+    {s = \\p,q,r,t,s => or.s1++ xs.s1 ! p ! q ! r ! t ! s ++ or.s2 ++ xs.s2 ! p ! q ! r ! t ! s} ;
 }
diff --git a/src/arabic/ExtendAra.gf b/src/arabic/ExtendAra.gf
index 4e230204..a3bb0953 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ExtendAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ExtendAra.gf
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ concrete ExtendAra of Extend =
 
     BaseVPS = twoTable PerGenNum ;
     ConsVPS = consrTable PerGenNum comma ;
-    ConjVPS = conjunctTable PerGenNum ;
+    ConjVPS = conjunctDistrTable PerGenNum ;
 
     PredVPS np vps = {
       s = \\_ => np.s ! Nom ++ vps.s ! np.a.pgn -- first quick version with order always Nominal.
diff --git a/src/arabic/MissingAra.gf b/src/arabic/MissingAra.gf
index 9dfe21b1..774055f8 100644
--- a/src/arabic/MissingAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/MissingAra.gf
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ oper DetNP : Det -> NP = notYet "DetNP" ;
 oper ExistIP : IP -> QCl = notYet "ExistIP" ;
 oper FunRP : Prep -> NP -> RP -> RP = notYet "FunRP" ;
 oper ImpPl1 : VP -> Utt = notYet "ImpPl1" ;
-oper ImpersCl : VP -> Cl = notYet "ImpersCl" ;
 oper PConjConj : Conj -> PConj = notYet "PConjConj" ;
 oper PPartNP : NP -> V2 -> NP = notYet "PPartNP" ;
 oper PredSCVP : SC -> VP -> Cl = notYet "PredSCVP" ;
diff --git a/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf b/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
index 6c0e69e8..4c9cf18a 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ParadigmsAra.gf
@@ -150,6 +150,8 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
     = \r,s,p -> lin A (brkA r s p) ;
    } ;
 
+  idaafaA : N -> A -> A ; -- first argument will be in constructus but inflect in case, adjective in genitive, but inflect in gender, number and definiteness. e.g. غَيْرُ طَيِّبٍ
+
   degrA : (posit,compar,plur : Str) -> A ;
 
   irregFemA : (masc : A) -> (fem : A) -> A ; -- adjective with irregular feminine. Takes two adjectives (masc. "regular" and fem. "regular") and puts them together.
@@ -199,6 +201,13 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
     mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
     mkPrep : Str -> Case -> Prep
   } ;  -- preposition in the sense of RGL abstract syntax
+
+--2 Conjunctions
+  mkConj : overload {
+    mkConj : Str -> Conj ; -- and
+    mkConj : Str -> Str -> Conj ; -- either … or
+  } ;
+
 --2 Verbs
 
 -- Overloaded operations
@@ -267,7 +276,10 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
 -- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
 
   mkV0  : V -> V0 ;
-  mkVS  : V -> VS ;
+  -- mkVS = overload {
+  --   mkVS : V -> VS ;
+  --   mkVS : V -> Str -> VS
+  --   } ;
   mkV2S : V -> Str -> V2S ;
   mkVV = overload {
     mkVV : V -> VV = regVV ;
@@ -539,7 +551,9 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
 
   brkN' : Str -> Str -> Str -> Gender -> Species -> N =
     \root,sg,pl,gen,spec ->
-    let { kitAb = mkWord sg root;
+    let { kitAb = case root of {
+            ? + ? + "ي" => mkDefectiveAlifMaqsura (mkPat sg) (mkRoot3 root) ;
+            _           => mkWord sg root };
           kutub = mkWord pl root
     } in mkFullN (reg kitAb kutub) gen spec;
 
@@ -592,6 +606,13 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
       lin N3 (n ** {c2 = mkPreposition p ; c3 = mkPreposition q}) ;
   } ;
 
+  mkConj = overload {
+    mkConj : Str -> Conj = \s -> lin Conj {s1 = [] ; s2 = s ; n = Sg} ;
+    mkConj : Str -> Str -> Conj = \s1,s2 -> lin Conj {s1 = s1 ; s2 = s2 ; n = Sg} ;
+    mkConj : Str -> Number -> Conj = \s,n -> lin Conj {s1 = [] ; s2 = s ; n = n} ;
+    mkConj : Str -> Str -> Number -> Conj = \s1,s2,n -> lin Conj {s1 = s1 ; s2 = s2 ; n = n}
+    } ;
+
   mkPron : (_,_,_ : Str) -> PerGenNum -> Pron = \ana,nI,I,pgn ->
     lin Pron (ResAra.mkPron ana nI I pgn) ;
 
@@ -642,7 +663,11 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
   degrA : (posit,compar,plur : Str) -> A
     = \posit,compar,plur -> lin A {s = clr posit compar plur} ;
 
-
+  idaafaA : N -> A -> A = \ghayr,tayyib -> tayyib ** {
+    s = table {
+      APosit g n d c => ghayr.s ! n ! Const ! c ++ tayyib.s ! APosit g n d c ;
+      AComp d c => ghayr.s ! Sg ! Const ! c ++ tayyib.s ! AComp d c }
+    } ;
 
   sndA root pat =
     let  raw = sndA' root pat in {
@@ -723,7 +748,10 @@ resource ParadigmsAra = open
 
   dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v (casePrep acc) ;
 
-  mkVS v = lin VS (v ** {o = Subord}) ;
+  mkVS = overload {
+    mkVS : V -> VS = \v -> lin VS (v ** {o = Subord; s2 = []}) ;
+    mkVS : V -> Str -> VS =  \v,s -> lin VS (v ** {o = Subord; s2 = s}) 
+    } ;
   mkVQ v = lin VQ v ;
 
   regVV : V -> VV = \v -> lin VV v ** {c2 = mkPreposition "أَنْ" ; sc = noPrep} ;
diff --git a/src/arabic/ResAra.gf b/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
index d807d3bf..a54db8ec 100644
--- a/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/ResAra.gf
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ oper
   --PerfAct, PerfPas, ImpfAct, ImpfPas, Imp, PPart
   verb : (_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verb =
     \katab,kutib,aktub,uktab,euktub,maktUb -> {
-      s = table {
+      s = \\vf => rectifyHmz (case vf of {
         VPerf Act pgn     => katab + suffixPerf ! pgn ;
         VPerf Pas pgn     => kutib + suffixPerf ! pgn ;
         VImpf Ind Act pgn => prefixImpf!pgn + aktub + suffixImpfInd !pgn;
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ oper
         VImpf m Pas pgn => prefixImpf !pgn + uktab + suffixImpfCJ m !pgn;
         VImp  g n  => euktub + suffixImpfCJ Jus ! (Per2 g n);
         VPPart     => maktUb
-        }
+        })
     } ;
 
   --affixes of sound verbs
diff --git a/src/arabic/SentenceAra.gf b/src/arabic/SentenceAra.gf
index cea5f38e..b3fc8bf7 100644
--- a/src/arabic/SentenceAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/SentenceAra.gf
@@ -12,23 +12,8 @@ concrete SentenceAra of Sentence = CatAra ** open
   flags optimize=all_subs ; coding=utf8 ;
 
   lin
-{-
-    PredVP np vp =
-      { s = \\t,p,o =>
-          case o of {
-            Verbal =>
-              case vp.comp.a.isPron of {
-                False => vp.s ! t ! p ! Verbal ! np.a ++ np.s ! Nom ++ vp.comp.s ! Acc ;
-                True  => vp.s ! t ! p ! Verbal ! np.a ++ vp.comp.s ! Acc ++ np.s ! Nom
-              };
-            Nominal =>
-              np.s ! Nom ++ vp.s ! t ! p ! Nominal ! np.a ++ vp.comp.s ! Acc
-          }
-      };
--}
-    PredVP = predVP ;
 
---    PredSCVP sc vp = mkClause sc.s (agrP3 Sg) vp ;
+    PredVP = predVP ;
 
     ImpVP vp = {
       s = \\p,g,n =>
@@ -57,11 +42,9 @@ concrete SentenceAra of Sentence = CatAra ** open
 
 --  SlashVS np vs sslash = TODO
 
-
-  EmbedS  s  = {s = "أَنْ" ++ s.s ! Verbal} ;
-  EmbedQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QIndir} ;
-  EmbedVP vp = {s = uttVP vp ! Masc} ;
-
+    EmbedS  s  = {s = "أَنْ" ++ s.s ! Verbal} ;
+    EmbedQS qs = {s = qs.s ! QIndir} ;
+    EmbedVP vp = {s = uttVP vp ! Masc} ;
 
     UseCl t p cl =
       {s = \\o => t.s ++ p.s ++
diff --git a/src/arabic/StructuralAra.gf b/src/arabic/StructuralAra.gf
index 749a2561..e8bb48b6 100644
--- a/src/arabic/StructuralAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/StructuralAra.gf
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ concrete StructuralAra of Structural = CatAra **
   almost_AdN = ss "حَوَالي" ; -- or  "تَقرِيبا"
 --  although_Subj = ss "َلتهُْغه" ;
 --  always_AdV = ss "َلوَيس" ;
-  and_Conj = ss "وَ" ** {n = Pl} ;
+  and_Conj = mkConj "وَ" Pl ;
 --  because_Subj = ss "بعَُسي" ;
   before_Prep = mkPrep "قَبْلَ" ;
   behind_Prep = mkPrep "خَلْفَ" ;
   between_Prep = mkPrep "بَيْنَ" ;
---  both7and_DConj = sd2 "بْته" "َند" ** {n = Pl} ;
+  both7and_DConj = mkConj "كِلا" "وَ" Pl ;
 --  but_PConj = ss "بُت" ;
   by8agent_Prep,
   by8means_Prep = biPrep ;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ concrete StructuralAra of Structural = CatAra **
   no_Utt = {s = \\_ => "لا"} ;
   on_Prep = mkPrep "عَلَى" ;
   only_Predet = mkPredet "فَقَط" False;
-  or_Conj = ss "أَوْ" ** {n = Sg} ;
+  or_Conj = mkConj "أَوْ" ;
 --  otherwise_PConj = ss "ْتهروِسي" ;
   part_Prep = mkPrep "مِنَ" ;
 --  please_Voc = ss "ةلَسي" ;
diff --git a/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf b/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
index 63c483f2..0f36da2a 100644
--- a/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
+++ b/src/arabic/VerbAra.gf
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ concrete VerbAra of Verb = CatAra ** open Prelude, ResAra, ParamX in {
 
     -- : VS -> S -> VP ;  -- say that she runs
     ComplVS vs s = predV vs ** { -- IL
-      obj = emptyObj ** {s = s.s ! vs.o} 
+      obj = emptyObj ** {s = vs.s2 ++ s.s ! vs.o} 
       } ;
 
     -- : VQ -> QS -> VP ;  -- wonder who runs