-- Trying to decide when to use the verbal affixes like meng-, ber-, -i etc. -- I understand that this goes beyond mere syntax, so any rules are necessarily incomplete. -- I want to find out what's a good API to use in applications, where you need finer control of when to use prefixes. ---------------------------------------- -- Simple declarative sentences -- Intransitive verbs Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant (PossPron i_Pron) NumSg) (UseN cat_N)) (UseV walk_V))) LangEng: my cat walks LangMay: kucing saya berjalan -- As a verbal complement Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant (PossPron i_Pron) NumSg) (UseN cat_N)) (ComplVV want_VV (UseV walk_V)))) LangEng: my cat wants to walk LangMay: kucing saya mahu jalan -- Transitive verbs Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a read_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant this_Quant NumSg) (UseN book_N))))) LangEng: I read this book LangMay: saya membaca buku ini -- As a verbal complement Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (ComplVV want_VV (ComplSlash (SlashV2a read_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant this_Quant NumSg) (UseN book_N)))))) LangEng: I want to read this book LangMay: saya mahu baca buku ini -- How about words like mengajar and belajar? Is the prefix more important here? Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (AdvVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a learn_V2) (MassNP (UseN science_N))) (PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN school_N)))))) LangEng: I learn science in the school LangMay: saya belajar sains di sekolah Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (AdvVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a teach_V2) (MassNP (UseN science_N))) (PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN school_N)))))) LangEng: I teach science in the school LangMay: saya mengajar sains di sekolah -- The way the grammar is currently defined, we'd get the same output for both "I want to learn/study science". Is this correct, or should one or both of the verbs keep the ber/meng prefix in this context? Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (AdvVP (ComplVV want_VV (ComplSlash (SlashV2a teach_V2) (MassNP (UseN science_N)))) (PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN school_N)))))) LangEng: I want to teach science in the school LangMay: saya mahu ajar sains di sekolah Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (AdvVP (ComplVV want_VV (ComplSlash (SlashV2a learn_V2) (MassNP (UseN science_N)))) (PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN school_N)))))) LangEng: I want to learn science in the school LangMay: saya mahu belajar sains di sekolah -- How about interaction with passive? These sentences are very artificial, but imagine they made sense: Lang: PhrUtt NoPConj (UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant this_Quant NumSg) (UseN book_N)) (AdvVP (PassV2 learn_V2) (PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN school_N))))))) NoVoc LangEng: this book is learned in the school LangMay: buku ini dibelajar di sekolah Lang: PhrUtt NoPConj (UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant this_Quant NumSg) (UseN book_N)) (AdvVP (PassV2 teach_V2) (PrepNP in_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt NumSg) (UseN school_N))))))) NoVoc LangEng: this book is taught in the school LangMay: buku ini diajar di sekolah ---------------------------------------- -- Relative clauses -- Intransitive verbs Lang: DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (RelCN (UseN cat_N) (UseRCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (RelVP IdRP (UseV walk_V)))) LangEng: a cat that walks LangMay: kucing yang jalan -- In a context Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a buy_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (RelCN (UseN cat_N) (UseRCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (RelVP IdRP (UseV walk_V)))))))) LangEng: I buy a cat that walks LangMay: saya membeli kucing yang jalan -- Transitive verbs -- The subject of the verb phrase is the head (cat drinks milk -> *cat* that drinks milk) Lang: DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (RelCN (UseN cat_N) (UseRCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (RelVP IdRP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a drink_V2) (MassNP (UseN milk_N)))))) LangEng: a cat that drinks milk LangMay: kucing yang minum susu -- The object of the verb phrase is the head (cat drinks milk -> *milk* that cat drinks) Lang: MassNP (RelCN (UseN milk_N) (UseRCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (RelSlash IdRP (SlashVP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN cat_N)) (SlashV2a drink_V2))))) LangEng: milk that a cat drinks LangMay: susu yang kucing minum -- Both in context Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a buy_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (RelCN (UseN cat_N) (UseRCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (RelVP IdRP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a drink_V2) (MassNP (UseN milk_N)))))))))) LangEng: I buy a cat that drinks milk LangMay: saya membeli kucing yang minum susu Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a buy_V2) (MassNP (RelCN (UseN milk_N) (UseRCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (RelSlash IdRP (SlashVP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN cat_N)) (SlashV2a drink_V2))))))))) LangEng: I buy milk that a cat drinks LangMay: saya membeli susu yang kucing minum ---------------------------------------- -- Generic constructions like "it rains": prefix or not? -- On its own Lang: UttS (UseCl (TTAnt TPres ASimul) PPos (ImpersCl (AdvVP (UseV rain_V0) now_Adv))) LangEng: it rains now LangMay: hujan sekarang -- In a context Lang: UttS (AdvS (SubjS if_Subj (UseCl (TTAnt TPast ASimul) PNeg (ImpersCl (UseV rain_V0)))) (ExtAdvS now_Adv (UseCl (TTAnt TCond ASimul) PPos (PredVP (UsePron i_Pron) (UseV walk_V))))) LangEng: if it didn't rain now , I would walk LangMay: sekiranya tidak hujan sekarang , saya akan berjalan ---------------------------------------- -- Imperative ---------------------------------------- -- Questions