Participants' native languages: Chinese (2), Dutch, English, Finnish, French (2), Greek, Hebrew, Italian (3), Korean, Persian (2), Polish, Portuguese, Romanian (3), Russian, Spanish, Swedish (2), Swiss German, West-Assyrian - 24 students, 17 languages + 2 teachers, 1 more language

Formal grammar is no more expected to match natural language exactly

analysis: should be wider than the language (we will use UD)
generation: should be contained in the language (we will use GF)
in both formats, we aim to use universal concepts for many languages

Phrase structure grammars, context-free = BNF, grammar rules, trees

example: english.cf
testing grammars in GF: import, generate_random, parse, linearize, visualize_parse, help

GF grammars: dividing .cf into abstract and concrete .gf

example: Intro*.gf
forms of rules: cat, fun, lincat, lin
word order switch English-Italian
to solve next time:

Experiments in GF:

https://cloud.grammaticalframework.org/minibar/minibar.html
Grammar: ResourceDemo, Startcat: S

Lecture 2

Agreement, parameter definitions, variable and inherent features, linearization types

IntroEng.gf

For you to do:

write a concrete syntax for some other language, carefully thinking about

Instructions for ARM Mac users

The GF Download page contains a binary for the Mac with an Intel processor, but it will not work for newer Macs, which use an ARM Processor (called M1, M2, or M3 by Apple).

We have therefore prepared a binary for these newer Macs. To download it, open a terminal and do:

  cd             # go to your home directory
  mkdir tmp      # if the directory tmp does not exist already
  cd tmp
  wget https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~aarne/gf-mac.gz

This is better than downloading via a browser, because your Mac OS may then block the use of the program as "unreliable".

After download, stay in the terminal and do:

 gunzip gf-mac.gz
 mv gf-mac gf
 chmod a+x gf
 ./gf

You should now see the GF promt. Type 'help' to see if it works!

Hint: if any of the terminal commands used above are unfamiliar to you, it is a good time to learn them now. They will be useful throughout your future career as a programmer! The readily available method is the man command, for instance,

  man gunzip

The next thing is to move it to a place where you can find it from anywhere in your system. One standard place is

  mv gf /usr/local/bin

If you get "permission denied", you will have to write

  sudo mv gf /usr/local/bin

and type your computer's password.

Then you can try

  cd
  gf

to verify that GF works in your home directory.

After that, you can test it in the course GitHub directory

  cd comp-syntax-gu-mlt/lectures/lecture-02
  gf
  > import IntroEng.gf   # in GF

You can work here for a while. The next step will be to install the RGL, but this can wait a bit. The instructions in https://www.grammaticalframework.org/download/index-3.11.html should work even for the ARM Mac.

Lecture 3

Course notes: Chapter 2, Chapter 5

Analysing UD data with shell commands:

cat treebanks/UD_Swedish-Talbanken/sv_talbanken-ud-train.conllu | cut -f4 | grep -v "#" | sort
cat treebanks/UD_Swedish-Talbanken/sv_talbanken-ud-train.conllu | cut -f4 | grep -v "#" | sort -u
cat treebanks/UD_Swedish-Talbanken/sv_talbanken-ud-train.conllu | cut -f4 | grep -v "#" | sort -u | wc

Again, make sure to learn to use these shell commands!

Adding deptreepy to the pipeline:

cat treebanks/UD_English-EWT/en_ewt-ud-train.conllu | ./deptreepy.py "statistics POS"
cat treebanks/UD_English-EWT/en_ewt-ud-train.conllu | ./deptreepy.py "match_wordlines (POS X)"
cat treebanks/UD_English-EWT/en_ewt-ud-train.conllu | ./deptreepy.py "statistics FEATS"
cat treebanks/UD_English-EWT/en_ewt-ud-train.conllu | ./deptreepy.py "match_wordlines (POS NOUN) | statistics FEATS"

Download deptreepy and the UD treebanks, and do the same for other treebanks of other languages!

Confirmed Swedish inflection table by looking up a word at https://svenska.se/ and also learn what is inherent and what is variable.

Started MorphologyEng.gf and MorphologySwe.gf in lecture-03/.