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# Finnish Lexical Paradigms

Aarne Ranta 2003

This is an API to the user of the resource grammar for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs. Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are accessed through the resource syntax API, `Structural.gf`.

The main difference with `MorphoFin.gf` is that the types referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover had the design principle of always having existing forms, not stems, as string arguments of the paradigms, not stems.

This is the path to read the grammar from the same directory. # -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude

The following modules are presupposed:

      resource ParadigmsFin = open Prelude, SyntaxFin, ResourceFin in {

## Parameters

To abstract over gender, number, and (some) case names, we define the following identifiers.

      oper
        human    : Gender ;
        nonhuman : Gender ;

        singular : Number ;
        plural   : Number ;

        nominative : Case ;
        genitive   : Case ;
        partitive  : Case ;
        inessive   : Case ;
        elative    : Case ;
        illative   : Case ;
        adessive   : Case ;
        ablative   : Case ;
        allative   : Case ;

## Nouns

Worst case: give ten forms and the semantic gender. In practice just a couple of forms are needed, to define the different stems, vowel alternation, and vowel harmony.

      oper
        mkN :
          (talo,talon,talona,taloa,taloon,taloina,taloissa,talojen,taloja,taloihin
                : Str) -> Gender -> N ;

Nouns with partitive a/ä are a large group. To determine for grade and vowel alternation, three forms are usually needed: singular nominative and genitive, and plural partitive. Examples: talo, kukko, huippu, koira, kukka, syylä, särki...

        nKukko : (kukko,kukon,kukkoja : Str) -> N ;

For convenience, we define 1-argument paradigms as producing the nonhuman gender; the following function changes this:

        humanN : N -> N ;

A special case are nouns with no alternations: the vowel harmony is inferred from the last letter, which must be one of o, u, ö, y.

        nTalo : (talo : Str) -> N ;

Another special case are nouns where the last two consonants undergo regular weak-grade alternation: kukko - kukon, rutto - ruton, hyppy - hypyn, sampo - sammon, kunto - kunnon, sisältö - sisällön, .

        nLukko : (lukko : Str) -> N ;

arpi - arven, sappi - sapen, kampi - kammen;sylki - syljen

        nArpi  : (arpi : Str) -> N ;
        nSylki : (sylki : Str) -> N ;

Foreign words ending in consonants are actually similar to words like malli/mallin/malleja, with the exception that the i is not attached to the singular nominative. Examples: linux, savett, screen. The singular partitive form is used to get the vowel harmony. (N.B. more than 1-syllabic words ending in n would have variant plural genitive and partitive forms, like sultanien/sultaneiden, which are not covered.)

        nLinux : (linuxia : Str) -> N ;

Nouns of at least 3 syllables ending with a or ä, like peruna, tavara, rytinä.

        nPeruna : (peruna : Str) -> N ;

The following paradigm covers both nouns ending in an aspirated e, such as rae, perhe, savuke, and also many ones ending in a consonant (rengas, kätkyt). The singular nominative and essive are given.

        nRae : (rae, rakeena : Str) -> N ;

The following covers nouns with partitive ta/tä, such as susi, vesi, pieni. To get all stems and the vowel harmony, it takes the singular nominative, genitive, and essive.

        nSusi : (susi,suden,sutta : Str) -> N ;

Nouns ending with a long vowel, such as puu, pää, pii, leikkuu, are inflected according to the following.

        nPuu : (puu : Str) -> N ;

One-syllable diphthong nouns, such as suo, tie, työ, are inflected by the following.

        nSuo : (suo : Str) -> N ;

Many adjectives but also nouns have the nominative ending nen which in other cases becomes s: nainen, ihminen, keltainen. To capture the vowel harmony, we use the partitive form as the argument.

        nNainen : (naista : Str) -> N ;

The following covers some nouns ending with a consonant, e.g. tilaus, kaulin, paimen, laidun.

        nTilaus : (tilaus,tilauksena : Str) -> N ;

Special case:

        nKulaus : (kulaus : Str) -> N ;

The following covers nouns like nauris and adjectives like kallis, tyyris. The partitive form is taken to get the vowel harmony.

        nNauris : (naurista : Str) -> N ;

Separately-written compound nouns, like sambal oelek, Urho Kekkonen, have only their last part inflected.

        nComp : Str -> N -> N ;

Nouns used as functions need a case, of which by far the commonest is the genitive.

        mkFun : N -> Case -> Fun ;
        fGen  : N -> Fun ;

Proper names can be formed by using declensions for nouns. The plural forms are filtered away by the compiler.

        mkPN  : N -> PN ;

## Adjectives

Non-comparison one-place adjectives are just like nouns.

        mkAdj1 : N -> Adj1 ;

Two-place adjectives need a case for the second argument.

        mkAdj2 : N -> Case -> Adj2 ;

Comparison adjectives have three forms. The comparative and the superlative are always inflected in the same way, so the nominative of them is actually enough (except for the superlative paras of hyvä).

        mkAdjDeg : (kiva : N) -> (kivempaa,kivinta : Str) -> AdjDeg ;

## Verbs

The fragment only has present tense so far, but in all persons. The worst case needs five forms, as shown in the following.

        mkV   : (tulla,tulen,tulee,tulevat,tulkaa,tullaan : Str) -> V ;

A simple special case is the one with just one stem and no grade alternation. It covers e.g. sanoa, valua, kysyä.

        vValua : (valua : Str) -> V ;

With two forms, the following function covers a variety of verbs, such as ottaa, käyttää, löytää, huoltaa, hiihtää, siirtää.

        vKattaa : (kattaa, katan : Str) -> V ;

When grade alternation is not present, just a one-form special case is needed (poistaa, ryystää).

        vOstaa : (ostaa : Str) -> V ;

The following covers juosta, piestä, nousta, rangaista, kävellä, surra, panna.

        vNousta : (nousta, nousen : Str) -> V ;

This is for one-syllable diphthong verbs like juoda, syödä.

        vTuoda : (tuoda : Str) -> V ;

The verbs be and the negative auxiliary are special.

        vOlla : V ;
        vEi   : V ;

Two-place verbs need a case, and can have a pre- or postposition. At least one of the latter is empty, `[]`.

        mkTV : V -> Case -> (prep,postp : Str) -> TV ;

If both are empty, the following special function can be used.

        tvCase : V -> Case -> TV ;

Verbs with a direct (accusative) object are special, since their complement case is finally decided in syntax.

        tvDir : V -> TV ;

The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are hidden from the document.