# Swedish Lexical Paradigms

Last update: 2007-07-06 09:20:11 CEST

- Parameters
- Nouns
  - Relational nouns
  - Relational common noun phrases
  - Proper names and noun phrases
- Adjectives
  - Two-place adjectives
- Adverbs
- Verbs
  - Deponent verbs.
  - Two-place verbs
  - Three-place verbs
  - Other complement patterns

Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.

Aarne Ranta 2001 - 2006

This is an API for the user of the resource grammar for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.

Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are accessed through the resource syntax API, `Structural.gf`.

The main difference with `MorphoSwe.gf` is that the types referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.

The structure of functions for each word class `C` is the following: first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function `mkC`, which serves as an escape to construct the most irregular words of type `C`. However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a separate module `IrregSwe`, which covers many irregular verbs.

        resource ParadigmsSwe =
          open
            (Predef=Predef),
            Prelude,
            CommonScand,
            ResSwe,
            MorphoSwe,
            CatSwe in {

## Parameters

To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.

        oper
          Gender : Type ;

          utrum     : Gender ;
          neutrum   : Gender ;

To abstract over number names, we define the following.

          Number : Type ;

          singular : Number ;
          plural   : Number ;

To abstract over case names, we define the following.

          Case : Type ;

          nominative : Case ;
          genitive   : Case ;

Prepositions used in many-argument functions can be constructed from strings.

          mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
          noPrep : Prep ;         -- empty string

## Nouns

The following overloaded paradigm takes care of all noun formation.

          mkN : overload {

The one-argument case takes the singular indefinite form and computes the other forms and the gender by a simple heuristic. The heuristic is currently to treat all words ending with a like apa-apor, with e like rike-riken, and otherwise like bil-bilar.

            mkN : (apa : Str) -> N ;

The case with a string and gender makes it possible to treat lik (neutrum) and pojke (utrum).

            mkN : (lik : Str) -> Gender -> N ;

Giving two forms - the singular and plural indefinite - is sufficient for most nouns. The paradigm deals correctly with the vowel contractions in nyckel - nycklar such as pojke - pojkar.

            mkN : (nyckel,nycklar : Str) -> N ;

In the worst case, four forms are needed.

            mkN : (museum,museet,museer,museerna : Str) -> N
          } ;

All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns, such as fotboll.

### Relational nouns

Relational nouns (kung av x) are nouns with a preposition. As a special case, we provide regular nouns (formed with one-argument `mkN`) with the preposition av.

          mkN2 : overload {
            mkN2 : Str -> N2 ;
            mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2
          } ;

Three-place relational nouns (förbindelse från x till y) need two prepositions.

          mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;

### Relational common noun phrases

In some cases, you may want to make a complex `CN` into a relational noun (e.g. den före detta maken till). However, `N2` and `N3` are purely lexical categories. But you can use the `AdvCN` and `PrepNP` constructions to build phrases like this.

### Proper names and noun phrases

Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed from strings and have the default gender utrum.

          mkPN : overload {
            mkPN : Str -> PN ;
            mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ;

In the worst case, the genitive form is irregular.

            mkPN : (jesus,jesu : Str) -> Gender -> PN
            } ;

## Adjectives

Adjectives need one to seven forms.

          mkA : overload {

Most adjectives are formed simply by adding endings to a stem.

            mkA : (billig : Str) -> A ;

Some adjectives have a deviant neuter form. The following pattern also recognizes the neuter formation galen-galet and forms the proper plural and comparison forms galna-galnare-galnast.

            mkA : (bred,brett : Str) -> A ;

Umlaut in comparison forms is

            mkA : (tung,tyngre,tyngst : Str) -> A ;

A few adjectives need 5 forms.

            mkA : (god,gott,goda,battre,bast : Str) -> A ;

Hardly any other adjective than liten needs the full 7 forms.

            mkA : (liten,litet,lilla,sma,mindre,minst,minsta : Str) -> A
            } ;

Comparison forms may be compound (mera svensk - mest svensk); this behaviour can be forced on any adjective.

          compoundA : A -> A ;

### Two-place adjectives

Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.

          mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;

## Adverbs

Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position after the verb. Some can be preverbal in subordinate position (e.g. alltid).

          mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;  -- här
          mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;  -- alltid

Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.

          mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;

## Verbs

All verbs can be defined by the overloaded paradigm `mkV`.

          mkV : overload {

The 'regular verb' (= one-place) case is inspired by Lexin. It uses the present tense indicative form. The value is the first conjugation if the argument ends with ar (tala - talar - talade - talat), the second with er (leka - leker - lekte - lekt, with the variations like in gräva, vända, tyda, hyra), and the third in other cases (bo - bor - bodde - bott). It is also possible to give the infinite form to it; they are treated as if they were implicitly suffixed by r. Moreover, deponent verbs are recognized from the final s (hoppas).

            mkV : (stämmer : Str) -> V ;

Most irregular verbs need just the conventional three forms.

            mkV : (dricka,drack,druckit : Str) -> V ;

In the worst case, six forms are given.

            mkV : (gå,går,gå,gick,gått,gången : Str) -> V ;

Particle verbs, such as passa på, are formed by adding a string to a verb.

            mkV : V -> Str -> V
            } ;

### Deponent verbs.

Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. hoppas, some as reflexive e.g. ångra sig. Regular deponent verbs are also handled by `mkV` and recognized from the ending s.

          depV  : V -> V ;
          reflV : V -> V ;

### Two-place verbs

Two-place verbs need a preposition, which default to the 'empty preposition' i.e. direct object. (transitive verbs). The simplest case is a regular verb (as in `mkV`) with a direct object. Notice that, if a particle is needed, it comes from the `V`.

          mkV2 : overload {
            mkV2 : Str -> V2 ;
            mkV2 : V   -> V2 ;
            mkV2 : V   -> Prep -> V2
            } ;

### Three-place verbs

Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which the first one or both can be absent. The simplest case is a regular verb (as in `mkV`) with no prepositions.

          mkV3 : overload {
            mkV3 : Str -> V3 ;
            mkV3 : V   -> V3 ;
            mkV3 : V   -> Prep -> V3 ;
            mkV3 : V   -> Prep -> Prep -> V3
            } ;

### Other complement patterns

Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.

          mkV0  : V -> V0 ;
          mkVS  : V -> VS ;
          mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
          mkVV  : V -> VV ;
          mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
          mkVA  : V -> VA ;
          mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ;
          mkVQ  : V -> VQ ;
          mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;

          mkAS  : A -> AS ;
          mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
          mkAV  : A -> AV ;
          mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ;

Notice: categories `V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q` are in v 1.0 treated just as synonyms of `V2`, and the second argument is given as an adverb. Likewise `AS, A2S, AV, A2V` are just `A`. `V0` is just `V`.

          V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
          AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;