diff --git a/src/GF/GFCC/API.hs b/src/GF/GFCC/API.hs
index 043c429f2..27ee47aa8 100644
--- a/src/GF/GFCC/API.hs
+++ b/src/GF/GFCC/API.hs
@@ -15,12 +15,15 @@
 
 module  GF.GFCC.API where
 
+import GF.GFCC.Linearize
+import GF.GFCC.Generate
+import GF.GFCC.Macros
 import GF.GFCC.DataGFCC
 import GF.GFCC.AbsGFCC
 import GF.GFCC.ParGFCC
-import GF.GFCC.PrintGFCC
+
 import GF.GFCC.ErrM
-import GF.GFCC.Generate
+
 ----import GF.Parsing.FCFG
 ----import GF.Conversion.SimpleToFCFG (convertGrammar,FCat(..))
 
@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@ file2grammar f = do
 file2gfcc f =
   readFileIf f >>= err (error) (return . mkGFCC) . pGrammar . myLexer
 
-linearize mgr lang = GF.GFCC.DataGFCC.linearize (gfcc mgr) (CId lang)
+linearize mgr lang = GF.GFCC.Linearize.linearize (gfcc mgr) (CId lang)
 
 parse mgr lang cat s = error "no parser"
 ----parse mgr lang cat s = 
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ generateAll mgr cat = generate (gfcc mgr) (CId cat)
 
 readTree _ = err (const exp0) id . (pExp . myLexer)
 
-showTree t = printTree t
+showTree = prt
 
 languages mgr = [l | CId l <- cncnames (gfcc mgr)]
 
diff --git a/src/GF/GFCC/DataGFCC.hs b/src/GF/GFCC/DataGFCC.hs
index f0714c97a..a06c9cae1 100644
--- a/src/GF/GFCC/DataGFCC.hs
+++ b/src/GF/GFCC/DataGFCC.hs
@@ -38,102 +38,6 @@ statGFCC gfcc = unlines [
   ]
  where pr (CId s) = s
 
-lookLin :: GFCC -> CId -> CId -> Term
-lookLin gfcc lang fun = 
-  lookMap TM fun $ lins $ lookMap (error "no lang") lang $ concretes gfcc
-
-lookOper :: GFCC -> CId -> CId -> Term
-lookOper gfcc lang fun = 
-  lookMap TM fun $ opers $ lookMap (error "no lang") lang $ concretes gfcc
-
-lookLincat :: GFCC -> CId -> CId -> Term
-lookLincat gfcc lang fun = 
-  lookMap TM fun $ lincats $ lookMap (error "no lang") lang $ concretes gfcc
-
--- | Look up the type of a function.
-lookType :: GFCC -> CId -> Type
-lookType gfcc f = 
-  fst $ lookMap (error $ "lookType " ++ show f) f (funs (abstract gfcc))
-
-linearize :: GFCC -> CId -> Exp -> String
-linearize mcfg lang = realize . linExp mcfg lang
-
-realize :: Term -> String
-realize trm = case trm of
-  R ts     -> realize (ts !! 0)
-  S ss     -> unwords $ lmap realize ss
-  K t -> case t of
-    KS s -> s
-    KP s _ -> unwords s ---- prefix choice TODO
-  W s t    -> s ++ realize t
-  FV ts    -> realize (ts !! 0)  ---- other variants TODO
-  TM       -> "?"
-  _ -> "ERROR " ++ show trm ---- debug
-
-linExp :: GFCC -> CId -> Exp -> Term
-linExp mcfg lang tree@(Tr at trees) = 
-  case at of
-    AC fun -> comp (lmap lin trees) $ look fun
-    AS s   -> R [kks (show s)] -- quoted
-    AI i   -> R [kks (show i)]
-    AF d   -> R [kks (show d)]
-    AM _   -> TM
- where
-   lin  = linExp mcfg lang
-   comp = compute mcfg lang
-   look = lookLin mcfg lang
-
-exp0 :: Exp
-exp0 = Tr (AM 0) []
-
-term0 :: CId -> Term
-term0 _ = TM
-
-kks :: String -> Term
-kks = K . KS
-
-compute :: GFCC -> CId -> [Term] -> Term -> Term
-compute mcfg lang args = comp where
-  comp trm = case trm of
-    P r p  -> proj (comp r) (comp p) 
-    W s t  -> W s (comp t)
-    R ts   -> R $ lmap comp ts
-    V i    -> idx args i          -- already computed
-    F c    -> comp $ look c       -- not computed (if contains argvar)
-    FV ts  -> FV $ lmap comp ts
-    S ts   -> S $ lfilter (/= S []) $ lmap comp ts
-    _ -> trm
-
-  look = lookOper mcfg lang
-
-  idx xs i = if i > length xs - 1 
-    then error 
-         ("too large " ++ show i ++ " for\n" ++ unlines (lmap prt xs) ++ "\n") TM 
-    else xs !! i 
-
-  proj r p = case (r,p) of
-    (_,     FV ts) -> FV $ lmap (proj r) ts
-    (FV ts, _    ) -> FV $ lmap (\t -> proj t r) ts
-    (W s t, _)     -> kks (s ++ getString (proj t p))
-    _              -> comp $ getField r (getIndex p)
-
-  getString t = case t of
-    K (KS s) -> s
-    _ -> error ("ERROR in grammar compiler: string from "++ show t) "ERR"
-
-  getIndex t =  case t of
-    C i    -> i
-    TM     -> 0  -- default value for parameter
-    _ -> error ("ERROR in grammar compiler: index from " ++ show t) 0
-
-  getField t i = case t of
-    R rs   -> idx rs i
-    TM     -> TM
-    _ -> error ("ERROR in grammar compiler: field from " ++ show t) t
-
-  prt = printTree
-
-
 -- convert parsed grammar to internal GFCC
 
 mkGFCC :: Grammar -> GFCC
@@ -184,10 +88,6 @@ printGFCC gfcc = printTree $ Grm
      [Lin f v | (f,v) <- assocs (lindefs cnc)]
      [Lin f v | (f,v) <- assocs (printnames cnc)]
 
--- lookup with default value
-lookMap :: (Show i, Ord i) => a -> i -> Map i a -> a 
-lookMap d c m = maybe d id $ Data.Map.lookup c m
-
 -- default map and filter are for Map here
 lmap = Prelude.map
 lfilter = Prelude.filter
diff --git a/src/GF/GFCC/Generate.hs b/src/GF/GFCC/Generate.hs
index 758e96d8c..09212976a 100644
--- a/src/GF/GFCC/Generate.hs
+++ b/src/GF/GFCC/Generate.hs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 module GF.GFCC.Generate where
 
+import GF.GFCC.Macros
 import GF.GFCC.DataGFCC
 import GF.GFCC.AbsGFCC
 
@@ -10,27 +11,17 @@ import System.Random
 generate :: GFCC -> CId -> [Exp]
 generate gfcc cat = concatMap (\i -> gener i cat) [0..]
  where
-  gener 0 c = [Tr (AC f) [] | (f, Typ [] _) <- fns c]
+  gener 0 c = [tree (AC f) [] | (f, Typ [] _) <- fns c]
   gener i c = [
     tr | 
       (f, Typ cs _) <- fns c,
       let alts = map (gener (i-1)) cs,
       ts <- combinations alts,
-      let tr = Tr (AC f) ts,
+      let tr = tree (AC f) ts,
       depth tr >= i
     ]
-  fns cat = 
-    let fs = lookMap [] cat $ catfuns $ abstract gfcc
-    in [(f,ty) | f <- fs, Just (ty,_) <- [M.lookup f $ funs $ abstract gfcc]]
-  depth tr = case tr of
-    Tr _ [] -> 1
-    Tr _ ts -> maximum (map depth ts) + 1
+  fns = functionsToCat gfcc
 
---- from Operations
-combinations :: [[a]] -> [[a]]
-combinations t = case t of 
-  []    -> [[]]
-  aa:uu -> [a:u | a <- aa, u <- combinations uu]
 
 -- generate an infinite list of trees randomly
 genRandom :: StdGen -> GFCC -> CId -> [Exp]
@@ -45,16 +36,16 @@ genRandom gen gfcc cat = genTrees (randomRs (0.0, 1.0) gen) cat where
                 (genTrees ds2 cat)          -- else (drop k ds)
 
   genTree rs = gett rs where
-    gett ds (CId "String") = (Tr (AS "foo") [], 1)
-    gett ds (CId "Int")    = (Tr (AI 12345) [], 1)
-    gett [] _ = (Tr (AS "TIMEOUT") [], 1) ----
+    gett ds (CId "String") = (tree (AS "foo") [], 1)
+    gett ds (CId "Int")    = (tree (AI 12345) [], 1)
+    gett [] _ = (tree (AS "TIMEOUT") [], 1) ----
     gett ds cat = case fns cat of
-      [] -> (Tr (AM 0) [],1)
+      [] -> (tree (AM 0) [],1)
       fs -> let 
           d:ds2    = ds
           (f,args) = getf d fs
           (ts,k)   = getts ds2 args
-        in (Tr (AC f) ts, k+1)
+        in (tree (AC f) ts, k+1)
     getf d fs = let lg = (length fs) in
       fs !! (floor (d * fromIntegral lg))
     getts ds cats = case cats of
@@ -64,11 +55,10 @@ genRandom gen gfcc cat = genTrees (randomRs (0.0, 1.0) gen) cat where
         in (t:ts, k + ks)
       _ -> ([],0)
 
-    fns cat = 
-      let fs = maybe [] id $ M.lookup cat $ catfuns $ abstract gfcc
-      in [(f,cs) | f <- fs, 
-            Just (Typ cs _,_) <- [M.lookup f $ funs $ abstract gfcc]]
+    fns cat = [(f,cs) | (f, Typ cs _) <- functionsToCat gfcc cat]
 
+
+{-
 -- brute-force parsing method; only returns the first result
 -- note: you cannot throw away rules with unknown words from the grammar
 -- because it is not known which field in each rule may match the input
@@ -77,3 +67,4 @@ searchParse :: Int -> GFCC -> CId -> [String] -> [Exp]
 searchParse i gfcc cat ws = [t | t <- gen, s <- lins t, words s == ws] where 
   gen    = take i $ generate gfcc cat
   lins t = [linearize gfcc lang t | lang <- cncnames gfcc]
+-}
diff --git a/src/GF/GFCC/Linearize.hs b/src/GF/GFCC/Linearize.hs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33331168b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/GF/GFCC/Linearize.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+module GF.GFCC.Linearize where
+
+import GF.GFCC.Macros
+import GF.GFCC.DataGFCC
+import GF.GFCC.AbsGFCC
+import Data.Map
+import Data.List
+
+-- linearization and computation of concrete GFCC Terms
+
+linearize :: GFCC -> CId -> Exp -> String
+linearize mcfg lang = realize . linExp mcfg lang
+
+realize :: Term -> String
+realize trm = case trm of
+  R ts     -> realize (ts !! 0)
+  S ss     -> unwords $ lmap realize ss
+  K t -> case t of
+    KS s -> s
+    KP s _ -> unwords s ---- prefix choice TODO
+  W s t    -> s ++ realize t
+  FV ts    -> realize (ts !! 0)  ---- other variants TODO
+  TM       -> "?"
+  _ -> "ERROR " ++ show trm ---- debug
+
+linExp :: GFCC -> CId -> Exp -> Term
+linExp mcfg lang tree@(DTr _ at trees) =  ---- bindings TODO
+  case at of
+    AC fun -> comp (lmap lin trees) $ look fun
+    AS s   -> R [kks (show s)] -- quoted
+    AI i   -> R [kks (show i)]
+    AF d   -> R [kks (show d)]
+    AM _   -> TM
+ where
+   lin  = linExp mcfg lang
+   comp = compute mcfg lang
+   look = lookLin mcfg lang
+
+compute :: GFCC -> CId -> [Term] -> Term -> Term
+compute mcfg lang args = comp where
+  comp trm = case trm of
+    P r p  -> proj (comp r) (comp p) 
+    W s t  -> W s (comp t)
+    R ts   -> R $ lmap comp ts
+    V i    -> idx args i          -- already computed
+    F c    -> comp $ look c       -- not computed (if contains argvar)
+    FV ts  -> FV $ lmap comp ts
+    S ts   -> S $ lfilter (/= S []) $ lmap comp ts
+    _ -> trm
+
+  look = lookOper mcfg lang
+
+  idx xs i = if i > length xs - 1 
+    then error 
+         ("too large " ++ show i ++ " for\n" ++ unlines (lmap prt xs) ++ "\n") TM 
+    else xs !! i 
+
+  proj r p = case (r,p) of
+    (_,     FV ts) -> FV $ lmap (proj r) ts
+    (FV ts, _    ) -> FV $ lmap (\t -> proj t r) ts
+    (W s t, _)     -> kks (s ++ getString (proj t p))
+    _              -> comp $ getField r (getIndex p)
+
+  getString t = case t of
+    K (KS s) -> s
+    _ -> error ("ERROR in grammar compiler: string from "++ show t) "ERR"
+
+  getIndex t =  case t of
+    C i    -> i
+    TM     -> 0  -- default value for parameter
+    _ -> error ("ERROR in grammar compiler: index from " ++ show t) 0
+
+  getField t i = case t of
+    R rs   -> idx rs i
+    TM     -> TM
+    _ -> error ("ERROR in grammar compiler: field from " ++ show t) t
+
diff --git a/src/GF/GFCC/Macros.hs b/src/GF/GFCC/Macros.hs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfb257ab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/GF/GFCC/Macros.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+module GF.GFCC.Macros where
+
+import GF.GFCC.AbsGFCC
+import GF.GFCC.DataGFCC
+import GF.GFCC.PrintGFCC
+import Data.Map
+import Data.List
+
+-- operations for manipulating GFCC grammars and objects
+
+lookLin :: GFCC -> CId -> CId -> Term
+lookLin gfcc lang fun = 
+  lookMap TM fun $ lins $ lookMap (error "no lang") lang $ concretes gfcc
+
+lookOper :: GFCC -> CId -> CId -> Term
+lookOper gfcc lang fun = 
+  lookMap TM fun $ opers $ lookMap (error "no lang") lang $ concretes gfcc
+
+lookLincat :: GFCC -> CId -> CId -> Term
+lookLincat gfcc lang fun = 
+  lookMap TM fun $ lincats $ lookMap (error "no lang") lang $ concretes gfcc
+
+lookType :: GFCC -> CId -> Type
+lookType gfcc f = 
+  fst $ lookMap (error $ "lookType " ++ show f) f (funs (abstract gfcc))
+
+functionsToCat :: GFCC -> CId -> [(CId,Type)]
+functionsToCat gfcc cat =
+  [(f,ty) | f <- fs, Just (ty,_) <- [Data.Map.lookup f $ funs $ abstract gfcc]]
+ where 
+   fs = lookMap [] cat $ catfuns $ abstract gfcc
+
+depth :: Exp -> Int
+depth tr = case tr of
+  DTr _ _ [] -> 1
+  DTr _ _ ts -> maximum (lmap depth ts) + 1
+
+tree :: Atom -> [Exp] -> Exp
+tree = DTr []
+
+exp0 :: Exp
+exp0 = Tr (AM 0) []
+
+term0 :: CId -> Term
+term0 _ = TM
+
+kks :: String -> Term
+kks = K . KS
+
+prt :: Print a => a -> String
+prt = printTree
+
+-- lookup with default value
+lookMap :: (Show i, Ord i) => a -> i -> Map i a -> a 
+lookMap d c m = maybe d id $ Data.Map.lookup c m
+
+--- from Operations
+combinations :: [[a]] -> [[a]]
+combinations t = case t of 
+  []    -> [[]]
+  aa:uu -> [a:u | a <- aa, u <- combinations uu]
+
+