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grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf
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grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf
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--# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
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--1 Russian Lexical Paradigms
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--
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-- Aarne Ranta, Janna Khegai 2003
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--
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-- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
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-- for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
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-- expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
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--
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-- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
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-- accessed through the resource syntax API, $resource.Abs.gf$.
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--
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--
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-- The following files are presupposed:
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resource Paradigms = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, Syntax, Russian in {
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flags coding=utf8 ;
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--2 Parameters
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--
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-- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
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oper
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masculine : Gender ;
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feminine : Gender ;
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neuter : Gender ;
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-- To abstract over case names, we define the following.
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nominative : Case ;
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genitive : Case ;
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dative : Case ;
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accusative : Case ;
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instructive : Case ;
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prepositional : Case ;
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-- In some (written in English) textbooks accusative case
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-- is put on the second place. However, we follow the case order
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-- standard for Russian textbooks.
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-- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
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singular : Number ;
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plural : Number ;
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--2 Nouns
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-- Best case: indeclinabe nouns: "кофе", "пальто", "ВУЗ".
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mkIndeclinableNoun: Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ;
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-- Worst case - give six singular forms:
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-- Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative, Instructive and Prepositional;
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-- corresponding six plural forms and the gender.
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-- May be the number of forms needed can be reduced,
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-- but this requires a separate investigation.
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-- Animacy parameter (determining whether the Accusative form is equal
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-- to the Nominative or the Genetive one) is actually of no help,
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-- since there are a lot of exceptions and the gain is just one form less.
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mkN : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ;
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-- мужчина, мужчины, мужчине, мужчину, мужчиной, мужчине
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-- мужчины, мужчин, мужчинам, мужчин, мужчинами, мужчинах
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-- Here are some common patterns. The list is far from complete.
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-- Feminine patterns.
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nMashina : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"машин-ой"
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nEdinica : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"единиц-ей"
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nZhenchina : Str -> N ; -- feminine, animate, ending with "-a"
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nNoga : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "г_к_х-a"
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nMalyariya : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ия"
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nTetya : Str -> N ; -- feminine, animate, ending with "-я"
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nBol : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ь"(soft sign)
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-- Neuter patterns.
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nObezbolivauchee : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-ee"
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nProizvedenie : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-e"
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nChislo : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-o"
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-- Masculine patterns.
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nStomatolog : Str -> N ; -- masculine, animate, ending with consonant
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-- the next two differ only in
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-- plural nominative (= accusative) form(s) :
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nAdres : Str -> N ; -- адрес-а
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nTelefon : Str -> N ; -- телефон-ы
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-- masculine, inanimate, ending with consonant
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nNol : Str -> N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ь" (soft sign)
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nUroven : Str -> N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ень"
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-- Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is with Genitive.
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mkFun : N -> Preposition -> Case -> Fun ;
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funGen : N -> Fun ;
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-- Proper names.
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mkPN : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> PN ; -- "Иван", "Маша"
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-- On the top level, it is maybe $CN$ that is used rather than $N$, and
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-- $NP$ rather than $PN$.
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mkCN : N -> CN ;
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mkNP : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> NP ;
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--2 Adjectives
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-- Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 (4 by 7)
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-- forms in the worst case:
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-- Masculine | Feminine | Neutral | Plural
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-- Nominative
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-- Genitive
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-- Dative
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-- Accusative Inanimate
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-- Accusative Animate
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-- Instructive
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-- Prepositional
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-- Notice that 4 short forms, which exist for some adjectives are not included
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-- in the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for
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-- positive degree.
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-- mkAdj1 : ( : Str) -> Adj1 ;
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-- Invariable adjective is a special case.
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adjInvar : Str -> Adj1 ; -- khaki, mini, hindi, netto
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-- Some regular patterns depending on the ending.
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adj1Staruyj : Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ый"
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adj1Malenkij : Str -> Adj1 ; -- endign with "-ий"
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adj1Molodoj : Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ой",
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-- plural - молод-ые"
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adj1Kakoj_Nibud : Str -> Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ой",
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-- plural - "как-ие"
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-- Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.
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mkAdj2 : Adj1 -> Str -> Case -> Adj2 ; -- "делим на"
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-- Comparison adjectives need a positive adjective
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-- (28 forms without short forms).
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-- Taking only one comparative form (non-syntaxic) and
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-- only one superlative form (syntaxic) we can produce the
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-- comparison adjective with only one extra argument -
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-- non-syntaxic comparative form.
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-- Syntaxic forms are based on the positive forms.
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mkAdjDeg : Adj1 -> Str -> AdjDeg ;
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-- On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
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-- just to use a one-place adjective.
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ap : Adj1 -> IsPostfixAdj -> AP ;
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--2 Verbs
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--
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-- In our lexicon description ("Verbum") there are 62 forms:
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-- 2 (Voice) by { 1 (infinitive) + [2(number) by 3 (person)](imperative) +
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-- [ [2(Number) by 3(Person)](present) + [2(Number) by 3(Person)](future) +
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-- 4(GenNum)(past) ](indicative)+ 4 (GenNum) (subjunctive) }
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-- Participles (Present and Past) and Gerund forms are not included,
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-- since they fuction more like Adjectives and Adverbs correspondingly
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-- rather than verbs. Aspect regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb.
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-- Notice, that some forms are never used for some verbs. Actually,
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-- the majority of verbs do not have many of the forms.
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-- The worst case need 6 forms of the present tense in indicative mood
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-- ("я бегу", "ты бежишь", "он бежит", "мы бежим", "вы бежите", "они бегут"),
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-- a past form (singular, masculine: "я бежал"), an imperative form
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-- (singular, second person: "беги"), an infinitive ("бежать").
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-- Inherent aspect should also be specified.
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mkVerbum : Aspect -> (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verbum ;
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-- Common conjugation patterns are two conjugations:
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-- first - verbs ending with "-ать/-ять" and second - "-ить/-еть".
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-- Instead of 6 present forms of the worst case, we only need
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-- a present stem and one ending (singular, first person):
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-- "я люб-лю", "я жд-у", etc. To determine where the border
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-- between stem and ending lies it is sufficient to compare
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-- first person from with second person form:
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-- "я люб-лю", "ты люб-ишь". Stems shoud be the same.
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-- So the definition for verb "любить" looks like:
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-- mkRegVerb Imperfective Second "люб" "лю" "любил" "люби" "любить";
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mkRegVerb :Aspect -> Conjugation -> (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verbum ;
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-- For writing an application grammar one usualy doesn't need
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-- the whole inflection table, since each verb is used in
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-- a particular context that determines some of the parameters
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-- (Tense and Voice while Aspect is fixed from the beginning) for certain usage.
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-- The "V" type, that have these parameters fixed.
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-- We can extract the "V" from the lexicon.
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mkV: Verbum -> Voice -> Tense -> V ;
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mkPresentV: Verbum -> Voice -> V ;
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-- Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that
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-- a particle can be included in a $V$.
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mkTV : V -> Str -> Case -> TV ; -- "войти в дом"; "в", accusative
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tvDir : V -> TV ; -- "видеть", "любить"
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-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
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-- hidden from the document.
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--.
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masculine = Masc ;
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feminine = Fem ;
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neuter = Neut ;
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nominative = Nom ;
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accusative = Acc ;
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dative = Dat ;
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genitive = Gen ;
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instructive = Inst ;
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prepositional = Prepos ;
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singular = Sg ;
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plural = Pl ;
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-- Noun definitions
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mkIndeclinableNoun = \s,g, anim ->
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{
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s = table { SF _ _ => s } ;
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g = g ;
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anim = anim
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} ;
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mkN = \nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg,
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nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl, g, anim ->
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{
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s = table {
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SF Sg Nom => nomSg ;
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SF Sg Gen => genSg ;
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SF Sg Dat => datSg ;
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SF Sg Acc => accSg ;
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SF Sg Inst => instSg ;
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SF Sg Prepos => preposSg ;
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SF Pl Nom => nomPl ;
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SF Pl Gen => genPl ;
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SF Pl Dat => datPl ;
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SF Pl Acc => accPl ;
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SF Pl Inst => instPl ;
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SF Pl Prepos => preposPl
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} ;
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g = g ;
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anim = anim
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} ;
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nMashina = \s -> aEndInanimateDecl s;
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nEdinica = \s -> ej_aEndInanimateDecl s;
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nZhenchina = \s -> (aEndAnimateDecl s) ** { g = Fem } ;
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nNoga = \s -> aEndG_K_KH_Decl s ;
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nMalyariya = \s -> i_yaEndDecl s ;
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nTetya = \s -> (yaEndAnimateDecl s) ** {g = Fem} ;
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nBol = \s -> softSignEndDeclFem s ;
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-- Neuter patterns.
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nObezbolivauchee = \s -> eeEndInAnimateDecl s ;
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nProizvedenie = \s -> eEndInAnimateDecl s ;
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nChislo = \s -> oEndInAnimateDecl s ;
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-- Masculine patterns.
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nStomatolog = \s -> nullEndAnimateDecl s ;
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nAdres = \s -> nullEndInAnimateDecl2 s ;
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nTelefon = \s -> nullEndInAnimateDecl1 s ;
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nNol = \s -> softSignEndDeclMasc s ;
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nUroven = \s -> EN_softSignEndDeclMasc s ;
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-- mkFun defined in syntax.RusU
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-- funGen defined in syntax.RusU
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mkPN = \ivan, g, anim ->
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case g of {
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Masc => mkProperNameMasc ivan anim ;
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_ => mkProperNameFem ivan anim
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} ;
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mkCN = UseN ;
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mkNP = \x,y,z -> UsePN (mkPN x y z) ;
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-- Adjective definitions
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adjInvar = \s -> { s = \\af => s };
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adj1Staruyj = uy_j_EndDecl ;
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adj1Malenkij = ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl ;
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adj1Molodoj = uy_oj_EndDecl ;
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adj1Kakoj_Nibud = i_oj_EndDecl ;
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mkAdj2 = \a,p,c -> a ** {s2 = p ; c = c} ;
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-- mkAdjDeg defined in morpho.RusU
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ap = \a,p -> a ** { p = p } ;
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-- Verb definitions
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mkVerbum = \asp, sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3,
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sgMascPast, imperSgP2, inf -> case asp of {
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Perfective =>
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mkVerb (perfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2
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(presentConj sgP1 sgP2 sgP3 plP1 plP2 plP3) (pastConj sgMascPast))
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(pastConj sgMascPast);
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Imperfective =>
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mkVerb (imperfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2
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(presentConj sgP1 sgP2 sgP3 plP1 plP2 plP3) (pastConj sgMascPast))
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(pastConj sgMascPast)
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};
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oper presentConj: (_,_,_,_,_,_: Str) -> PresentVerb =
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\sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3 ->
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table {
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PRF Sg P1 => sgP1 ;
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PRF Sg P2 => sgP2 ;
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PRF Sg P3 => sgP3 ;
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PRF Pl P1 => plP1 ;
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PRF Pl P2 => plP2 ;
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PRF Pl P3 => plP3
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};
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mkRegVerb = verbDecl ; -- defined in morpho.RusU.gf
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mkV = extVerb ; -- defined in types.RusU.gf
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mkPresentV = \aller, vox ->
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{ s = table {
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VFin gn p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIND (VPresent (numGNum gn) p)) ;
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VImper n p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIMP n p) ;
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VInf => aller.s ! VFORM vox VINF ;
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VSubj gn => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VSUB gn)
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}; t = Present ; a = aller.asp ; v = vox } ;
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mkTV = mkTransVerb ; -- defined in syntax.RusU.gf
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tvDir = mkDirectVerb; -- defined in syntax.RusU.gf
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} ;
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