diff --git a/src/GF/Data/XML.hs b/src/GF/Data/XML.hs
index 145c09061..a1807adcc 100644
--- a/src/GF/Data/XML.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Data/XML.hs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module GF.Data.XML (XML(..), Attr, comments, showXMLDoc, showsXMLDoc, showsXML,
 
 import GF.Data.Utilities
 
-data XML = Data String | CData String | Tag String [Attr] [XML] | Comment String | Empty
+data XML = Data String | CData String | Tag String [Attr] [XML] | ETag String [Attr] | Comment String | Empty
  deriving (Ord,Eq,Show)
 
 type Attr = (String,String)
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ showsXMLDoc xml = showString header . showsXML xml
 showsXML :: XML -> ShowS
 showsXML (Data s) = showString s
 showsXML (CData s) = showString "<![CDATA[" . showString s .showString "]]>"
-showsXML (Tag t as []) = showChar '<' . showString t . showsAttrs as . showString "/>"
+showsXML (ETag t as) = showChar '<' . showString t . showsAttrs as . showString "/>"
 showsXML (Tag t as cs) = 
     showChar '<' . showString t . showsAttrs as . showChar '>' 
 		 . concatS (map showsXML cs) . showString "</" . showString t . showChar '>'
diff --git a/src/GF/Speech/GrammarToVoiceXML.hs b/src/GF/Speech/GrammarToVoiceXML.hs
index b9ff21f18..051a7e596 100644
--- a/src/GF/Speech/GrammarToVoiceXML.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Speech/GrammarToVoiceXML.hs
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ filled :: [(String,String)] -> [XML] -> XML
 filled = Tag "filled"
 
 vxmlGrammar :: String -> XML
-vxmlGrammar uri = Tag "grammar" [("src",uri)] []
+vxmlGrammar uri = ETag "grammar" [("src",uri)]
 
 prompt :: [XML] -> XML
 prompt = Tag "prompt" []
@@ -228,13 +228,13 @@ promptString :: String -> XML
 promptString p = prompt [Data p]
 
 reprompt :: XML
-reprompt = Tag "reprompt" [] []
+reprompt = ETag "reprompt" []
 
 assign :: String -> String -> XML
-assign n e = Tag "assign" [("name",n),("expr",e)] []
+assign n e = ETag "assign" [("name",n),("expr",e)]
 
 value :: String -> XML
-value expr = Tag "value" [("expr",expr)] []
+value expr = ETag "value" [("expr",expr)]
 
 if_ :: String -> [XML] -> XML
 if_ c b = if_else c b []
@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ cond ((c,b):rest) els = Tag "if" [("cond",c)] (b ++ es)
              ++ if null els then [] else (Tag "else" [] []:els)
 
 goto_item :: String -> XML
-goto_item nextitem = Tag "goto" [("nextitem",nextitem)] []
+goto_item nextitem = ETag "goto" [("nextitem",nextitem)]
 
 return_ :: [String] -> XML
-return_ names = Tag "return" [("namelist", unwords names)] []
+return_ names = ETag "return" [("namelist", unwords names)]
 
 block :: [XML] -> XML
 block = Tag "block" []
@@ -269,10 +269,10 @@ help :: [XML] -> XML
 help = Tag "help" []
 
 param :: String -> String -> XML
-param name expr = Tag "param" [("name",name),("expr",expr)] []
+param name expr = ETag "param" [("name",name),("expr",expr)]
 
 var :: String -> Maybe String -> XML
-var name expr = Tag "var" ([("name",name)]++e) []
+var name expr = ETag "var" ([("name",name)]++e)
   where e = maybe [] ((:[]) . (,) "expr") expr
 
 script :: String -> XML
diff --git a/src/GF/Speech/PrSRGS.hs b/src/GF/Speech/PrSRGS.hs
index f3e08fc22..1e188f17e 100644
--- a/src/GF/Speech/PrSRGS.hs
+++ b/src/GF/Speech/PrSRGS.hs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ prSrgsXml sisr probs srg@(SRG{grammarName=name,startCat=start,
     prRhs rhss = [oneOf (map (mkProd sisr probs) rhss)] 
     -- externally visible rules for each of the GF categories
     topCatRules = [topRule tc [oneOf (map (it tc) cs)] | (tc,cs) <- srgTopCats srg]
-        where it i c = Tag "item" [] [Tag "ruleref" [("uri","#" ++ c)] [],
+        where it i c = Tag "item" [] [ETag "ruleref" [("uri","#" ++ c)],
                                       tag sisr (topCatSISR c)]
               topRule i is = Tag "rule" [("id",catFormId i),("scope","public")] is
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ mkItem sisr cn ss = map (symItem sisr cn) ss
 
 symItem :: Maybe SISRFormat -> CFTerm -> Symbol SRGNT Token -> XML
 symItem sisr cn (Cat n@(c,_)) = 
-    Tag "item" [] $ [Tag "ruleref" [("uri","#" ++ c)] [], tag sisr (catSISR cn n)]
+    Tag "item" [] $ [ETag "ruleref" [("uri","#" ++ c)], tag sisr (catSISR cn n)]
 symItem _ _ (Tok t) = Tag "item" [] [Data (showToken t)]
 
 tag :: Maybe SISRFormat -> (SISRFormat -> SISRTag) -> XML