diff --git a/gf.cabal b/gf.cabal
index 6bfcebcc5..1ce5e75f9 100644
--- a/gf.cabal
+++ b/gf.cabal
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: gf
-version: 3.5-darcs
+version: 3.5.11-darcs
 
 cabal-version: >= 1.8
 build-type: Custom
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ Executable gf
   if flag(new-comp)
     cpp-options: -DNEW_COMP
 
-  build-tools: happy
-           --, alex>=2 && <3 -- tricky to install in Ubuntu 12.04
+  build-tools: happy, alex>=3
+
   if os(windows)
     build-depends: Win32
   else
diff --git a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GetGrammar.hs b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GetGrammar.hs
index 2f40d0242..10a857bf9 100644
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GetGrammar.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/GetGrammar.hs
@@ -18,40 +18,61 @@ import Prelude hiding (catch)
 
 import GF.Data.Operations
 
-import GF.System.Catch
+--import GF.System.Catch
 import GF.Infra.UseIO
-import GF.Infra.Option(Options,optPreprocessors,addOptions,optEncoding,flag,renameEncoding)
+import GF.Infra.Option(Options,optPreprocessors,addOptions,renameEncoding,optEncoding,flag,defaultEncoding)
 import GF.Grammar.Lexer
 import GF.Grammar.Parser
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar
-import GF.Compile.Coding
+--import GF.Compile.Coding
+import GF.Compile.ReadFiles(parseSource,lift)
+--import GF.Text.Coding(decodeUnicodeIO)
 
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS
-import Control.Monad (foldM)
+import Data.Char(isAscii)
+import Control.Monad (foldM,when,unless)
 import System.Cmd (system)
-import System.IO(mkTextEncoding)
+--import System.IO(mkTextEncoding) --,utf8
 import System.Directory(removeFile)
 
 getSourceModule :: Options -> FilePath -> IOE SourceModule
-getSourceModule opts file0 = ioe $
-  do tmp <- foldM runPreprocessor (Source file0) (flag optPreprocessors opts)
-     content <- keepTemp tmp
-     case runP pModDef content of
-       Left (Pn l c,msg) -> do file <- writeTemp tmp
+getSourceModule opts file0 = 
+  errIn file0 $
+  do tmp <- lift $ foldM runPreprocessor (Source file0) (flag optPreprocessors opts)
+     raw <- lift $ keepTemp tmp
+   --ePutStrLn $ "1 "++file0
+     (optCoding,parsed) <- parseSource opts pModDef raw
+     case parsed of
+       Left (Pn l c,msg) -> do file <- lift $ writeTemp tmp
                                let location = file++":"++show l++":"++show c
-                               return (Bad (location++":\n   "++msg))
-       Right (i,mi00) ->
-         do removeTemp tmp
-            let mi0 =mi00 {mflags=mflags mi00 `addOptions` opts, msrc=file0}
-            mi <- transcodeModule (i,mi0)
-            return (Ok mi)
-  `catch` (return . Bad . show)
+                               raise (location++":\n   "++msg)
+       Right (i,mi0) ->
+         do lift $ removeTemp tmp
+            let mi =mi0 {mflags=mflags mi0 `addOptions` opts, msrc=file0}
+                optCoding' = renameEncoding `fmap` flag optEncoding (mflags mi0)
+            case (optCoding,optCoding') of
+              (Nothing,Nothing) ->
+                  unless (BS.all isAscii raw) $
+                    ePutStrLn $ file0++":\n    Warning: default encoding has changed from Latin-1 to UTF-8"
+              (_,Just coding') -> 
+                  when (coding/=coding') $
+                  raise $ "Encoding mismatch: "++coding++" /= "++coding'
+                where coding = maybe defaultEncoding renameEncoding optCoding
+              _ -> return ()
+          --lift $ transcodeModule' (i,mi) -- old lexer
+            return (i,mi) -- new lexer
 
+{-
 transcodeModule sm00 =
-  do enc <- mkTextEncoding (renameEncoding (flag optEncoding (mflags (snd sm00))))
+  do enc <- mkTextEncoding (getEncoding (mflags (snd sm00)))
      let sm = decodeStringsInModule enc sm00
      return sm
 
+transcodeModule' sm00 =
+  do let enc = utf8
+     let sm = decodeStringsInModule enc sm00
+     return sm
+-}
 
 runPreprocessor :: Temporary -> String -> IO Temporary
 runPreprocessor tmp0 p =
diff --git a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ReadFiles.hs b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ReadFiles.hs
index 5e65dcba6..70b0d6ee6 100644
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ReadFiles.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Compile/ReadFiles.hs
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
 module GF.Compile.ReadFiles 
            ( getAllFiles,ModName,ModEnv,importsOfModule,
              gfoFile,gfFile,isGFO,gf2gfo,
-             getOptionsFromFile) where
+             parseSource,lift,
+             getOptionsFromFile,getPragmas) where
 
 import Prelude hiding (catch)
 import GF.System.Catch
@@ -34,6 +35,10 @@ import GF.Grammar.Parser
 import GF.Grammar.Grammar
 import GF.Grammar.Binary
 
+import System.IO(mkTextEncoding)
+import qualified Data.ByteString.UTF8 as UTF8
+import GF.Text.Coding(decodeUnicodeIO)
+
 import Control.Monad
 import Data.Maybe(isJust)
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ type ModEnv  = Map.Map ModName (UTCTime,[ModName])
 
 -- | Returns a list of all files to be compiled in topological order i.e.
 -- the low level (leaf) modules are first.
-getAllFiles :: (MonadIO m,ErrorMonad m) => Options -> [InitPath] -> ModEnv -> FileName -> m [FullPath]
+--getAllFiles :: (MonadIO m,ErrorMonad m) => Options -> [InitPath] -> ModEnv -> FileName -> m [FullPath]
 getAllFiles opts ps env file = do
   -- read module headers from all files recursively
   ds <- liftM reverse $ get [] [] (justModuleName file)
@@ -117,14 +122,10 @@ getAllFiles opts ps env file = do
                                        Just mo -> return (st,importsOfModule mo)
                                        Nothing
                                          | isGFO file -> raise (file ++ " is compiled with different GF version and I can't find the source file")
-                                         | otherwise  -> do s <- liftIO $ BS.readFile file
-                                                            case runP pModHeader s of
-                                                              Left (Pn l c,msg) -> raise (file ++ ":" ++ show l ++ ":" ++ show c ++ ": " ++ msg)
-                                                              Right mo          -> return (CSComp,importsOfModule mo)
-                        CSComp -> do s <- liftIO $ BS.readFile file
-                                     case runP pModHeader s of
-                                       Left (Pn l c,msg) -> raise (file ++ ":" ++ show l ++ ":" ++ show c ++ ": " ++ msg)
-                                       Right mo          -> return (st,importsOfModule mo)
+                                         | otherwise  -> do mo <- parseModHeader opts file
+                                                            return (CSComp,importsOfModule mo)
+                        CSComp -> do mo <- parseModHeader opts file
+                                     return (st,importsOfModule mo)
       testErr (mname == name)
               ("module name" +++ mname +++ "differs from file name" +++ name)
       return (name,st,t,isJust gfTime,imps,dropFileName file)
@@ -209,17 +210,55 @@ importsOfModule (m,mi) = (modName m,depModInfo mi [])
 
     modName = showIdent
 
+
+parseModHeader opts file =
+  do --ePutStrLn file
+     (_,parsed) <- parseSource opts pModHeader =<< lift (BS.readFile file)
+     case parsed of
+       Right mo          -> return mo
+       Left (Pn l c,msg) ->
+                  raise (file ++ ":" ++ show l ++ ":" ++ show c ++ ": " ++ msg)
+
+parseSource opts p raw =
+  do (coding,utf8) <- toUTF8 opts raw
+     return (coding,runP p utf8)
+
+toUTF8 opts0 raw =
+  do opts <- getPragmas raw
+     let given = flag optEncoding opts -- explicitly given encoding
+         coding = getEncoding $ opts0 `addOptions` opts
+     utf8 <- if coding=="UTF-8"
+             then return raw
+             else lift $ do --ePutStrLn $ "toUTF8 from "++coding
+                            enc <- mkTextEncoding coding
+                            -- decodeUnicodeIO uses a lot of stack space,
+                            -- so we need to split the file into smaller pieces
+                            ls <- mapM (decodeUnicodeIO enc) (BS.lines raw)
+                            return $ UTF8.fromString (unlines ls)
+     return (given,utf8)
+
+--lift io = ioe (fmap Ok io `catch` (return . Bad . show))
+lift io = liftIO io
+
 -- | options can be passed to the compiler by comments in @--#@, in the main file
 getOptionsFromFile :: (MonadIO m,ErrorMonad m) => FilePath -> m Options
 getOptionsFromFile file = do
   s <- either (\_ -> raise $ "File " ++ file ++ " does not exist") return =<<
        liftIO (try $ BS.readFile file)
-  let ls = filter (BS.isPrefixOf (BS.pack "--#")) $ BS.lines s
-      fs = map (BS.unpack . BS.unwords . BS.words . BS.drop 3) ls
-  parseModuleOptions fs
+  opts <- getPragmas s
+  -- The coding flag should not be inherited by other files
+  return (addOptions opts (modifyFlags $ \ f -> f{optEncoding=Nothing}))
 
-getFilePath :: MonadIO m => [FilePath] -> String -> m (Maybe FilePath)
-getFilePath paths file = liftIO $ get paths
+
+getPragmas :: (ErrorMonad m) => BS.ByteString -> m Options
+getPragmas = parseModuleOptions . 
+             map (BS.unpack . BS.unwords . BS.words . BS.drop 3) .
+             filter (BS.isPrefixOf (BS.pack "--#")) . BS.lines
+
+--getFilePath :: MonadIO m => [FilePath] -> String -> m (Maybe FilePath)
+getFilePath paths file =
+   liftIO $ do --ePutStrLn $ "getFilePath "++show paths++" "++show file
+               get paths
   where
     get []     = return Nothing
     get (p:ps) = do
diff --git a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Lexer.hs b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Lexer.hs
deleted file mode 100644
index ebb14a31f..000000000
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Lexer.hs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,481 +0,0 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE CPP,MagicHash,BangPatterns #-}
-{-# LINE 1 "lexer/Lexer.x" #-}
-
-module GF.Grammar.Lexer
-         ( Token(..), Posn(..)
-         , P, runP, lexer, getPosn, failLoc
-         , isReservedWord
-         ) where
-
-import GF.Infra.Ident
-import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS
-import qualified Data.Map as Map
-
-
-#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 603
-#include "ghcconfig.h"
-#elif defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__)
-#include "config.h"
-#endif
-#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 503
-import Data.Array
-import Data.Char (ord)
-import Data.Array.Base (unsafeAt)
-#else
-import Array
-import Char (ord)
-#endif
-#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 503
-import GHC.Exts
-#else
-import GlaExts
-#endif
-alex_base :: AlexAddr
-alex_base = AlexA# "\x01\x00\x00\x00\x38\x00\x00\x00\x39\x00\x00\x00\x17\x00\x00\x00\x18\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x44\x00\x00\x00\x45\x00\x00\x00\x19\x00\x00\x00\x24\x00\x00\x00\x25\x00\x00\x00\x4d\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x29\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x00\x00\xf8\xff\xff\xff\x26\x00\x00\x00\x9c\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd0\x00\x00\x00\xd2\x00\x00\x00\x9e\x00\x00\x00\x6c\x01\x00\x00\x3c\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x17\x01\x00\x00\xe7\x01\x00\x00\xa5\x01\x00\x00\xf2\x00\x00\x00\xb7\x01\x00\x00\xff\x00\x00\x00\x0a\x01\x00\x00\x18\x01\x00\x00\x22\x01\x00\x00"#
-
-alex_table :: AlexAddr
-alex_table = AlexA# 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-
-alex_check :: AlexAddr
-alex_check = AlexA# 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-
-alex_deflt :: AlexAddr
-alex_deflt = AlexA# "\x16\x00\x02\x00\x02\x00\xff\xff\x09\x00\xff\xff\x09\x00\x09\x00\x09\x00\x09\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x13\x00\x13\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x1a\x00\x1a\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff"#
-
-alex_accept = listArray (0::Int,33) [[],[(AlexAccSkip)],[(AlexAccSkip)],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_3))],[(AlexAccSkip)],[(AlexAccSkip)],[],[],[],[],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_3))],[(AlexAccSkip)],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_3))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_3))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_3))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_3))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_3))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_3))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_4))],[],[],[],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_5))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_5))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_6))],[],[],[],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_7))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_8))],[(AlexAcc (alex_action_8))],[],[],[]]
-{-# LINE 39 "lexer/Lexer.x" #-}
-
-
-tok f p s = f s
-
-data Token
- = T_exclmark
- | T_patt
- | T_int_label
- | T_oparen
- | T_cparen
- | T_tilde
- | T_star
- | T_starstar
- | T_plus
- | T_plusplus
- | T_comma
- | T_minus
- | T_rarrow
- | T_dot
- | T_alt
- | T_colon
- | T_semicolon
- | T_less
- | T_equal
- | T_big_rarrow
- | T_great
- | T_questmark
- | T_obrack
- | T_lam
- | T_lamlam
- | T_cbrack
- | T_ocurly
- | T_bar
- | T_ccurly
- | T_underscore
- | T_at
- | T_PType
- | T_Str
- | T_Strs
- | T_Tok
- | T_Type
- | T_abstract
- | T_case
- | T_cat
- | T_concrete
- | T_data
- | T_def
- | T_flags
- | T_fn
- | T_fun
- | T_in
- | T_incomplete
- | T_instance
- | T_interface
- | T_let
- | T_lin
- | T_lincat
- | T_lindef
- | T_linref
- | T_of
- | T_open
- | T_oper
- | T_param
- | T_pattern
- | T_pre
- | T_printname
- | T_resource
- | T_strs
- | T_table
- | T_transfer
- | T_variants
- | T_where
- | T_with
- | T_String  String          -- string literals
- | T_Integer Int             -- integer literals
- | T_Double  Double          -- double precision float literals
- | T_Ident   Ident
- | T_EOF
-
-eitherResIdent :: (BS.ByteString -> Token) -> BS.ByteString -> Token
-eitherResIdent tv s = 
-  case Map.lookup s resWords of
-    Just t  -> t
-    Nothing -> tv s
-
-isReservedWord :: BS.ByteString -> Bool
-isReservedWord s = Map.member s resWords
-
-resWords = Map.fromList
- [ b "!"  T_exclmark
- , b "#"  T_patt
- , b "$"  T_int_label
- , b "("  T_oparen
- , b ")"  T_cparen
- , b "~"  T_tilde
- , b "*"  T_star
- , b "**" T_starstar
- , b "+"  T_plus
- , b "++" T_plusplus
- , b ","  T_comma
- , b "-"  T_minus
- , b "->" T_rarrow
- , b "."  T_dot
- , b "/"  T_alt
- , b ":"  T_colon
- , b ";"  T_semicolon
- , b "<"  T_less
- , b "="  T_equal
- , b "=>" T_big_rarrow
- , b ">"  T_great
- , b "?"  T_questmark
- , b "["  T_obrack
- , b "]"  T_cbrack
- , b "\\" T_lam
- , b "\\\\" T_lamlam
- , b "{"  T_ocurly
- , b "}"  T_ccurly
- , b "|"  T_bar
- , b "_"  T_underscore
- , b "@"  T_at
- , b "PType"      T_PType
- , b "Str"        T_Str
- , b "Strs"       T_Strs
- , b "Tok"        T_Tok
- , b "Type"       T_Type
- , b "abstract"   T_abstract
- , b "case"       T_case
- , b "cat"        T_cat
- , b "concrete"   T_concrete
- , b "data"       T_data
- , b "def"        T_def
- , b "flags"      T_flags
- , b "fn"         T_fn
- , b "fun"        T_fun
- , b "in"         T_in
- , b "incomplete" T_incomplete
- , b "instance"   T_instance
- , b "interface"  T_interface
- , b "let"        T_let
- , b "lin"        T_lin
- , b "lincat"     T_lincat
- , b "lindef"     T_lindef
- , b "linref"     T_linref
- , b "of"         T_of
- , b "open"       T_open
- , b "oper"       T_oper
- , b "param"      T_param
- , b "pattern"    T_pattern
- , b "pre"        T_pre
- , b "printname"  T_printname
- , b "resource"   T_resource
- , b "strs"       T_strs
- , b "table"      T_table
- , b "transfer"   T_transfer
- , b "variants"   T_variants
- , b "where"      T_where
- , b "with"       T_with
- ]
- where b s t = (BS.pack s, t)
-
-unescapeInitTail :: String -> String
-unescapeInitTail = unesc . tail where
-  unesc s = case s of
-    '\\':c:cs | elem c ['\"', '\\', '\''] -> c : unesc cs
-    '\\':'n':cs  -> '\n' : unesc cs
-    '\\':'t':cs  -> '\t' : unesc cs
-    '"':[]    -> []
-    '\'':[]    -> []
-    c:cs      -> c : unesc cs
-    _         -> []
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--- Alex wrapper code.
--- A modified "posn" wrapper.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-data Posn = Pn {-# UNPACK #-} !Int
-               {-# UNPACK #-} !Int
-
-alexMove :: Posn -> Char -> Posn
-alexMove (Pn l c) '\n' = Pn (l+1) 1
-alexMove (Pn l c) _    = Pn l     (c+1)
-
-alexGetChar :: AlexInput -> Maybe (Char,AlexInput)
-alexGetChar (AI p _ s) =
-  case BS.uncons s of
-    Nothing  -> Nothing
-    Just (c,s) ->
-             let p' = alexMove p c
-              in p' `seq` Just (c, (AI p' c s))
-
-alexInputPrevChar :: AlexInput -> Char
-alexInputPrevChar (AI p c s) = c
-
-data AlexInput = AI {-# UNPACK #-} !Posn            -- current position,
-                    {-# UNPACK #-} !Char            -- previous char
-                    {-# UNPACK #-} !BS.ByteString   -- current input string
-
-data ParseResult a
-  = POk a
-  | PFailed Posn	-- The position of the error
-            String      -- The error message
-
-newtype P a = P { unP :: AlexInput -> ParseResult a }
-
-instance Monad P where
-  return a    = a `seq` (P $ \s -> POk a)
-  (P m) >>= k = P $ \ s -> case m s of
-                             POk a         -> unP (k a) s
-                             PFailed posn err -> PFailed posn err
-  fail msg    = P $ \(AI posn _ _) -> PFailed posn msg
-
-runP :: P a -> BS.ByteString -> Either (Posn,String) a
-runP (P f) txt =
-  case f (AI (Pn 1 0) ' ' txt) of
-    POk x           -> Right x
-    PFailed pos msg -> Left  (pos,msg)
-
-failLoc :: Posn -> String -> P a
-failLoc pos msg = P $ \_ -> PFailed pos msg
-
-lexer :: (Token -> P a) -> P a
-lexer cont = P go
-  where
-    go inp@(AI pos _ str) =
-      case alexScan inp 0 of
-        AlexEOF                -> unP (cont T_EOF) inp
-        AlexError (AI pos _ _) -> PFailed pos "lexical error"
-        AlexSkip  inp' len     -> go inp'
-        AlexToken inp' len act -> unP (cont (act pos (BS.take len str))) inp'
-
-getPosn :: P Posn
-getPosn = P $ \inp@(AI pos _ _) -> POk pos
-
-
-alex_action_3 =  tok (eitherResIdent (T_Ident . identC . rawIdentC)) 
-alex_action_4 =  tok (eitherResIdent (T_Ident . identC . rawIdentS . unescapeInitTail . BS.unpack)) 
-alex_action_5 =  tok (eitherResIdent (T_Ident . identC . rawIdentC)) 
-alex_action_6 =  tok (T_String . unescapeInitTail . BS.unpack) 
-alex_action_7 =  tok (T_Integer . read . BS.unpack) 
-alex_action_8 =  tok (T_Double  . read . BS.unpack) 
-{-# LINE 1 "templates/GenericTemplate.hs" #-}
-{-# LINE 1 "templates/GenericTemplate.hs" #-}
-{-# LINE 1 "<built-in>" #-}
-{-# LINE 1 "<command-line>" #-}
-{-# LINE 1 "templates/GenericTemplate.hs" #-}
--- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- ALEX TEMPLATE
---
--- This code is in the PUBLIC DOMAIN; you may copy it freely and use
--- it for any purpose whatsoever.
-
--- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- INTERNALS and main scanner engine
-
-{-# LINE 37 "templates/GenericTemplate.hs" #-}
-
-{-# LINE 47 "templates/GenericTemplate.hs" #-}
-
-
-data AlexAddr = AlexA# Addr#
-
-#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 503
-uncheckedShiftL# = shiftL#
-#endif
-
-{-# INLINE alexIndexInt16OffAddr #-}
-alexIndexInt16OffAddr (AlexA# arr) off =
-#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-  narrow16Int# i
-  where
-        !i    = word2Int# ((high `uncheckedShiftL#` 8#) `or#` low)
-        !high = int2Word# (ord# (indexCharOffAddr# arr (off' +# 1#)))
-        !low  = int2Word# (ord# (indexCharOffAddr# arr off'))
-        !off' = off *# 2#
-#else
-  indexInt16OffAddr# arr off
-#endif
-
-
-
-
-
-{-# INLINE alexIndexInt32OffAddr #-}
-alexIndexInt32OffAddr (AlexA# arr) off = 
-#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
-  narrow32Int# i
-  where
-   !i    = word2Int# ((b3 `uncheckedShiftL#` 24#) `or#`
-		     (b2 `uncheckedShiftL#` 16#) `or#`
-		     (b1 `uncheckedShiftL#` 8#) `or#` b0)
-   !b3   = int2Word# (ord# (indexCharOffAddr# arr (off' +# 3#)))
-   !b2   = int2Word# (ord# (indexCharOffAddr# arr (off' +# 2#)))
-   !b1   = int2Word# (ord# (indexCharOffAddr# arr (off' +# 1#)))
-   !b0   = int2Word# (ord# (indexCharOffAddr# arr off'))
-   !off' = off *# 4#
-#else
-  indexInt32OffAddr# arr off
-#endif
-
-
-
-
-
-#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 503
-quickIndex arr i = arr ! i
-#else
--- GHC >= 503, unsafeAt is available from Data.Array.Base.
-quickIndex = unsafeAt
-#endif
-
-
-
-
--- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- Main lexing routines
-
-data AlexReturn a
-  = AlexEOF
-  | AlexError  !AlexInput
-  | AlexSkip   !AlexInput !Int
-  | AlexToken  !AlexInput !Int a
-
--- alexScan :: AlexInput -> StartCode -> AlexReturn a
-alexScan input (I# (sc))
-  = alexScanUser undefined input (I# (sc))
-
-alexScanUser user input (I# (sc))
-  = case alex_scan_tkn user input 0# input sc AlexNone of
-	(AlexNone, input') ->
-		case alexGetChar input of
-			Nothing -> 
-
-
-
-				   AlexEOF
-			Just _ ->
-
-
-
-				   AlexError input'
-
-	(AlexLastSkip input'' len, _) ->
-
-
-
-		AlexSkip input'' len
-
-	(AlexLastAcc k input''' len, _) ->
-
-
-
-		AlexToken input''' len k
-
-
--- Push the input through the DFA, remembering the most recent accepting
--- state it encountered.
-
-alex_scan_tkn user orig_input len input s last_acc =
-  input `seq` -- strict in the input
-  let 
-	new_acc = check_accs (alex_accept `quickIndex` (I# (s)))
-  in
-  new_acc `seq`
-  case alexGetChar input of
-     Nothing -> (new_acc, input)
-     Just (c, new_input) -> 
-
-
-
-	let
-		(!(base)) = alexIndexInt32OffAddr alex_base s
-		(!((I# (ord_c)))) = ord c
-		(!(offset)) = (base +# ord_c)
-		(!(check))  = alexIndexInt16OffAddr alex_check offset
-		
-		(!(new_s)) = if (offset >=# 0#) && (check ==# ord_c)
-			  then alexIndexInt16OffAddr alex_table offset
-			  else alexIndexInt16OffAddr alex_deflt s
-	in
-	case new_s of 
-	    -1# -> (new_acc, input)
-		-- on an error, we want to keep the input *before* the
-		-- character that failed, not after.
-    	    _ -> alex_scan_tkn user orig_input (len +# 1#) 
-			new_input new_s new_acc
-
-  where
-	check_accs [] = last_acc
-	check_accs (AlexAcc a : _) = AlexLastAcc a input (I# (len))
-	check_accs (AlexAccSkip : _)  = AlexLastSkip  input (I# (len))
-	check_accs (AlexAccPred a predx : rest)
-	   | predx user orig_input (I# (len)) input
-	   = AlexLastAcc a input (I# (len))
-	check_accs (AlexAccSkipPred predx : rest)
-	   | predx user orig_input (I# (len)) input
-	   = AlexLastSkip input (I# (len))
-	check_accs (_ : rest) = check_accs rest
-
-data AlexLastAcc a
-  = AlexNone
-  | AlexLastAcc a !AlexInput !Int
-  | AlexLastSkip  !AlexInput !Int
-
-data AlexAcc a user
-  = AlexAcc a
-  | AlexAccSkip
-  | AlexAccPred a (AlexAccPred user)
-  | AlexAccSkipPred (AlexAccPred user)
-
-type AlexAccPred user = user -> AlexInput -> Int -> AlexInput -> Bool
-
--- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- Predicates on a rule
-
-alexAndPred p1 p2 user in1 len in2
-  = p1 user in1 len in2 && p2 user in1 len in2
-
---alexPrevCharIsPred :: Char -> AlexAccPred _ 
-alexPrevCharIs c _ input _ _ = c == alexInputPrevChar input
-
---alexPrevCharIsOneOfPred :: Array Char Bool -> AlexAccPred _ 
-alexPrevCharIsOneOf arr _ input _ _ = arr ! alexInputPrevChar input
-
---alexRightContext :: Int -> AlexAccPred _
-alexRightContext (I# (sc)) user _ _ input = 
-     case alex_scan_tkn user input 0# input sc AlexNone of
-	  (AlexNone, _) -> False
-	  _ -> True
-	-- TODO: there's no need to find the longest
-	-- match when checking the right context, just
-	-- the first match will do.
-
--- used by wrappers
-iUnbox (I# (i)) = i
diff --git a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/lexer/Lexer.x b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Lexer.x
similarity index 80%
rename from src/compiler/GF/Grammar/lexer/Lexer.x
rename to src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Lexer.x
index 460e7f452..60c51f814 100644
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/lexer/Lexer.x
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Lexer.x
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+-- -*- haskell -*-
 {
 module GF.Grammar.Lexer
          ( Token(..), Posn(..)
@@ -6,9 +7,14 @@ module GF.Grammar.Lexer
          ) where
 
 import GF.Infra.Ident
+--import GF.Data.Operations
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS
+import qualified Data.ByteString as WBS
+import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as BS(w2c)
+import qualified Data.ByteString.UTF8 as UTF8
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
-
+import Data.Word(Word8)
+--import Debug.Trace(trace)
 }
 
 
@@ -17,7 +23,7 @@ $c = [A-Z\192-\221] # [\215]
 $s = [a-z\222-\255] # [\247]
 $d = [0-9]                -- digit
 $i = [$l $d _ ']          -- identifier character
-$u = [\0-\255]            -- universal: any character
+$u = [.\n]                -- universal: any character
 
 @rsyms =    -- symbols and non-identifier-like reserved words
    \; | \= | \{ | \} | \( | \) | \~ | \* \* | \: | \- \> | \, | \[ | \] | \- | \. | \| | \% | \? | \< | \> | \@ | \# | \! | \* | \+ | \+ \+ | \\ | \\\\ | \= \> | \_ | \$ | \/
@@ -27,17 +33,20 @@ $u = [\0-\255]            -- universal: any character
 "{-" ([$u # \-] | \- [$u # \}])* ("-")+ "}" ; 
 
 $white+ ;
-@rsyms                          { tok (eitherResIdent (T_Ident . identC . rawIdentC)) }
-\' ([. # [\' \\ \n]] | (\\ (\' | \\)))+ \' { tok (eitherResIdent (T_Ident . identC . rawIdentS . unescapeInitTail . BS.unpack)) }
-(\_ | $l)($l | $d | \_ | \')*   { tok (eitherResIdent (T_Ident . identC . rawIdentC)) }
+@rsyms                          { tok (res (T_Ident . identS)) }
+\' ([. # [\' \\ \n]] | (\\ (\' | \\)))+ \' { tok (eitherResIdent (T_Ident . identC . rawIdentS . unescapeInitTail . unpack)) }
+(\_ | $l)($l | $d | \_ | \')*   { tok (res (T_Ident . identS)) }
 
-\" ([$u # [\" \\ \n]] | (\\ (\" | \\ | \' | n | t)))* \" { tok (T_String . unescapeInitTail . BS.unpack) }
+\" ([$u # [\" \\ \n]] | (\\ (\" | \\ | \' | n | t)))* \" { tok (T_String . unescapeInitTail . unpack) }
 
-(\-)? $d+                       { tok (T_Integer . read . BS.unpack) }
-(\-)? $d+ \. $d+ (e (\-)? $d+)? { tok (T_Double  . read . BS.unpack) }
+(\-)? $d+                       { tok (T_Integer . read . unpack) }
+(\-)? $d+ \. $d+ (e (\-)? $d+)? { tok (T_Double  . read . unpack) }
 
 {
+--unpack = BS.unpack
+unpack = id
 
+tok :: (String->Token) -> Posn -> String -> Token
 tok f p s = f s
 
 data Token
@@ -114,15 +123,17 @@ data Token
  | T_Double  Double          -- double precision float literals
  | T_Ident   Ident
  | T_EOF
+-- deriving Show -- debug
 
-eitherResIdent :: (BS.ByteString -> Token) -> BS.ByteString -> Token
+res = eitherResIdent
+eitherResIdent :: (String -> Token) -> String -> Token
 eitherResIdent tv s = 
   case Map.lookup s resWords of
     Just t  -> t
     Nothing -> tv s
 
 isReservedWord :: BS.ByteString -> Bool
-isReservedWord s = Map.member s resWords
+isReservedWord s = Map.member (BS.unpack s) resWords
 
 resWords = Map.fromList
  [ b "!"  T_exclmark
@@ -194,7 +205,7 @@ resWords = Map.fromList
  , b "where"      T_where
  , b "with"       T_with
  ]
- where b s t = (BS.pack s, t)
+ where b s t = (s, t)
 
 unescapeInitTail :: String -> String
 unescapeInitTail = unesc . tail where
@@ -202,7 +213,7 @@ unescapeInitTail = unesc . tail where
     '\\':c:cs | elem c ['\"', '\\', '\''] -> c : unesc cs
     '\\':'n':cs  -> '\n' : unesc cs
     '\\':'t':cs  -> '\t' : unesc cs
-    '"':[]    -> []
+    '\"':[]    -> []
     '\'':[]    -> []
     c:cs      -> c : unesc cs
     _         -> []
@@ -219,13 +230,14 @@ alexMove :: Posn -> Char -> Posn
 alexMove (Pn l c) '\n' = Pn (l+1) 1
 alexMove (Pn l c) _    = Pn l     (c+1)
 
-alexGetChar :: AlexInput -> Maybe (Char,AlexInput)
-alexGetChar (AI p _ s) =
-  case BS.uncons s of
+alexGetByte :: AlexInput -> Maybe (Word8,AlexInput)
+alexGetByte (AI p _ s) =
+  case WBS.uncons s of
     Nothing  -> Nothing
-    Just (c,s) ->
+    Just (w,s) ->
              let p' = alexMove p c
-              in p' `seq` Just (c, (AI p' c s))
+                 c = BS.w2c w
+              in p' `seq` Just (w, (AI p' c s))
 
 alexInputPrevChar :: AlexInput -> Char
 alexInputPrevChar (AI p c s) = c
@@ -260,12 +272,13 @@ failLoc pos msg = P $ \_ -> PFailed pos msg
 lexer :: (Token -> P a) -> P a
 lexer cont = P go
   where
+  --cont' t = trace (show t) (cont t)
     go inp@(AI pos _ str) =
       case alexScan inp 0 of
         AlexEOF                -> unP (cont T_EOF) inp
         AlexError (AI pos _ _) -> PFailed pos "lexical error"
-        AlexSkip  inp' len     -> go inp'
-        AlexToken inp' len act -> unP (cont (act pos (BS.take len str))) inp'
+        AlexSkip  inp' len     -> {-trace (show len) $-} go inp'
+        AlexToken inp' len act -> unP (cont (act pos (UTF8.toString (UTF8.take len str)))) inp'
 
 getPosn :: P Posn
 getPosn = P $ \inp@(AI pos _ _) -> POk pos
diff --git a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Parser.y b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Parser.y
index bc2a394b1..028da18c6 100644
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Parser.y
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Grammar/Parser.y
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ import GF.Grammar.Grammar
 import GF.Grammar.Macros
 import GF.Grammar.Lexer
 import GF.Compile.Update (buildAnyTree)
-import Codec.Binary.UTF8.String(decodeString)
-import Data.Char(toLower)
+--import Codec.Binary.UTF8.String(decodeString)
+--import Data.Char(toLower)
 }
 
 %name pModDef ModDef
@@ -616,9 +616,9 @@ happyError = fail "syntax error"
 
 -- Quick fix to render error messages from UTF-8-encoded source files correctly.
 optDecode opts =
-    if map toLower (flag optEncoding opts) `elem` ["utf8","utf-8"]
+    {-if map toLower (getEncoding opts) `elem` ["utf8","utf-8"]
     then decodeString
-    else id
+    else-} id
 
 mkListId,mkConsId,mkBaseId  :: Ident -> Ident
 mkListId = prefixIdent "List"
diff --git a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Option.hs b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Option.hs
index 115665419..08f0df18b 100644
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Option.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Infra/Option.hs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module GF.Infra.Option
      helpMessage,
      -- * Checking specific options
      flag, cfgTransform, haskellOption, readOutputFormat,
-     isLexicalCat, isLiteralCat, renameEncoding,
+     isLexicalCat, isLiteralCat, renameEncoding, getEncoding, defaultEncoding,
      -- * Setting specific options
      setOptimization, setCFGTransform,
      -- * Convenience methods for checking options    
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ data Flags = Flags {
       optRetainResource  :: Bool,
       optName            :: Maybe String,
       optPreprocessors   :: [String],
-      optEncoding        :: String,
+      optEncoding        :: Maybe String,
       optPMCFG           :: Bool,
       optOptimizations   :: Set Optimization,
       optOptimizePGF     :: Bool,
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ fixRelativeLibPaths curr_dir lib_dir (Options o) = Options (fixPathFlags . o)
 -- | Pretty-print the options that are preserved in .gfo files.
 optionsGFO :: Options -> [(String,Literal)]
 optionsGFO opts = optionsPGF opts
-      ++ [("coding", LStr (flag optEncoding opts))]
+      ++ [("coding", LStr (getEncoding opts))]
 
 -- | Pretty-print the options that are preserved in .pgf files.
 optionsPGF :: Options -> [(String,Literal)]
@@ -241,6 +241,10 @@ concatOptions = foldr addOptions noOptions
 modifyFlags :: (Flags -> Flags) -> Options
 modifyFlags = Options
 
+getEncoding :: Options -> String
+getEncoding = renameEncoding . maybe defaultEncoding id . flag optEncoding
+defaultEncoding = "UTF-8"
+
 -- Default options
 
 defaultFlags :: Flags
@@ -264,7 +268,7 @@ defaultFlags = Flags {
 
       optName            = Nothing,
       optPreprocessors   = [],
-      optEncoding        = "latin1",
+      optEncoding        = Nothing,
       optPMCFG           = True,
       optOptimizations   = Set.fromList [OptStem,OptCSE,OptExpand,OptParametrize],
       optOptimizePGF     = False,
@@ -419,7 +423,7 @@ optDescr =
        addLibDir   x = set $ \o -> o { optLibraryPath = x:optLibraryPath o }
        setLibPath  x = set $ \o -> o { optLibraryPath = splitInModuleSearchPath x }
        preproc     x = set $ \o -> o { optPreprocessors = optPreprocessors o ++ [x] }
-       coding      x = set $ \o -> o { optEncoding = x }
+       coding      x = set $ \o -> o { optEncoding = Just x }
        startcat    x = set $ \o -> o { optStartCat = Just x }
        language    x = set $ \o -> o { optSpeechLanguage = Just x }
        lexer       x = set $ \o -> o { optLexer = Just x }
diff --git a/src/compiler/GF/Text/Coding.hs b/src/compiler/GF/Text/Coding.hs
index e347730e0..3669733d0 100644
--- a/src/compiler/GF/Text/Coding.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GF/Text/Coding.hs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ encodeUnicode enc s =
                        (cbuf,bbuf) <- cod cbuf bbuf
 #endif
                        if isEmptyBuffer bbuf
-                         then ioe_invalidCharacter
+                         then ioe_invalidCharacter1
                          else do let bs = PS (bufRaw bbuf) (bufL bbuf) (bufR bbuf-bufL bbuf)
                                  bss <- translate cod cbuf
                                  return (bs:bss)
@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ encodeUnicode enc s =
         w = bufR cbuf
 
 decodeUnicode :: TextEncoding -> ByteString -> String
-decodeUnicode enc (PS fptr l len) =
-  unsafePerformIO $ do
+decodeUnicode enc bs = unsafePerformIO $ decodeUnicodeIO enc bs
+
+decodeUnicodeIO enc (PS fptr l len) = do
     let bbuf = Buffer{bufRaw=fptr, bufState=ReadBuffer, bufSize=len, bufL=l, bufR=l+len}
     cbuf <- newCharBuffer 128 WriteBuffer
     case enc of
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ decodeUnicode enc (PS fptr l len) =
                        (bbuf,cbuf) <- cod bbuf cbuf
 #endif
                        if isEmptyBuffer cbuf
-                         then ioe_invalidCharacter
+                         then ioe_invalidCharacter2
                          else unpack cod bbuf cbuf
       | otherwise = return []
       where
@@ -75,6 +76,10 @@ decodeUnicode enc (PS fptr l len) =
         i = bufL cbuf
         w = bufR cbuf
 
-ioe_invalidCharacter = ioException
+ioe_invalidCharacter1 = ioException
    (IOError Nothing InvalidArgument ""
         ("invalid byte sequence for this encoding") Nothing Nothing)
+
+ioe_invalidCharacter2 = ioException
+   (IOError Nothing InvalidArgument ""
+        ("invalid byte sequence for this decoding") Nothing Nothing)
diff --git a/src/compiler/GFC.hs b/src/compiler/GFC.hs
index dd9f1771b..99156e16d 100644
--- a/src/compiler/GFC.hs
+++ b/src/compiler/GFC.hs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL
 import System.FilePath
 import System.IO
 import Control.Exception
-
+import Control.Monad(unless)
 
 mainGFC :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IO ()
 mainGFC opts fs = do
@@ -46,9 +46,8 @@ compileSourceFiles :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IOE ()
 compileSourceFiles opts fs = 
     do gr <- batchCompile opts fs
        let cnc = justModuleName (last fs)
-       if flag optStopAfterPhase opts == Compile 
-         then return ()
-         else do pgf <- link opts (identS cnc) gr
+       unless (flag optStopAfterPhase opts == Compile) $
+              do pgf <- link opts (identS cnc) gr
                  writePGF opts pgf
                  writeByteCode opts pgf
                  writeOutputs opts pgf
@@ -57,11 +56,9 @@ compileCFFiles :: Options -> [FilePath] -> IOE ()
 compileCFFiles opts fs = 
     do s  <- liftIO $ fmap unlines $ mapM readFile fs
        let cnc = justModuleName (last fs)
-       gf <- getCF cnc s
-       gr <- compileSourceGrammar opts gf
-       if flag optStopAfterPhase opts == Compile 
-         then return ()
-         else do pgf <- link opts (identS cnc) gr
+       gr <- compileSourceGrammar opts =<< getCF cnc s
+       unless (flag optStopAfterPhase opts == Compile) $
+              do pgf <- link opts (identS cnc) gr
                  writePGF opts pgf
                  writeOutputs opts pgf